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@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@
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<section>
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<section>
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<title>Understanding Charging in the IP-Multimedia-Subsystem (IMS)</title>
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<title>Understanding Charging in the IP-Multimedia-Subsystem (IMS)</title>
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<para>Before each service usage, the charging system must be asked for permission (credit authorization). The charging server must make a decision: Either authorize or deny the session.
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<para>Before each service usage, the charging system must be asked for permission (credit authorization). The charging server must make a decision: Either authorize or deny the session.
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-For postpaid scenarios this is fairly easy: The charging-server only needs to collect the usage data for processing it at the end of the month. As no realtime account updating is needed, this is often called „offline-charging“.
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-For prepaid scenarios the charging server needs to know the user's account balance and it will need to update the account in real-time. This is often referred to as „online-charging“.
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+For postpaid scenarios this is fairly easy: The charging-server only needs to collect the usage data for processing it at the end of the month. As no realtime account updating is needed, this is often called "offline-charging".
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+For prepaid scenarios the charging server needs to know the user's account balance and it will need to update the account in real-time. This is often referred to as "online-charging".</para>
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+<para>
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Question: What is the double of the Radius?
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Question: What is the double of the Radius?
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-Answer: It's the Diameter!
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-As quite often, we use the Diameter-Protocol to do the Charging in the IMS. And as quite often, IMS uses a huge bunch of acronyms to describe the different interfaces: We call the diameter-interface for offline-charging the „Rf“-interface and the interface for online charging the „Ro“-interface.
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+Answer: It's the Diameter!</para>
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+<para>
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+As quite often, we use the Diameter-Protocol to do the Charging in the IMS. And as quite often, IMS uses a huge bunch of acronyms to describe the different interfaces: We call the diameter-interface for offline-charging the "Rf"-interface and the interface for online charging the "Ro"-interface.</para>
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+<para>
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Each system, that needs this credit authorization, have to be equipped with a proper charging trigger, a so-called charging-trigger-function (CTF) in order to communicate with the charging-server (also called charging-function):
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Each system, that needs this credit authorization, have to be equipped with a proper charging trigger, a so-called charging-trigger-function (CTF) in order to communicate with the charging-server (also called charging-function):
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</para>
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</para>
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<mediaobject>
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<mediaobject>
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