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+# Documenting TorqueScript
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+
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+## Introduction
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+
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+This references describes how to document TorqueScript. It covers the tool used, the location of the docs, and
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+the process of adding or editing docs. The end goal is a single manual that can be referenced on-line or downloaded.
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+The manual created contains information about classes and functions, and also information about operators, sub-systems,
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+general information, etc.
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+
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+TorqueScript is a scripting language written specifically for Torque. The compiling and running of the script code
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+is a part of the engine itself.
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+
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+The manual is created using [Doxygen](doxygen.org), so its helpful to get some experience with that tool and
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+to also to refer to its manual for documenting features. This reference only covers Doxygen lightly but possibly
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+enough to get started.
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+
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+Normally, Doxygen is used to create a cross-referenced document for a C++ code base, even though that's not
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+quite what the TorqueScript manual is. That is, you normally document the system you've built in C++, not
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+a language and API bindings to an engine! But Doxygen is so useful and capable that it was worth working out
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+a way to use it for our purposes. As a matter of fact, we can also produce a Torque2D engine document
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+from the same code base!
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+
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+The docs can be output in an HTML form, among many others including pdf or chm.
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+
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+## Documentation As an Ongoing Project
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+
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+First, thanks in advance for any contribution to our collective knowledge to the TorqueScript docs!
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+Besides our collective wisdom, there are also fertile bits of information over at the
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+[Torque Developer Network](http://tdn.garagegames.com/wiki/TDN_Home) (free login required) that could be yanked
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+over.
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+
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+While many of the basics are done, there is always more to cover. Whether you know of tricks for creating better
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+game loops with less, gotchas to avoid, or mistake in the docs that should be corrected, we could use your help. The goal
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+of this project is to collect great information about Torque2D and get it into the source itself,
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+where it will live with the code. The docs should include classes, functions, and even architectural design.
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+
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+## How to "Compile" the Torque2D Manual
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+
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+If we want to see our docs as you go, the first thing you'll need is the ability to see the output from Doxygen as
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+you make edits. Once you know how, this can be done in less than 10 seconds. Here are the steps:
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+
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+1. Go to the directory `Torque2D/tools/documentation`
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+ You should see, among files and directories
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+ + `config` - a directory containing a few files that are used to tell Doxygen how to proceed.
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+ + `output` - a directory where the results will go. If it doesn't exist for you, simple make a new `output` directory.
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+ (If you run `doxygen` without this directory, it will fail.)
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+ + `doxygen.exe` - currently Torque2D comes with a Windows copy of Doxygen. But you can download a newer version or a
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+ version for almost any platform, which you may need to do now. It's free!
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+2. Start a command line tool in the `documentation` directory.
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+ I use Windows PowerShell (which I open by clicking the Window's Start menu and typing "powershell" into the search box).
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+3. Run Doxgyen from a command line feeding it the `config\torqueScriptReference.cfg` file. I also like to pipe the output
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+to a file, as you see below. Doxygen is very verbose!
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+ @code
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+ > .\doxygen.exe .\config\torqueScriptReference.cfg > .\output\info-ts.log
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+ @endcode
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+4. Afterwards, the directory `output/torqueScriptDocs` should have been produced, and inside of it, you should
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+have both `html` and `xml` output. To see the results, click `html/index.html` to open it in a browser.
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+Click around and get accusomted to the manual if you haven't already. As you make changes, "recompile" the manual
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+and simply refresh in your browser to see the results.
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+
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+## About Doxygen "Compounds"
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+
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+There are three Doxygen concepts -- called "compounds" in Doxygen vernacular -- that we use to document TorqueScript.
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+These are symbols, modules, and pages. For us, "symbol" documents are materials attached directly to classes, member functions,
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+and global functions. Here is SimSet as an example of documented class methods that roll-up into a class page. The
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+[list of classes](classes.html) is built by Doxygen as well.
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+This is the most common type of documentation by far. You write them in command-laced comments directly above the symbol.
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+
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+Then we use "module" documents -- interchangeably called "group" documents in Doxygen vernacular -- to keep together clusters
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+of related global function, like vector math, string functions, or even string operators. Within each grouping, the bulk
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+of the actual function documentation is also symbol documentation. If you go to the [modules](modules.html) page, you will
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+see all of the groups listed. Note that they mostly cover global functions, but also operators, data types, etc.
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+
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+Module documents are nice because they are a bit more free-form. You can also add any amount of extra documentation for
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+the entire group. For instance, in the engine manual (not the TorqueScript one in this case), all the classes than form
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+the %Taml subsystem are kept in a group. But more importantly, a lengthy white paper on using the %Taml module of Torque2D
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+is kept within the group document as the "detailed description". The point is that module/group docs
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+can have lots of connective information about a sub-sytem and still cross-reference with any symbols in your code.
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+
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+Finally, most rare of all we use Doxygen "pages" to write up information. Pages are the best bet when their content isn't really
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+connected to the software architecture or any particular class or functions. This very document is an example. All the "loose"
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+pages are kept under the ["related pages"](pages.html) tab by Doxygen.
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+Even though the pages aren't related to any one symbol of grouping, mentioning particular functions and other symbols will
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+create cross references to those symbols.
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+
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+## About ScriptBinding and ScriptPage Files
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+
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+In order to have Doxygen create two kinds of documents with only one code base, some cleverness was required. Without
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+getting too deep here, documenting TorqueScript "the language binding" isn't the natural purpose of Doxygen!
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+However, we were able to achieve a pretty strong manual just by using a few techniques. To keep you from getting
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+confused -- we hope it's not a problem, but better safe than sorry -- this short section is a quick-and-dirty
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+view of some of those techniques used. If something doesn't seem to work like you expected, this section may help.
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+
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+The main rule to follow here is that most TorqueScript documentation is in the ScriptBinding.h files. For instance, comments
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+in `SimObject_ScriptBinding.h` are gleened by Doxygen,
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+but not comments in `SimObject.h` or `SimObject.cpp`. Other docs may
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+be in ScriptBinding.* or ScripPage.* files.
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+Because the ScriptBinding.h files contain the TorqueScript binding functions and not the engine code, this is an ideal
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+place to focus Doxygen to get only TorqueScript information. (Otherwise, it would try to add reference docs to engine-specific
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+code as well. We show Doxygen the opposite docs when building a manual for the engine.)
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+
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+You may notice a few binding functions (ConsoleMethod(), ConsoleFunction(), etc.) not in the ScriptBindings. You may also
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+notice that these don't produce docs yet. This is for the reason stated above. (The code is actively being re-arranged and is
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+almost complete. For what it's worth, the idea of the ScriptBbinding files preceeds the new documentation.)
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+
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+The next rule is that .dox files are not read by C++ compilers but are read as if code files by Doxygen. The extension is
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+specific to Doxygen as a matter of fact. Code and comments in these files are read (by Doxygen) as if live code, however.
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+Hence they are a great place to put module/group documents that don't fit neatly in any one class or function group.
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+The .dox files are often kept in the directory with the code they relate to. They will be found and read, wherever they are, by Doxgyen.
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+If the .dox file is for TorqueScript it should contain `_ScriptPage.` in its name. Otherwise, it will be assumed to be a page
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+for the engine instead.
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+
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+
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+A second use of the .dox file was to create pseudo-code for TorqueScript -- code that isn't really part of building the
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+TorqueScript interpreter nor the engine but that Doxygen picks up and parses as if real code. Look at the file
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+`Torque2D\engine\source\console\core_scriptBinding.dox` for a great place to create a list of
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+TorqueScript operators (new, SPC, TAB, etc) and TorqueScript types (Integer, Boolean, String, Vector) that aren't real
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+code but that help create a complete manual for TorqueScript.
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+
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+
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+Finally, the "page" files are often kept as markdown (extension .md). Because a page file isn't related to any classes,
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+functions, or whatever, its text does not need to be wrapped into a comment. Put differently, there is no need for doxygen
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+commands (@@param, @@see, @@defgroup, etc.) The text is pure markdown with a few exceptions which are probably Doxygen bugs, and some
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+of those are listed at the end of this doc. By being pure markdown -- that is without requiring a surrounding comment block --
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+they are a little easier to manipulate.
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+These pages can only show as single pages in the "Related Pages" tab of a Doxygen manual, so they are limited. And
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+even though they aren't connected to any code symbols, they will link (automatically usually) to any symbols mentions.
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+
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+## Documenting Classes and Methods
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+
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+As mentioned above, documenting symbols is by far the bulk of the good documentation. Each class, method, or function can have a
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+description as complex as you want. (Also as stated above, the global functions will ultimately end up in a "module" section of
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+the manual but the functions themselves are documented as symbols.) For methods and functions,
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+you can (and should) explicitly state the parameters and return type. You can put example code with each symbol if it helps.
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+Finally, we should probably keep a "see also" section for related methods and functions.
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+
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+Here is an edited version of comments for SimObject::getId() as an example of how to accomplish several of these practices:
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+
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+@verbatim
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+/*! get the unique numeric ID -- or "handle" -- of this object.
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+
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+ @param param1 a pretend param for this call since there wasn't one :)
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+ @return Returns the numeric ID.
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+
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+ The id is provided for you by the simulator upon object creation. You can not change it
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+ and it likely will not be reused by any other object after this object is deleted.
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+
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+ @par Example
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+ @code
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+ new SimObject(example);
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+ echo(example.getId());
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+ > 1752
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+ @endcode
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+
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+ @par Caveat
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+ You can not access the id directly. That is, you can not access `%%object.id`.
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+ If you do set `%%object.id` you will only succeed in creating a dynamic field named
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+ `id` -- an unrelated field to the actual object's id.
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+
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+ @par Example
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+ @code
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+ %example = SimObject();
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+ echo(%example.getId());
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+ > 1753
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+
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+ ...
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+
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+ I'm pretending I need one more paragraph here to show off lists. I can use
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+ + a list symbol such as "+" here on each line of a list
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+ + a second element in my list
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+
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+ @see getName, setName
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+*/
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+ConsoleMethodWithDocs(SimObject, getId, ConsoleInt, 2, 2, ())
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+{
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+ return object->getId();
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+}
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+@endverbatim
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+
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+Knowing a bit about Doxygen does help, but you can get pretty far just trying the ideas above and experimenting. The following
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+are several notes about the above example:
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+
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++ The entire doxygen comment section is surrounded by `/*!` and `*/` comment enclosings. There are
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+other options, but this author prefers to set these at beginning and end and then not have to decorate every line.
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++ We have a `@param`, `@return`, and `@see` (for "see also" sections). Those are easy.
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++ Any other text is just part of the detailed description.
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++ We can create "sections" just like the "param" and "return" sections by using `@par <section>` like we did with "@par Caveat". Just remember to start the paragraph immediately after that line.
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++ We also wanted to create a couple of examples so we start each one with "@par Example" and follow that with a block of code between "@code" and "@endcode".
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++ We can also use backticks "`" around a phrase to make it represent in-line code.
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++ Now in *real* code sections between "@code" and "@endcode" any text goes. But in regular text
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+or even in in-line code sections, we have to use two percent signs to create one.
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+This is because Doxygen sees percent as a "meta-character" and swallows it. To show a single percent,
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+"escape" percent with two in a row.
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++ Note that I'm using "+" to start a list. You can use "*" or "-" just like in markdown. However, because
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+some people like to have a "*" at the beginning of every line of comments, Doxygen likes to eat those up, so
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+it's best to just avoid them. This author just prefers "+" to "-" for lists also.
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++ Obvious function names and class names will be automatically cross-referenced. They are "obvious"
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+when they have a camel case letter in them somewhere. If your function does not, try putting "::" in front of it
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+or "()" after it. To reference something in another class, you have to use className::methodName. Doxygen explains
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+all this in its docs. One last point though: let's suppose you want to avoid a link. Use "%" in front of the camel
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+cased word that happens to be another class or function.
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+
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+## Documenting Global Function Groups
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+
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+All of the global functions in TorqueScript are being documented into "groups."
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+We also take advantage of Doxygen's ability to have subgroups here. All of the function groups are
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+a subgroup of the TorqueScriptFunctions main group. (There are other main groups not related to global functions.)
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+
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+To document a group of functions, let's suppose they are in the same file together. If they are not, we can
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+modify the following formulas. Go to that file, say the console output functions in `output_ScriptBinding.h`.
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+Near the top of the file, before any functions, tell Doxygen this will be a group as follows:
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+
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+@verbatim
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+/*! @defgroup ConsoleOutputFunctions Console Output
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+ @ingroup TorqueScriptFunctions
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+ @{
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+*/
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+@endverbatim
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+
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+What this does is start a new group `ConsoleOutputFunctions` and also gives it the more human-readable name "Console Output".
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+Then it puts this group within the `TorqueScriptFunctions` main group. And finally it starts the grou with `@{`.
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+
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+Now go to the bottom of the file, somewhere after all the functions and put the following:
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+
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+@verbatim
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+/*! @} */ // group ConsoleOutputFunctions
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+@endverbatim
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+
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+This line ends the group with "@}". The comment after that is just to be friendly.
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+
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+This should effectively put all the documented functions between "@{" and "@}" into a group together.
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+
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+## Documenting Operations, Types, etc.
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+
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+Another type of module documentation is for non-functions. This includes TorqueScript types (String, Boolean, etc.) and
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+operators (SPC, new, etc.).
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+
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+To do this, we are playing a bit of a trick. Remember that Doxygen was not created to document your language that you created
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+(such as TorqueScript). What we will do is make a psuedo-code file full of pretend C++ constructs, called
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+`Torque2D\engine\source\console\core_ScriptBinding.dox` The C++ compiler won't be interested, but when Doxygen sees
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+the file it will parse it as real code.
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+
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+The solution we have employed is to have one special file located in the same directory as the TorqueScript interpreter code.
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+C++ compilers will not bother to compile a .dox file but doxygen will read it. For all practical purposes, though,
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+this is a C++ file in form.
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+
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+We will not go into the details here, but read that file and add to it to create lists of operators or
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+types in groups.
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+
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+## Documenting Sub-Systems
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+
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+Our final module type is sub-systems of the engine, such as %Taml or the Module Manager, etc. Because these
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+are not related to one specific class, they were placed in individual files with the .dox extension.
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+
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+While there are no examples of TorqueScript sub-systems documented yet, we can see an example of Torque2D engine
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+docs for a sub-system. Check out `Torque2D\engine\source\persistence\taml\taml.dox` as an example.
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+
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+Note that the docs are currently kept close to the classes that form the system, if possible. Specifically,
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+they are put in the same directory as the classes. The compiler will ignore files ending in .dox
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+but Doxygen won't. In the case of the taml file, it is a mostly markdown formatted file. Section headers,
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+URLs and other markdown data is present in standard form. However, the entire file (of markdown) is placed
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+in a Doxygen comment block with `/*!` at the top and `*/` at the bottom. Then the block was marked as
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+creating a "group" known as "tamlGroup" like so:
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+
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+@code
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+/*! @defgroup tamlGroup TAML Reference
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+ ... the entire contents in markdown
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+*/
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+@endcode
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+
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+For a little cross-referencing sweetness, classes related to this sub-system were marked with the following
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+comment
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+
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+@code
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+/// @ingroup tamlGroup
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+/// @see tamlGroup
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+@endcode
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+
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+This will bring a reference to the marked class into the module document.
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+
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+Again, this was done for an engine subsytem, but the same *could* be done for TorqueScript systems or modules.
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+
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+## Documenting General Information
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+
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+
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+
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+## Appendix A: Doxygen Markup Caveats
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+1. lists have trouble starting with `*` because it seems like the line is part of a long comment. So change `*` lists to `-`
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+
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+ - if you use regular expressions, search for `^\*_` and manually replace with `-_` (where `_` represents a space). note that a manual replace may not be necessary but I'm not sure that all lines that begin with a single * are necessarily lists!
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+
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+1. doxygen understands "fencepost" code blocks (~~~) but is confused in the case of c++. Specifically, doxygen will eat // comments within them!
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+However the form `@code{.cpp}` will work. For consistency change all code blocks from ~~~ to @code.
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+
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+ - if you use regular expressions, search for \`\`\`(.+) and replace it with `@code{\1}`. after that, you can match the end fence posts easily also. replace \`\`\` with `@endcode`
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+
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+ %variable in line dos not work. (docs say use \% but does not work) use %%variable to get %variable.
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+ -- required \--
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+ numbers 1.2.3. must be correct
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+
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+## Appendix B. How Documenting TorqueScript Works
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+
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+*You can skip this section unless you are curious.*
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+
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+For several years, Torque2D produced a TorqueScript manual in a different way. Realize, that we want to be able to produce a
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+manual for Torque2D's C++ engine as well as produce a manual for TorqueScript. So running Doxygen on the code produced only the
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+Torque2D manual. This is as it should be. Doxygen simply cross-references C++ symbols like classes, namespaces, and functions.
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+
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+Then, to create a TorqueScript manual -- not actually document code mind you -- something has to give. Remember, this is not
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+Doxygen's purpose, but since it is an excellent tool for creating cross-referenced docs a way was devised! One would compile the
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+Torque2D, and run it. From within the program one would call dumpConsoleFunctions() and other functions to produce a "psuedo-code"
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+output file. The file was suspiciously like a program itself, complete with documentation of the "functions" and "classes". This
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+file would then be run through Doxygen and viola!, a second reference manual was produced.
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+
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+The problem with using the above method had two specific drawbacks worth removing if possible. First, it required several steps --
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+compiling the code, running it with some script calls, running Doxygen on the output of the dump -- and so it was impractical to
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+add and modify new docs as easily as Doxygen is designed to do. Second, the documents had to be hidden from Doxygen on the normal
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+pass that creates an engine reference! To do so, the docs appeared in a string for each TorqueScript call or class. This was also
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+harder to work with than would be nice. A less important issue, but still a real one, was the possibility that all these strings,
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+compiled into the engine, could be expensive in space. (Though the strings could be skipped at compile time if TORQUE_SHIPPING was
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+defined.)
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+
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+Now, the TorqueScript function bindings are documented just like any other code -- in comment sections with the code. And
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+"compiling" the documents is no harder than running Doxygen on the code base with a special config file designed for TorqueScript
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+output.
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+
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+There are always trade-offs to slight-of-hand however. The way we get Doxygen to pick between documenting the engine or
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+TorqueScript is that TorqueScript functions are in special files ending with _ScriptBinding.h. These files are skipped when
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+creating docs for the engine. Likewise, they are the only files used when creating the script reference. There are other files
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+and cases that are specific to TorqueScript -- this is the main way we can get both manuals from one code base!
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Charlie Patterson