mono/netcore/System.Private.CoreLib/shared/System/DefaultBinder.cs

// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

using System.Reflection;
using System.Diagnostics;
using CultureInfo = System.Globalization.CultureInfo;

namespace System
{
#if CORERT
    public sealed
#else
    internal
#endif
    partial class DefaultBinder : Binder
    {
        // This method is passed a set of methods and must choose the best
        // fit.  The methods all have the same number of arguments and the object
        // array args.  On exit, this method will choice the best fit method
        // and coerce the args to match that method.  By match, we mean all primitive
        // arguments are exact matchs and all object arguments are exact or subclasses
        // of the target.  If the target OR is an interface, the object must implement
        // that interface.  There are a couple of exceptions
        // thrown when a method cannot be returned.  If no method matchs the args and
        // ArgumentException is thrown.  If multiple methods match the args then 
        // an AmbiguousMatchException is thrown.
        // 
        // The most specific match will be selected.  
        // 
        public sealed override MethodBase BindToMethod(
            BindingFlags bindingAttr, MethodBase[] match, ref object?[] args,
            ParameterModifier[]? modifiers, CultureInfo? cultureInfo, string[]? names, out object? state)
        {
            if (match == null || match.Length == 0)
                throw new ArgumentException(SR.Arg_EmptyArray, nameof(match));

            MethodBase?[] candidates = (MethodBase[])match.Clone();

            int i;
            int j;

            state = null;

#region Map named parameters to candidate parameter positions
            // We are creating an paramOrder array to act as a mapping
            //  between the order of the args and the actual order of the
            //  parameters in the method.  This order may differ because
            //  named parameters (names) may change the order.  If names
            //  is not provided, then we assume the default mapping (0,1,...)
            int[][] paramOrder = new int[candidates.Length][];

            for (i = 0; i < candidates.Length; i++)
            {
                ParameterInfo[] par = candidates[i]!.GetParametersNoCopy();

                // args.Length + 1 takes into account the possibility of a last paramArray that can be omitted
                paramOrder[i] = new int[(par.Length > args.Length) ? par.Length : args.Length];

                if (names == null)
                {
                    // Default mapping
                    for (j = 0; j < args.Length; j++)
                        paramOrder[i][j] = j;
                }
                else
                {
                    // Named parameters, reorder the mapping.  If CreateParamOrder fails, it means that the method
                    // doesn't have a name that matchs one of the named parameters so we don't consider it any further.
                    if (!CreateParamOrder(paramOrder[i], par, names))
                        candidates[i] = null;
                }
            }
#endregion

            Type[] paramArrayTypes = new Type[candidates.Length];

            Type[] argTypes = new Type[args.Length];

#region Cache the type of the provided arguments
            // object that contain a null are treated as if they were typeless (but match either object 
            // references or value classes).  We mark this condition by placing a null in the argTypes array.
            for (i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
            {
                if (args[i] != null)
                {
                    argTypes[i] = args[i]!.GetType();
                }
            }
#endregion


            // Find the method that matches...
            int CurIdx = 0;
            bool defaultValueBinding = ((bindingAttr & BindingFlags.OptionalParamBinding) != 0);

            Type? paramArrayType;

#region Filter methods by parameter count and type
            for (i = 0; i < candidates.Length; i++)
            {
                paramArrayType = null;

                // If we have named parameters then we may have a hole in the candidates array.
                if (candidates[i] == null)
                    continue;

                // Validate the parameters.
                ParameterInfo[] par = candidates[i]!.GetParametersNoCopy(); // TODO-NULLABLE: Indexer nullability tracked (https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/34644)

#region Match method by parameter count
                if (par.Length == 0)
                {
#region No formal parameters
                    if (args.Length != 0)
                    {
                        if ((candidates[i]!.CallingConvention & CallingConventions.VarArgs) == 0) // TODO-NULLABLE: Indexer nullability tracked (https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/34644)
                            continue;
                    }

                    // This is a valid routine so we move it up the candidates list.
                    paramOrder[CurIdx] = paramOrder[i];
                    candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];

                    continue;
#endregion
                }
                else if (par.Length > args.Length)
                {
#region Shortage of provided parameters
                    // If the number of parameters is greater than the number of args then 
                    // we are in the situation were we may be using default values.
                    for (j = args.Length; j < par.Length - 1; j++)
                    {
                        if (par[j].DefaultValue == System.DBNull.Value)
                            break;
                    }

                    if (j != par.Length - 1)
                        continue;

                    if (par[j].DefaultValue == System.DBNull.Value)
                    {
                        if (!par[j].ParameterType.IsArray)
                            continue;

                        if (!par[j].IsDefined(typeof(ParamArrayAttribute), true))
                            continue;

                        paramArrayType = par[j].ParameterType.GetElementType();
                    }
#endregion
                }
                else if (par.Length < args.Length)
                {
#region Excess provided parameters
                    // test for the ParamArray case
                    int lastArgPos = par.Length - 1;

                    if (!par[lastArgPos].ParameterType.IsArray)
                        continue;

                    if (!par[lastArgPos].IsDefined(typeof(ParamArrayAttribute), true))
                        continue;

                    if (paramOrder[i][lastArgPos] != lastArgPos)
                        continue;

                    paramArrayType = par[lastArgPos].ParameterType.GetElementType();
#endregion
                }
                else
                {
#region Test for paramArray, save paramArray type
                    int lastArgPos = par.Length - 1;

                    if (par[lastArgPos].ParameterType.IsArray
                        && par[lastArgPos].IsDefined(typeof(ParamArrayAttribute), true)
                        && paramOrder[i][lastArgPos] == lastArgPos)
                    {
                        if (!par[lastArgPos].ParameterType.IsAssignableFrom(argTypes[lastArgPos]))
                            paramArrayType = par[lastArgPos].ParameterType.GetElementType();
                    }
#endregion
                }
#endregion

                Type pCls;
                int argsToCheck = (paramArrayType != null) ? par.Length - 1 : args.Length;

#region Match method by parameter type
                for (j = 0; j < argsToCheck; j++)
                {
#region Classic argument coersion checks
                    // get the formal type
                    pCls = par[j].ParameterType;

                    if (pCls.IsByRef)
                        pCls = pCls.GetElementType()!;

                    // the type is the same
                    if (pCls == argTypes[paramOrder[i][j]])
                        continue;

                    // a default value is available
                    if (defaultValueBinding && args[paramOrder[i][j]] == Type.Missing)
                        continue;

                    // the argument was null, so it matches with everything
                    if (args[paramOrder[i][j]] == null)
                        continue;

                    // the type is Object, so it will match everything
                    if (pCls == typeof(object))
                        continue;

                    // now do a "classic" type check
                    if (pCls.IsPrimitive)
                    {
                        if (argTypes[paramOrder[i][j]] == null || !CanChangePrimitive(args[paramOrder[i][j]]?.GetType(), pCls))
                        {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (argTypes[paramOrder[i][j]] == null)
                            continue;

                        if (!pCls.IsAssignableFrom(argTypes[paramOrder[i][j]]))
                        {
                            if (argTypes[paramOrder[i][j]].IsCOMObject)
                            {
                                if (pCls.IsInstanceOfType(args[paramOrder[i][j]]))
                                    continue;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    }
#endregion
                }

                if (paramArrayType != null && j == par.Length - 1)
                {
#region Check that excess arguments can be placed in the param array
                    for (; j < args.Length; j++)
                    {
                        if (paramArrayType.IsPrimitive)
                        {
                            if (argTypes[j] == null || !CanChangePrimitive(args[j]?.GetType(), paramArrayType))
                                break;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (argTypes[j] == null)
                                continue;

                            if (!paramArrayType.IsAssignableFrom(argTypes[j]))
                            {
                                if (argTypes[j].IsCOMObject)
                                {
                                    if (paramArrayType.IsInstanceOfType(args[j]))
                                        continue;
                                }

                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
#endregion
                }
#endregion

                if (j == args.Length)
                {
#region This is a valid routine so we move it up the candidates list
                    paramOrder[CurIdx] = paramOrder[i];
                    paramArrayTypes[CurIdx] = paramArrayType!;
                    candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
#endregion
                }
            }
#endregion

            // If we didn't find a method 
            if (CurIdx == 0)
                throw new MissingMethodException(SR.MissingMember);

            if (CurIdx == 1)
            {
#region Found only one method
                if (names != null)
                {
                    state = new BinderState((int[])paramOrder[0].Clone(), args.Length, paramArrayTypes[0] != null);
                    ReorderParams(paramOrder[0], args);
                }

                // If the parameters and the args are not the same length or there is a paramArray
                //  then we need to create a argument array.
                ParameterInfo[] parms = candidates[0]!.GetParametersNoCopy();

                if (parms.Length == args.Length)
                {
                    if (paramArrayTypes[0] != null)
                    {
                        object[] objs = new object[parms.Length];
                        int lastPos = parms.Length - 1;
                        Array.Copy(args, 0, objs, 0, lastPos);
                        objs[lastPos] = Array.CreateInstance(paramArrayTypes[0], 1);
                        ((Array)objs[lastPos]).SetValue(args[lastPos], 0);
                        args = objs;
                    }
                }
                else if (parms.Length > args.Length)
                {
                    object?[] objs = new object[parms.Length];

                    for (i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
                        objs[i] = args[i];

                    for (; i < parms.Length - 1; i++)
                        objs[i] = parms[i].DefaultValue;

                    if (paramArrayTypes[0] != null)
                        objs[i] = Array.CreateInstance(paramArrayTypes[0], 0); // create an empty array for the 

                    else
                        objs[i] = parms[i].DefaultValue;

                    args = objs;
                }
                else
                {
                    if ((candidates[0]!.CallingConvention & CallingConventions.VarArgs) == 0)
                    {
                        object[] objs = new object[parms.Length];
                        int paramArrayPos = parms.Length - 1;
                        Array.Copy(args, 0, objs, 0, paramArrayPos);
                        objs[paramArrayPos] = Array.CreateInstance(paramArrayTypes[0], args.Length - paramArrayPos);
                        Array.Copy(args, paramArrayPos, (System.Array)objs[paramArrayPos], 0, args.Length - paramArrayPos);
                        args = objs;
                    }
                }
#endregion

                return candidates[0]!;
            }

            int currentMin = 0;
            bool ambig = false;
            for (i = 1; i < CurIdx; i++)
            {
#region Walk all of the methods looking the most specific method to invoke
                int newMin = FindMostSpecificMethod(candidates[currentMin]!, paramOrder[currentMin], paramArrayTypes[currentMin],
                                                    candidates[i]!, paramOrder[i], paramArrayTypes[i], argTypes, args);

                if (newMin == 0)
                {
                    ambig = true;
                }
                else if (newMin == 2)
                {
                    currentMin = i;
                    ambig = false;
                }
#endregion
            }

            if (ambig)
                throw new AmbiguousMatchException(SR.Arg_AmbiguousMatchException);

            // Reorder (if needed)
            if (names != null)
            {
                state = new BinderState((int[])paramOrder[currentMin].Clone(), args.Length, paramArrayTypes[currentMin] != null);
                ReorderParams(paramOrder[currentMin], args);
            }

            // If the parameters and the args are not the same length or there is a paramArray
            //  then we need to create a argument array.
            ParameterInfo[] parameters = candidates[currentMin]!.GetParametersNoCopy();
            if (parameters.Length == args.Length)
            {
                if (paramArrayTypes[currentMin] != null)
                {
                    object[] objs = new object[parameters.Length];
                    int lastPos = parameters.Length - 1;
                    Array.Copy(args, 0, objs, 0, lastPos);
                    objs[lastPos] = Array.CreateInstance(paramArrayTypes[currentMin], 1);
                    ((Array)objs[lastPos]).SetValue(args[lastPos], 0);
                    args = objs;
                }
            }
            else if (parameters.Length > args.Length)
            {
                object?[] objs = new object[parameters.Length];

                for (i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
                    objs[i] = args[i];

                for (; i < parameters.Length - 1; i++)
                    objs[i] = parameters[i].DefaultValue;

                if (paramArrayTypes[currentMin] != null)
                {
                    objs[i] = Array.CreateInstance(paramArrayTypes[currentMin], 0);
                }
                else
                {
                    objs[i] = parameters[i].DefaultValue;
                }

                args = objs;
            }
            else
            {
                if ((candidates[currentMin]!.CallingConvention & CallingConventions.VarArgs) == 0)
                {
                    object[] objs = new object[parameters.Length];
                    int paramArrayPos = parameters.Length - 1;
                    Array.Copy(args, 0, objs, 0, paramArrayPos);
                    objs[paramArrayPos] = Array.CreateInstance(paramArrayTypes[currentMin], args.Length - paramArrayPos);
                    Array.Copy(args, paramArrayPos, (System.Array)objs[paramArrayPos], 0, args.Length - paramArrayPos);
                    args = objs;
                }
            }

            return candidates[currentMin]!;
        }


        // Given a set of fields that match the base criteria, select a field.
        // if value is null then we have no way to select a field
        public sealed override FieldInfo BindToField(BindingFlags bindingAttr, FieldInfo[] match, object value, CultureInfo? cultureInfo)
        {
            if (match == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(match));
            }

            int i;
            // Find the method that match...
            int CurIdx = 0;

            Type valueType;

            FieldInfo[] candidates = (FieldInfo[])match.Clone();

            // If we are a FieldSet, then use the value's type to disambiguate
            if ((bindingAttr & BindingFlags.SetField) != 0)
            {
                valueType = value.GetType();

                for (i = 0; i < candidates.Length; i++)
                {
                    Type pCls = candidates[i].FieldType;
                    if (pCls == valueType)
                    {
                        candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
                        continue;
                    }
                    if (value == Empty.Value)
                    {
                        // the object passed in was null which would match any non primitive non value type
                        if (pCls.IsClass)
                        {
                            candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    if (pCls == typeof(object))
                    {
                        candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
                        continue;
                    }
                    if (pCls.IsPrimitive)
                    {
                        if (CanChangePrimitive(valueType, pCls))
                        {
                            candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (pCls.IsAssignableFrom(valueType))
                        {
                            candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (CurIdx == 0)
                    throw new MissingFieldException(SR.MissingField);
                if (CurIdx == 1)
                    return candidates[0];
            }

            // Walk all of the methods looking the most specific method to invoke
            int currentMin = 0;
            bool ambig = false;
            for (i = 1; i < CurIdx; i++)
            {
                int newMin = FindMostSpecificField(candidates[currentMin], candidates[i]);
                if (newMin == 0)
                    ambig = true;
                else
                {
                    if (newMin == 2)
                    {
                        currentMin = i;
                        ambig = false;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (ambig)
                throw new AmbiguousMatchException(SR.Arg_AmbiguousMatchException);
            return candidates[currentMin];
        }

        // Given a set of methods that match the base criteria, select a method based
        // upon an array of types.  This method should return null if no method matchs
        // the criteria.
        public sealed override MethodBase? SelectMethod(BindingFlags bindingAttr, MethodBase[] match, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[]? modifiers)
        {
            int i;
            int j;

            Type[] realTypes = new Type[types.Length];
            for (i = 0; i < types.Length; i++)
            {
                realTypes[i] = types[i].UnderlyingSystemType;
                if (!(realTypes[i].IsRuntimeImplemented() || realTypes[i] is SignatureType))
                    throw new ArgumentException(SR.Arg_MustBeType, nameof(types));
            }
            types = realTypes;

            // We don't automatically jump out on exact match.
            if (match == null || match.Length == 0)
                throw new ArgumentException(SR.Arg_EmptyArray, nameof(match));

            MethodBase[] candidates = (MethodBase[])match.Clone();

            // Find all the methods that can be described by the types parameter. 
            //  Remove all of them that cannot.
            int CurIdx = 0;
            for (i = 0; i < candidates.Length; i++)
            {
                ParameterInfo[] par = candidates[i].GetParametersNoCopy();
                if (par.Length != types.Length)
                    continue;
                for (j = 0; j < types.Length; j++)
                {
                    Type pCls = par[j].ParameterType;
                    if (types[j].MatchesParameterTypeExactly(par[j]))
                        continue;
                    if (pCls == typeof(object))
                        continue;

                    Type? type = types[j];
                    if (type is SignatureType signatureType)
                    {
                        if (!(candidates[i] is MethodInfo methodInfo))
                            break;
                        type = signatureType.TryResolveAgainstGenericMethod(methodInfo);
                        if (type == null)
                            break;
                    }

                    if (pCls.IsPrimitive)
                    {
                        if (!(type.UnderlyingSystemType.IsRuntimeImplemented()) ||
                            !CanChangePrimitive(type.UnderlyingSystemType, pCls.UnderlyingSystemType))
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (!pCls.IsAssignableFrom(type))
                            break;
                    }
                }
                if (j == types.Length)
                    candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
            }
            if (CurIdx == 0)
                return null;
            if (CurIdx == 1)
                return candidates[0];

            // Walk all of the methods looking the most specific method to invoke
            int currentMin = 0;
            bool ambig = false;
            int[] paramOrder = new int[types.Length];
            for (i = 0; i < types.Length; i++)
                paramOrder[i] = i;
            for (i = 1; i < CurIdx; i++)
            {
                int newMin = FindMostSpecificMethod(candidates[currentMin], paramOrder, null, candidates[i], paramOrder, null, types, null);
                if (newMin == 0)
                    ambig = true;
                else
                {
                    if (newMin == 2)
                    {
                        currentMin = i;
                        ambig = false;
                        currentMin = i;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (ambig)
                throw new AmbiguousMatchException(SR.Arg_AmbiguousMatchException);
            return candidates[currentMin];
        }

        // Given a set of properties that match the base criteria, select one.
        public sealed override PropertyInfo? SelectProperty(BindingFlags bindingAttr, PropertyInfo[] match, Type? returnType,
                    Type[]? indexes, ParameterModifier[]? modifiers)
        {
            // Allow a null indexes array. But if it is not null, every element must be non-null as well.
            if (indexes != null)
            {
                foreach (Type index in indexes)
                {
                    if (index == null)
                        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(indexes));
                }
            }

            if (match == null || match.Length == 0)
                throw new ArgumentException(SR.Arg_EmptyArray, nameof(match));

            PropertyInfo[] candidates = (PropertyInfo[])match.Clone();

            int i, j = 0;

            // Find all the properties that can be described by type indexes parameter
            int CurIdx = 0;
            int indexesLength = (indexes != null) ? indexes.Length : 0;
            for (i = 0; i < candidates.Length; i++)
            {
                if (indexes != null)
                {
                    ParameterInfo[] par = candidates[i].GetIndexParameters();
                    if (par.Length != indexesLength)
                        continue;

                    for (j = 0; j < indexesLength; j++)
                    {
                        Type pCls = par[j].ParameterType;

                        // If the classes  exactly match continue
                        if (pCls == indexes[j])
                            continue;
                        if (pCls == typeof(object))
                            continue;

                        if (pCls.IsPrimitive)
                        {
                            if (!(indexes[j].UnderlyingSystemType.IsRuntimeImplemented()) ||
                                !CanChangePrimitive(indexes[j].UnderlyingSystemType, pCls.UnderlyingSystemType))
                                break;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (!pCls.IsAssignableFrom(indexes[j]))
                                break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (j == indexesLength)
                {
                    if (returnType != null)
                    {
                        if (candidates[i].PropertyType.IsPrimitive)
                        {
                            if (!(returnType.UnderlyingSystemType.IsRuntimeImplemented()) ||
                                !CanChangePrimitive(returnType.UnderlyingSystemType, candidates[i].PropertyType.UnderlyingSystemType))
                                continue;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (!candidates[i].PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(returnType))
                                continue;
                        }
                    }
                    candidates[CurIdx++] = candidates[i];
                }
            }
            if (CurIdx == 0)
                return null;
            if (CurIdx == 1)
                return candidates[0];

            // Walk all of the properties looking the most specific method to invoke
            int currentMin = 0;
            bool ambig = false;
            int[] paramOrder = new int[indexesLength];
            for (i = 0; i < indexesLength; i++)
                paramOrder[i] = i;
            for (i = 1; i < CurIdx; i++)
            {
                int newMin = FindMostSpecificType(candidates[currentMin].PropertyType, candidates[i].PropertyType, returnType);
                if (newMin == 0 && indexes != null)
                    newMin = FindMostSpecific(candidates[currentMin].GetIndexParameters(),
                                              paramOrder,
                                              null,
                                              candidates[i].GetIndexParameters(),
                                              paramOrder,
                                              null,
                                              indexes,
                                              null);
                if (newMin == 0)
                {
                    newMin = FindMostSpecificProperty(candidates[currentMin], candidates[i]);
                    if (newMin == 0)
                        ambig = true;
                }
                if (newMin == 2)
                {
                    ambig = false;
                    currentMin = i;
                }
            }

            if (ambig)
                throw new AmbiguousMatchException(SR.Arg_AmbiguousMatchException);
            return candidates[currentMin];
        }

        // ChangeType
        // The default binder doesn't support any change type functionality.
        // This is because the default is built into the low level invoke code.
        public override object ChangeType(object value, Type type, CultureInfo? cultureInfo)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException(SR.NotSupported_ChangeType);
        }

        public sealed override void ReorderArgumentArray(ref object?[] args, object state)
        {
            BinderState binderState = (BinderState)state;
            ReorderParams(binderState._argsMap, args);
            if (binderState._isParamArray)
            {
                int paramArrayPos = args.Length - 1;
                if (args.Length == binderState._originalSize)
                {
                    args[paramArrayPos] = ((object[])args[paramArrayPos]!)[0];
                }
                else
                {
                    // must be args.Length < state.originalSize
                    object[] newArgs = new object[args.Length];
                    Array.Copy(args, 0, newArgs, 0, paramArrayPos);
                    for (int i = paramArrayPos, j = 0; i < newArgs.Length; i++, j++)
                    {
                        newArgs[i] = ((object[])args[paramArrayPos]!)[j];
                    }
                    args = newArgs;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (args.Length > binderState._originalSize)
                {
                    object[] newArgs = new object[binderState._originalSize];
                    Array.Copy(args, 0, newArgs, 0, binderState._originalSize);
                    args = newArgs;
                }
            }
        }

        // Return any exact bindings that may exist. (This method is not defined on the
        //  Binder and is used by RuntimeType.)
        public static MethodBase? ExactBinding(MethodBase[] match, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[]? modifiers)
        {
            if (match == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(match));

            MethodBase[] aExactMatches = new MethodBase[match.Length];
            int cExactMatches = 0;

            for (int i = 0; i < match.Length; i++)
            {
                ParameterInfo[] par = match[i].GetParametersNoCopy();
                if (par.Length == 0)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                int j;
                for (j = 0; j < types.Length; j++)
                {
                    Type pCls = par[j].ParameterType;

                    // If the classes  exactly match continue
                    if (!pCls.Equals(types[j]))
                        break;
                }
                if (j < types.Length)
                    continue;

                // Add the exact match to the array of exact matches.
                aExactMatches[cExactMatches] = match[i];
                cExactMatches++;
            }

            if (cExactMatches == 0)
                return null;

            if (cExactMatches == 1)
                return aExactMatches[0];

            return FindMostDerivedNewSlotMeth(aExactMatches, cExactMatches);
        }

        // Return any exact bindings that may exist. (This method is not defined on the
        //  Binder and is used by RuntimeType.)
        public static PropertyInfo? ExactPropertyBinding(PropertyInfo[] match, Type? returnType, Type[]? types, ParameterModifier[]? modifiers)
        {
            if (match == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(match));

            PropertyInfo? bestMatch = null;
            int typesLength = (types != null) ? types.Length : 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < match.Length; i++)
            {
                ParameterInfo[] par = match[i].GetIndexParameters();
                int j;
                for (j = 0; j < typesLength; j++)
                {
                    Type pCls = par[j].ParameterType;

                    // If the classes  exactly match continue
                    if (pCls != types![j])
                        break;
                }
                if (j < typesLength)
                    continue;
                if (returnType != null && returnType != match[i].PropertyType)
                    continue;

                if (bestMatch != null)
                    throw new AmbiguousMatchException(SR.Arg_AmbiguousMatchException);

                bestMatch = match[i];
            }
            return bestMatch;
        }

        private static int FindMostSpecific(ParameterInfo[] p1, int[] paramOrder1, Type? paramArrayType1,
                                            ParameterInfo[] p2, int[] paramOrder2, Type? paramArrayType2,
                                            Type[] types, object?[]? args)
        {
            // A method using params is always less specific than one not using params
            if (paramArrayType1 != null && paramArrayType2 == null) return 2;
            if (paramArrayType2 != null && paramArrayType1 == null) return 1;

            // now either p1 and p2 both use params or neither does.

            bool p1Less = false;
            bool p2Less = false;

            for (int i = 0; i < types.Length; i++)
            {
                if (args != null && args[i] == Type.Missing)
                    continue;

                Type c1, c2;

                //  If a param array is present, then either
                //      the user re-ordered the parameters in which case
                //          the argument to the param array is either an array
                //              in which case the params is conceptually ignored and so paramArrayType1 == null
                //          or the argument to the param array is a single element
                //              in which case paramOrder[i] == p1.Length - 1 for that element
                //      or the user did not re-order the parameters in which case
                //          the paramOrder array could contain indexes larger than p.Length - 1 (see VSW 577286)
                //          so any index >= p.Length - 1 is being put in the param array

                if (paramArrayType1 != null && paramOrder1[i] >= p1.Length - 1)
                    c1 = paramArrayType1;
                else
                    c1 = p1[paramOrder1[i]].ParameterType;

                if (paramArrayType2 != null && paramOrder2[i] >= p2.Length - 1)
                    c2 = paramArrayType2;
                else
                    c2 = p2[paramOrder2[i]].ParameterType;

                if (c1 == c2) continue;

                switch (FindMostSpecificType(c1, c2, types[i]))
                {
                    case 0: return 0;
                    case 1: p1Less = true; break;
                    case 2: p2Less = true; break;
                }
            }

            // Two way p1Less and p2Less can be equal.  All the arguments are the
            //  same they both equal false, otherwise there were things that both
            //  were the most specific type on....
            if (p1Less == p2Less)
            {
                // if we cannot tell which is a better match based on parameter types (p1Less == p2Less),
                // let's see which one has the most matches without using the params array (the longer one wins).
                if (!p1Less && args != null)
                {
                    if (p1.Length > p2.Length)
                    {
                        return 1;
                    }
                    else if (p2.Length > p1.Length)
                    {
                        return 2;
                    }
                }

                return 0;
            }
            else
            {
                return (p1Less == true) ? 1 : 2;
            }
        }

        private static int FindMostSpecificType(Type c1, Type c2, Type? t)
        {
            // If the two types are exact move on...
            if (c1 == c2)
                return 0;

            if (t is SignatureType signatureType)
            {
                if (signatureType.MatchesExactly(c1))
                    return 1;

                if (signatureType.MatchesExactly(c2))
                    return 2;
            }
            else
            {
                if (c1 == t)
                    return 1;

                if (c2 == t)
                    return 2;
            }

            bool c1FromC2;
            bool c2FromC1;

            if (c1.IsByRef || c2.IsByRef)
            {
                if (c1.IsByRef && c2.IsByRef)
                {
                    c1 = c1.GetElementType()!;
                    c2 = c2.GetElementType()!;
                }
                else if (c1.IsByRef)
                {
                    if (c1.GetElementType() == c2)
                        return 2;

                    c1 = c1.GetElementType()!;
                }
                else // if (c2.IsByRef)
                {
                    if (c2.GetElementType() == c1)
                        return 1;

                    c2 = c2.GetElementType()!;
                }
            }


            if (c1.IsPrimitive && c2.IsPrimitive)
            {
                c1FromC2 = CanChangePrimitive(c2, c1);
                c2FromC1 = CanChangePrimitive(c1, c2);
            }
            else
            {
                c1FromC2 = c1.IsAssignableFrom(c2);
                c2FromC1 = c2.IsAssignableFrom(c1);
            }

            if (c1FromC2 == c2FromC1)
                return 0;

            if (c1FromC2)
            {
                return 2;
            }
            else
            {
                return 1;
            }
        }

        private static int FindMostSpecificMethod(MethodBase m1, int[] paramOrder1, Type? paramArrayType1,
                                                  MethodBase m2, int[] paramOrder2, Type? paramArrayType2,
                                                  Type[] types, object?[]? args)
        {
            // Find the most specific method based on the parameters.
            int res = FindMostSpecific(m1.GetParametersNoCopy(), paramOrder1, paramArrayType1,
                                       m2.GetParametersNoCopy(), paramOrder2, paramArrayType2, types, args);

            // If the match was not ambigous then return the result.
            if (res != 0)
                return res;

            // Check to see if the methods have the exact same name and signature.
            if (CompareMethodSig(m1, m2))
            {
                // Determine the depth of the declaring types for both methods.
                int hierarchyDepth1 = GetHierarchyDepth(m1.DeclaringType!);
                int hierarchyDepth2 = GetHierarchyDepth(m2.DeclaringType!);

                // The most derived method is the most specific one.
                if (hierarchyDepth1 == hierarchyDepth2)
                {
                    return 0;
                }
                else if (hierarchyDepth1 < hierarchyDepth2)
                {
                    return 2;
                }
                else
                {
                    return 1;
                }
            }

            // The match is ambigous.
            return 0;
        }

        private static int FindMostSpecificField(FieldInfo cur1, FieldInfo cur2)
        {
            // Check to see if the fields have the same name.
            if (cur1.Name == cur2.Name)
            {
                int hierarchyDepth1 = GetHierarchyDepth(cur1.DeclaringType!);
                int hierarchyDepth2 = GetHierarchyDepth(cur2.DeclaringType!);

                if (hierarchyDepth1 == hierarchyDepth2)
                {
                    Debug.Assert(cur1.IsStatic != cur2.IsStatic, "hierarchyDepth1 == hierarchyDepth2");
                    return 0;
                }
                else if (hierarchyDepth1 < hierarchyDepth2)
                    return 2;
                else
                    return 1;
            }

            // The match is ambigous.
            return 0;
        }

        private static int FindMostSpecificProperty(PropertyInfo cur1, PropertyInfo cur2)
        {
            // Check to see if the fields have the same name.
            if (cur1.Name == cur2.Name)
            {
                int hierarchyDepth1 = GetHierarchyDepth(cur1.DeclaringType!);
                int hierarchyDepth2 = GetHierarchyDepth(cur2.DeclaringType!);

                if (hierarchyDepth1 == hierarchyDepth2)
                {
                    return 0;
                }
                else if (hierarchyDepth1 < hierarchyDepth2)
                    return 2;
                else
                    return 1;
            }

            // The match is ambigous.
            return 0;
        }

        public static bool CompareMethodSig(MethodBase m1, MethodBase m2)
        {
            ParameterInfo[] params1 = m1.GetParametersNoCopy();
            ParameterInfo[] params2 = m2.GetParametersNoCopy();

            if (params1.Length != params2.Length)
                return false;

            int numParams = params1.Length;
            for (int i = 0; i < numParams; i++)
            {
                if (params1[i].ParameterType != params2[i].ParameterType)
                    return false;
            }

            return true;
        }

        private static int GetHierarchyDepth(Type t)
        {
            int depth = 0;

            Type? currentType = t;
            do
            {
                depth++;
                currentType = currentType.BaseType;
            } while (currentType != null);

            return depth;
        }

        internal static MethodBase? FindMostDerivedNewSlotMeth(MethodBase[] match, int cMatches)
        {
            int deepestHierarchy = 0;
            MethodBase? methWithDeepestHierarchy = null;

            for (int i = 0; i < cMatches; i++)
            {
                // Calculate the depth of the hierarchy of the declaring type of the
                // current method.
                int currentHierarchyDepth = GetHierarchyDepth(match[i].DeclaringType!);

                // The two methods have the same name, signature, and hierarchy depth.
                // This can only happen if at least one is vararg or generic.
                if (currentHierarchyDepth == deepestHierarchy)
                {
                    throw new AmbiguousMatchException(SR.Arg_AmbiguousMatchException);
                }

                // Check to see if this method is on the most derived class.
                if (currentHierarchyDepth > deepestHierarchy)
                {
                    deepestHierarchy = currentHierarchyDepth;
                    methWithDeepestHierarchy = match[i];
                }
            }

            return methWithDeepestHierarchy;
        }

        // This method will sort the vars array into the mapping order stored
        //  in the paramOrder array.
        private static void ReorderParams(int[] paramOrder, object?[] vars)
        {
            object?[] varsCopy = new object[vars.Length];
            for (int i = 0; i < vars.Length; i++)
                varsCopy[i] = vars[i];

            for (int i = 0; i < vars.Length; i++)
                vars[i] = varsCopy[paramOrder[i]];
        }

        // This method will create the mapping between the Parameters and the underlying
        //  data based upon the names array.  The names array is stored in the same order
        //  as the values and maps to the parameters of the method.  We store the mapping
        //  from the parameters to the names in the paramOrder array.  All parameters that
        //  don't have matching names are then stored in the array in order.
        private static bool CreateParamOrder(int[] paramOrder, ParameterInfo[] pars, string[] names)
        {
            bool[] used = new bool[pars.Length];

            // Mark which parameters have not been found in the names list
            for (int i = 0; i < pars.Length; i++)
                paramOrder[i] = -1;
            // Find the parameters with names. 
            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
            {
                int j;
                for (j = 0; j < pars.Length; j++)
                {
                    if (names[i].Equals(pars[j].Name))
                    {
                        paramOrder[j] = i;
                        used[i] = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                // This is an error condition.  The name was not found.  This
                //  method must not match what we sent.
                if (j == pars.Length)
                    return false;
            }

            // Now we fill in the holes with the parameters that are unused.
            int pos = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < pars.Length; i++)
            {
                if (paramOrder[i] == -1)
                {
                    for (; pos < pars.Length; pos++)
                    {
                        if (!used[pos])
                        {
                            paramOrder[i] = pos;
                            pos++;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return true;
        }

        // CanChangePrimitive
        // This will determine if the source can be converted to the target type
        internal static bool CanChangePrimitive(Type? source, Type? target)
        {
            if ((source == typeof(IntPtr) && target == typeof(IntPtr)) ||
                (source == typeof(UIntPtr) && target == typeof(UIntPtr)))
                return true;

            Primitives widerCodes = s_primitiveConversions[(int)(Type.GetTypeCode(source))];
            Primitives targetCode = (Primitives)(1 << (int)(Type.GetTypeCode(target)));

            return (widerCodes & targetCode) != 0;
        }

        private static readonly Primitives[] s_primitiveConversions = {
            /* Empty    */  0, // not primitive
            /* Object   */  0, // not primitive
            /* DBNull   */  0, // not primitive
            /* Boolean  */  Primitives.Boolean,
            /* Char     */  Primitives.Char    | Primitives.UInt16 | Primitives.UInt32 | Primitives.Int32  | Primitives.UInt64 | Primitives.Int64  | Primitives.Single |  Primitives.Double,
            /* SByte    */  Primitives.SByte   | Primitives.Int16  | Primitives.Int32  | Primitives.Int64  | Primitives.Single | Primitives.Double,
            /* Byte     */  Primitives.Byte    | Primitives.Char   | Primitives.UInt16 | Primitives.Int16  | Primitives.UInt32 | Primitives.Int32  | Primitives.UInt64 |  Primitives.Int64 |  Primitives.Single |  Primitives.Double,
            /* Int16    */  Primitives.Int16   | Primitives.Int32  | Primitives.Int64  | Primitives.Single | Primitives.Double,
            /* UInt16   */  Primitives.UInt16  | Primitives.UInt32 | Primitives.Int32  | Primitives.UInt64 | Primitives.Int64  | Primitives.Single | Primitives.Double,
            /* Int32    */  Primitives.Int32   | Primitives.Int64  | Primitives.Single | Primitives.Double,
            /* UInt32   */  Primitives.UInt32  | Primitives.UInt64 | Primitives.Int64  | Primitives.Single | Primitives.Double,
            /* Int64    */  Primitives.Int64   | Primitives.Single | Primitives.Double,
            /* UInt64   */  Primitives.UInt64  | Primitives.Single | Primitives.Double,
            /* Single   */  Primitives.Single  | Primitives.Double,
            /* Double   */  Primitives.Double,
            /* Decimal  */  Primitives.Decimal,
            /* DateTime */  Primitives.DateTime,
            /* [Unused] */  0,
            /* String   */  Primitives.String,
        };

        [Flags]
        private enum Primitives
        {
            Boolean = 1 << TypeCode.Boolean,
            Char = 1 << TypeCode.Char,
            SByte = 1 << TypeCode.SByte,
            Byte = 1 << TypeCode.Byte,
            Int16 = 1 << TypeCode.Int16,
            UInt16 = 1 << TypeCode.UInt16,
            Int32 = 1 << TypeCode.Int32,
            UInt32 = 1 << TypeCode.UInt32,
            Int64 = 1 << TypeCode.Int64,
            UInt64 = 1 << TypeCode.UInt64,
            Single = 1 << TypeCode.Single,
            Double = 1 << TypeCode.Double,
            Decimal = 1 << TypeCode.Decimal,
            DateTime = 1 << TypeCode.DateTime,
            String = 1 << TypeCode.String,
        }

        internal class BinderState
        {
            internal readonly int[] _argsMap;
            internal readonly int _originalSize;
            internal readonly bool _isParamArray;

            internal BinderState(int[] argsMap, int originalSize, bool isParamArray)
            {
                _argsMap = argsMap;
                _originalSize = originalSize;
                _isParamArray = isParamArray;
            }
        }
    }
}