godot-docs/learning/features/3d/importing_3d_scenes.rst

.. _doc_importing_3d_scenes:

Importing 3D scenes
===================

Introduction
------------

Most game engines just import 3D objects, which may contain skeletons or
animations, and then all further work is done in the engine UI, like
object placement, full scene animations, etc. In Godot, given the node
system is very similar to how 3D DCC tools (such as Maya, 3DS Max or Blender)
work, full 3D scenes can be imported in all their glory. Additionally, by using
a simple language tag system, it is possible to specify that objects are
imported as several things, such as collidable, rooms and portals, vehicles
and wheels, LOD distances, billboards, etc.

This allows for some interesting features:

-  Importing simple scenes, rigged objects, animations, etc.
-  Importing full scenes. Entire scenarios can be created and updated in
   the 3D DCC and imported to Godot each time they change, then only
   little editing is needed from the engine side.
-  Full cutscenes can be imported, including multiple character
   animation, lighting, camera motion, etc.
-  Scenes can be further edited and scripted in the engine, where
   shaders and environment effects can be added, enemies can be
   instanced, etc. The importer will update geometry changes if the
   source scene changes but keep the local changes too (in real-time
   while using the Godot editor!)
-  Textures can be all batch-imported and updated when the source scene
   changes.

This is achieved by using a very simple language tag that will be
explained in detail later.

Exporting DAE files
-------------------

Why not FBX?
~~~~~~~~~~~~

Most game engines use the FBX format for importing 3D scenes, which is
definitely one of the most standardized in the industry. However, this
format requires the use of a closed library from Autodesk which is
distributed with a more restrictive licensing terms than Godot. The plan
is, sometime in the future, to implement an external conversion binary,
but meanwhile FBX is not really supported.

Exporting DAE files from Maya and 3DS Max
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Autodesk added built-in collada support to Maya and 3DS Max, but it's
really broken and should not be used. The best way to export this format
is by using the
`OpenCollada <https://github.com/KhronosGroup/OpenCOLLADA/wiki/OpenCOLLADA-Tools>`__
plugins. They work really well, although they are not always up-to date
with the latest version of the software.

Exporting DAE files from Blender
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Blender also has built-in collada support, but it's really broken and
should not be used either.

Godot provides a `Python
Plugin <https://github.com/godotengine/collada-exporter>`__
that will do a much better job at exporting the scenes.

The import process
------------------

Import process begins with the 3D scene import menu:

.. image:: /img/3dimp_menu.png

That opens what is probably the biggest of all the import dialogs:

.. image:: /img/3dimp_dialog.png

Many options exist in there, so each section will be explained as
follows:

Source & target paths
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To import, two options are needed. The first is a source .dae file
("Digital Asset Exchange", the extension of the Collada standard).
More import formats will eventually added, but Collada is the most
complete open format as of this writing.

A target folder needs to be provided, so the importer can import the
scene there. The imported scene will have the same filename as the
source one, except for the .scn extension, so make sure you pick good
names when you export!

The textures will be copied and converted. Textures in 3D applications
are usually just PNG or JPG files. Godot will convert them to video
memory texture compression format (s3tc, pvrtc, ericsson, etc.) by
default to improve performance and save resources.

Since the original textures, 3D file and textures are usually not needed,
it's recommended to keep them outside the project. For some hints on
how to do this the best way, you can check the :ref:`doc_project_organization`
tutorial.

Two options for textures are provided. They can be copied to the same
place as the scene, or they can be copied to a common path (configurable
in the project settings). If you choose this, make sure no two textures
are named the same.

3D rigging tips
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Before going into the options, here are some tips for making sure your
rigs import properly

-  Only up to 4 weights are imported per vertex, if a vertex depends of
   more than 4 bones, only the 4 most important bones (the one with the
   most weight) will be imported. For most models this usually works
   fine, but just keep it in mind.
-  Do not use non-uniform scale in bone animation, as this will likely
   not import properly. Try to accomplish the same effect with more
   bones.
-  When exporting from Blender, make sure that objects modified by a
   skeleton are children of it. Many objects can be modified by a single
   skeleton, but they all should be direct children.
-  The same way, when using Blender, make sure that the relative
   transform of children nodes to the skeleton is zero (no rotation, no
   translation, no scale. All zero and scale at 1.0). The position of
   both objects (the little orange dot) should be at the same place.

3D import options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This section contains many options to change the way import workflow
works. Some (like HDR) will be better explained in other sections, but
in general a pattern can be visible in the options and that is, many of
the options end with "-something". For example:

-  Remove Nodes (-noimp)
-  Set Alpha in Materials (-alpha)
-  Create Collisions (-col).

This means that the object names in the 3D DCC need to have those
options appended at the end for the importer to tell what they are. When
imported, Godot will convert them to what they are meant to be.

**Note:** Maya users must use “_" (underscore) instead of "-" (minus).

Here is an example of how a scene in the 3D DCC looks (using Blender),
and how it is imported to Godot:

.. image:: /img/3dimp_blender.png

Notice that:

-  The camera was imported normally.
-  A Room was created (-room).
-  A Portal was created (-portal).
-  The Mesh got static collision added (-col).
-  The Light was not imported (-noimp).

Options in detail
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Following is a list of most import options and what they do in more
detail.

Remove nodes (-noimp)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Node names that have this at the end will be removed at import time, mo
matter their type. Erasing them afterwards is most of the times
pointless because the will be restored if the source scene changes.

Import animations
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Some scene formats (.dae) support one or more animations. If this is
checked, an :ref:`class_animationplayer` node will be
created, containing the animations.

Compress geometry
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This option (disabled [STRIKEOUT:or more like, always enabled] at the
moment at the time of writing this) will compress geometry so it takes
less space and renders faster (at the cost of less precision).

Force generation of tangent arrays
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The importer detects when you have used a normalmap texture, or when the
source file contains tangent/binormal information. These arrays are
needed for normalmapping to work, and most exporters know what they do
when they export this. However, it might be possible to run into source
scenes that do not have this information which, as a result, make
normal-mapping not work. If you notice that normal-maps do not work when
importing the scene, turn this on!

SRGB -> linear of diffuse textures
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

When rendering using HDR (High Dynamic Range) it might be desirable to
use linear-space textures to achieve a more real-life lighting.
Otherwise, colors may saturate and contrast too much when exposure
changes. This option must be used together with the SRGB option in
:ref:`class_worldenvironment`. The texture import
options also have the option to do this conversion, but if this one is
turned on, conversion will always be done to diffuse textures (usually
what is desired). For more information, read the :ref:`doc_high_dynamic_range`
tutorial.

Set alpha in materials (-alpha)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

When working with most 3D DCCs, its pretty obvious when a texture is
transparent and has opacity and this rarely affects the workflow or
final rendering. However, when dealing with real-time rendering,
materials with alpha blending are usually less optimal to draw, so they
must be explicitly marked as such.

Originally Godot detected this based on whether if the source texture
had an alpha channel, but most image manipulation applications like Photoshop or
Gimp will export this channel anyway even if not used. Code was added
later to check manually if there really was any transparency in the
texture, but artists will anyway and very often lay uvmaps into opaque
parts of a texture and leave unused areas (where no UV exists)
transparent, making this detection worthless.

Finally, it was decided that it's best to import everything as opaque
and leave artists to fix materials that need transparency when it's
obvious that they are not looking right (see the :ref:`doc_materials`
tutorial).

As a helper, since every 3D DCC allows naming the materials and keeping
their name upon export, the (-alpha) modifier in their name will hint
the 3D scene importer in Godot that this material will use the alpha
channel for transparency.

Set vert. color in materials (-vcol)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Most 3D DCCs support vertex color painting. This is generally applied as
multiplication or screen blending. However, it is also often the case
that your exporter will export this information as all 1s, or export it
as something else and you will not realize it. Since most of the cases
this option is not desired, just add this to any material to confirm
that vertex colors are desired.

Create collisions (-col, -colonly)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Option "-col" will work only for Mesh nodes. If it is detected, a child
static collision node will be added, using the same geometry as the mesh.

However, it is often the case that the visual geometry is too complex or
too un-smooth for collisions, which end up not working well. To solve
this, the "-colonly" modifier exists, which will remove the mesh upon
import and create a :ref:`class_staticbody` collision instead.
This helps the visual mesh and actual collision to be separated.

Option "-colonly" can be also used with Blender's empty objects.
On import it will create a :ref:`class_staticbody` with
collision node as a child. Collision node will have one of predefined shapes,
depending on the Blender's empty draw type:

.. image:: /img/3dimp_BlenderEmptyDrawTypes.png

-  Single arrow will create :ref:`class_rayshape`
-  Cube will create :ref:`class_boxshape`
-  Image will create :ref:`class_planeshape`
-  Sphere (and other non-listed) will create :ref:`class_sphereshape`

For better visibility in Blender's editor user can set "X-Ray" option on collision
empties and set some distinct color for them in User Preferences / Themes / 3D View / Empty.

Create rooms (-room)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This is used to create a room. As a general rule, any node that is a
child of this node will be considered inside the room (including
portals).

.. For more information about rooms/portals, look at the [[Portals and Rooms]] tutorial.

There are two ways in which this modifier can be used. The first is
using a Dummy/Empty node in the 3D application with the "-room" tag. For this to
work, the "interior" of the room must be closed (geometry of the
children should contain walls, roof, floor, etc. and the only holes to
the outside should be covered with portals). The importer will then
create a simplified version of the geometry for the room.

The second way is to use the "-room" modifier on a mesh node. This will
use the mesh as the base for the BSP tree that contains the room bounds.
Make sure that the mesh shape is **closed**, all normals **point
outside** and that the geometry is **not self-intersecting**, otherwise
the bounds may be computed wrong (BSP Trees are too picky and difficult
to work with, which is why they are barely used anymore..).

Anyway, the room will need portals, which are described next.

Create portals (-portal)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Portals are the view to look outside a room. They are always some flat
shape on the surface of a room. If the portal is left alone, it is used
to activate occlusion when looking inside<->outside the room.

.. Again, more information on the [[Portals and Rooms]] tutorial.

Basically, the conditions to make and import a portal from the 3D DCC
are:

-  It should be a child of a room.
-  It should lay on the surface of the room (this doesn't need to be
   super exact, just make it as close as you can by eye and Godot will
   adjust it)
-  It must be a flat, convex shape, any flat and convex shape is okay, no
   matter the axis or size.
-  Normals for the flat shape faces must **all point towards the
   OUTSIDE** of the room.

Here is how it usually looks:

.. image:: /img/3dimp_portal.png

To connect to rooms, simply make two identical portals for both rooms
and place them overlapped. This does not need to be perfectly exact,
again, as Godot will fix it.

[..]
^^^^

The rest of the tags in this section should be rather obvious, or will
be documented/changed in the future.

Double-sidedness
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Collada and other formats support specifying the double-sidedness of
the geometry (in other words, when not double-sided, back-faces are
not drawn). Godot supports this option per Material, not per Geometry.

When exporting from 3D DCCs that work with per-object double-sidedness
(such as Blender of Maya), make sure that the double sided objects do
not share a material with the single sided ones or the importer will
not be able to discern.

Animation options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Some things to keep in mind when importing animations. 3D DCCs allow
animating with curves for every x,y,z component, doing IK constraints
and other stuff. When imported for real-time, animations are sampled
(at small intervals) so all this information is lost. Sampled
animations are fast to process, but can use considerable amounts of
memory.

Because of this, the "Optimize" option exists but, in some cases, this
option might break an animation, so make it sure to disable it if
you notice any issues.

Some animations are meant to be cycled (like walk animations) if this is
the case, animation names that end in "-cycle" or "-loop" are
automatically set to loop.

Import script
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Creating a script to parse the imported scene is actually really simple.
This is great for post processing, changing materials, doing funny stuff
with the geometry, etc.

Create a script that basically looks like this:

::

    tool # needed so it runs in editor
    extends EditorScenePostImport

    func post_import(scene):
      # do your stuff here
      return scene # remember to return the imported scene

The post-import function takes the imported scene as parameter (the
parameter is actually the root node of the scene).

Update logic
~~~~~~~~~~~~

Other types of resources (like samples, meshes, fonts, images, etc.) are
re-imported entirely when changed and user changes are not kept.

Because of 3D Scenes can be really complex, they use a different update
strategy. The user might have done local changes to take advantage of
the engine features and it would be really frustrating if everything is
lost on re-import because the source asset changed.

This led to the implementation of a special update strategy. The idea
behind is that the user will not lose anything he or she did, and only
added data or data that can't be edited inside Godot will be updated.

It works like this:

Strategy
^^^^^^^^

Upon changes on the source asset (ie: .dae), and on re-import, the
editor will remember the way the scene originally was, and will track
your local changes like renaming nodes, moving them or reparenting them.
Finally, the following will be updated:

-  Mesh Data will be replaced by the data from the updated scene.
-  Materials will be kept if they were not modified by the user.
-  Portal and Room shapes will be replaced by the ones from the updated
   scene.
-  If the user moved a node inside Godot, the transform will be kept. If
   the user moved a node in the source asset, the transform will be
   replaced. Finally, if the node was moved in both places, the
   transform will be combined.

In general, if the user deletes anything from the imported scene (node,
mesh, material, etc.), updating the source asset will restore what was
deleted. This is a good way to revert local changes to anything. If you
really don't want a node anymore in the scene, either delete it from
both places or add the "-noimp" tag to it in the source asset.

Fresh re-import
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

It can also happen that the source asset changed beyond recognition and
a full fresh re-import is desired. If so, simply re-open the 3D scene
import dialog from the Import -> Re-Import menu and perform re-import.