mono/mcs/class/System.Core/System.Linq/Enumerable.cs

//
// Enumerable.cs
//
// Authors:
//  Marek Safar ([email protected])
//  Antonello Provenzano  <[email protected]>
//  Alejandro Serrano "Serras" ([email protected])
//  Jb Evain ([email protected])
//
// Copyright (C) 2007 Novell, Inc (http://www.novell.com)
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//

// precious: http://www.hookedonlinq.com

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;

namespace System.Linq
{
	public static class Enumerable
	{
		enum Fallback {
			Default,
			Throw
		}

		static class PredicateOf<T> {
			public static readonly Func<T, bool> Always = (t) => true;
		}

		static class Function<T> {
			public static readonly Func<T, T> Identity = (t) => t;
		}
		
		static class EmptyOf<T> {
			public static readonly T[] Instance = new T [0];
		}
		
		static class ReadOnlyCollectionOf<T> {
			public static readonly ReadOnlyCollection<T> Empty = new ReadOnlyCollection<T> (EmptyOf<T>.Instance);
		}

		#region Aggregate

		public static TSource Aggregate<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> func)
		{
			Check.SourceAndFunc (source, func);

			// custom foreach so that we can efficiently throw an exception
			// if zero elements and treat the first element differently
			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ()) {
				if (!enumerator.MoveNext ())
					throw new InvalidOperationException ("No elements in source list");

				TSource folded = enumerator.Current;
				while (enumerator.MoveNext ())
					folded = func (folded, enumerator.Current);
				return folded;
			}
		}

		public static TAccumulate Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> func)
		{
			Check.SourceAndFunc (source, func);

			TAccumulate folded = seed;
			foreach (TSource element in source)
				folded = func (folded, element);

			return folded;
		}

		public static TResult Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> func, Func<TAccumulate, TResult> resultSelector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndFunc (source, func);
			if (resultSelector == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException ("resultSelector");

			var result = seed;
			foreach (var e in source)
				result = func (result, e);

			return resultSelector (result);
		}

		#endregion

		#region All

		public static bool All<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			foreach (var element in source)
				if (!predicate (element))
					return false;

			return true;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Any

		public static bool Any<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
			if (collection != null)
				return collection.Count > 0;

			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
				return enumerator.MoveNext ();
		}

		public static bool Any<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			foreach (TSource element in source)
				if (predicate (element))
					return true;

			return false;
		}

		#endregion

		#region AsEnumerable

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> AsEnumerable<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			return source;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Average

		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<int> source)
		{
			return Average<int, long, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
		}

		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<long> source)
		{
			return Average<long, long, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
		}

		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<double> source)
		{
			return Average<double, double, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		public static float Average (this IEnumerable<float> source)
		{
			return Average<float, double, float> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
		}

		public static decimal Average (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
		{
			return Average<decimal, decimal, decimal> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		static TResult Average<TElement, TAggregate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TElement> source,
			Func<TAggregate, TElement, TAggregate> func, Func<TAggregate, long, TResult> result)
			where TElement : struct
			where TAggregate : struct
			where TResult : struct
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var total = default (TAggregate);
			long counter = 0;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				total = func (total, element);
				++counter;
			}

			if (counter == 0)
				throw new InvalidOperationException ();

			return result (total, counter);
		}

		static TResult? AverageNullable<TElement, TAggregate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TElement?> source,
			Func<TAggregate, TElement, TAggregate> func, Func<TAggregate, long, TResult> result)
			where TElement : struct
			where TAggregate : struct
			where TResult : struct
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var total = default (TAggregate);
			long counter = 0;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (!element.HasValue)
					continue;

				total = func (total, element.Value);
				counter++;
			}

			if (counter == 0)
				return null;

			return new TResult? (result (total, counter));
		}

		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.AverageNullable<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
		}

		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.AverageNullable<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / b);
		}

		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.AverageNullable<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		public static decimal? Average (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.AverageNullable<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		public static float? Average (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.AverageNullable<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
		}

		public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).Average<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
		}

		public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
		}

		public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).Average<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
		}

		public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
		}

		public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).Average<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		public static float Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).Average<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
		}

		public static float? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
		}

		public static decimal Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).Average<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		public static decimal? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
		}

		#endregion

		#region Cast

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Cast<TResult> (this IEnumerable source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var actual = source as IEnumerable<TResult>;
			if (actual != null)
				return actual;

			return CreateCastIterator<TResult> (source);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateCastIterator<TResult> (IEnumerable source)
		{
			foreach (TResult element in source)
				yield return element;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Concat

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
		{
			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);

			return CreateConcatIterator (first, second);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateConcatIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
		{
			foreach (TSource element in first)
				yield return element;
			foreach (TSource element in second)
				yield return element;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Contains

		public static bool Contains<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value)
		{
			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
			if (collection != null)
				return collection.Contains (value);

			return Contains<TSource> (source, value, null);
		}

		public static bool Contains<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;

			foreach (var element in source)
				if (comparer.Equals (element, value))
					return true;

			return false;
		}
		#endregion

		#region Count

		public static int Count<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
			if (collection != null)
				return collection.Count;

			int counter = 0;
			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
				while (enumerator.MoveNext ())
					counter++;

			return counter;
		}

		public static int Count<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			int counter = 0;
			foreach (var element in source)
				if (selector (element))
					counter++;

			return counter;
		}

		#endregion

		#region DefaultIfEmpty

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> DefaultIfEmpty<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			return DefaultIfEmpty (source, default (TSource));
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> DefaultIfEmpty<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource defaultValue)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return CreateDefaultIfEmptyIterator (source, defaultValue);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateDefaultIfEmptyIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource defaultValue)
		{
			bool empty = true;
			foreach (TSource item in source) {
				empty = false;
				yield return item;
			}

			if (empty)
				yield return defaultValue;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Distinct

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			return Distinct<TSource> (source, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;

			return CreateDistinctIterator (source, comparer);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateDistinctIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (comparer);
			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (! items.Contains (element)) {
					items.Add (element);
					yield return element;
				}
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region ElementAt

		static TSource ElementAt<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index, Fallback fallback)
		{
			long counter = 0L;

			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (index == counter++)
					return element;
			}

			if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();

			return default (TSource);
		}

		public static TSource ElementAt<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			if (index < 0)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();

			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
			if (list != null)
				return list [index];

			return source.ElementAt (index, Fallback.Throw);
		}

		#endregion

		#region ElementAtOrDefault

		public static TSource ElementAtOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			if (index < 0)
				return default (TSource);

			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
			if (list != null)
				return index < list.Count ? list [index] : default (TSource);

			return source.ElementAt (index, Fallback.Default);
		}

		#endregion

		#region Empty

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Empty<TResult> ()
		{
			return EmptyOf<TResult>.Instance;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Except

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Except<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
		{
			return Except (first, second, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Except<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;

			return CreateExceptIterator (first, second, comparer);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateExceptIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (second, comparer);
			foreach (var element in first) {
				if (!items.Contains (element, comparer))
					yield return element;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region First

		static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
		{
			foreach (var element in source)
				if (predicate (element))
					return element;

			if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
				throw new InvalidOperationException ();

			return default (TSource);
		}

		public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
			if (list != null) {
				if (list.Count != 0)
					return list [0];

				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
			} else {
				using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ()) {
					if (enumerator.MoveNext ())
						return enumerator.Current;
				}
			}

			throw new InvalidOperationException ();
		}

		public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return source.First (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
		}

		#endregion

		#region FirstOrDefault

		public static TSource FirstOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.First (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
		}

		public static TSource FirstOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return source.First (predicate, Fallback.Default);
		}

		#endregion

		#region GroupBy

		private static List<T> ContainsGroup<K, T> (
				Dictionary<K, List<T>> items, K key, IEqualityComparer<K> comparer)
		{
			IEqualityComparer<K> comparerInUse = (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<K>.Default);
			foreach (KeyValuePair<K, List<T>> value in items) {
				if (comparerInUse.Equals (value.Key, key))
					return value.Value;
			}
			return null;
		}

		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
		{
			return GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);

			return CreateGroupByIterator (source, keySelector, comparer);
		}

		static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> CreateGroupByIterator<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> groups = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> ();
			List<TSource> nullList = new List<TSource> ();
			int counter = 0;
			int nullCounter = -1;

			foreach (TSource element in source) {
				TKey key = keySelector (element);
				if (key == null) {
					nullList.Add (element);
					if (nullCounter == -1) {
						nullCounter = counter;
						counter++;
					}
				} else {
					List<TSource> group = ContainsGroup<TKey, TSource> (groups, key, comparer);
					if (group == null) {
						group = new List<TSource> ();
						groups.Add (key, group);
						counter++;
					}
					group.Add (element);
				}
			}

			counter = 0;
			foreach (KeyValuePair<TKey, List<TSource>> group in groups) {
				if (counter == nullCounter) {
					Grouping<TKey, TSource> nullGroup = new Grouping<TKey, TSource> (default (TKey), nullList);
					yield return nullGroup;
					counter++;
				}
				Grouping<TKey, TSource> grouping = new Grouping<TKey, TSource> (group.Key, group.Value);
				yield return grouping;
				counter++;
			}
		}

		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
		{
			return GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (source, keySelector, elementSelector, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeyElementSelectors (source, keySelector, elementSelector);

			Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> groups = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> ();
			List<TElement> nullList = new List<TElement> ();
			int counter = 0;
			int nullCounter = -1;

			foreach (TSource item in source) {
				TKey key = keySelector (item);
				TElement element = elementSelector (item);
				if (key == null) {
					nullList.Add (element);
					if (nullCounter == -1) {
						nullCounter = counter;
						counter++;
					}
				} else {
					List<TElement> group = ContainsGroup<TKey, TElement> (groups, key, comparer);
					if (group == null) {
						group = new List<TElement> ();
						groups.Add (key, group);
						counter++;
					}
					group.Add (element);
				}
			}

			counter = 0;
			foreach (KeyValuePair<TKey, List<TElement>> group in groups) {
				if (counter == nullCounter) {
					Grouping<TKey, TElement> nullGroup = new Grouping<TKey, TElement> (default (TKey), nullList);
					yield return nullGroup;
					counter++;
				}
				Grouping<TKey, TElement> grouping = new Grouping<TKey, TElement> (group.Key, group.Value);
				yield return grouping;
				counter++;
			}
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector,
			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TElement>, TResult> resultSelector)
		{
			return GroupBy (source, keySelector, elementSelector, resultSelector, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector,
			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TElement>, TResult> resultSelector,
			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> groups = GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (
				source, keySelector, elementSelector, comparer);

			foreach (IGrouping<TKey, TElement> group in groups)
				yield return resultSelector (group.Key, group);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector,
			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TSource>, TResult> resultSelector)
		{
			return GroupBy (source, keySelector, resultSelector, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector,
			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TSource>, TResult> resultSelector,
			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey,TSource>> groups = GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer);

			foreach (IGrouping<TKey, TSource> group in groups)
				yield return resultSelector (group.Key, group);
		}

		#endregion

		# region GroupJoin

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupJoin<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector)
		{
			return GroupJoin (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupJoin<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector,
			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.JoinSelectors (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;

			return CreateGroupJoinIterator (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, comparer);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateGroupJoinIterator<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector,
			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			ILookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
			/*Dictionary<K, List<U>> innerKeys = new Dictionary<K, List<U>> ();
			foreach (U element in inner)
			{
					K innerKey = innerKeySelector (element);
					if (!innerKeys.ContainsKey (innerKey))
							innerKeys.Add (innerKey, new List<U> ());
					innerKeys[innerKey].Add (element);
			}*/

			foreach (TOuter element in outer) {
				TKey outerKey = outerKeySelector (element);
				if (innerKeys.Contains (outerKey))
					yield return resultSelector (element, innerKeys [outerKey]);
				else
					yield return resultSelector (element, Empty<TInner> ());
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region Intersect

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
		{
			return Intersect (first, second, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;

			return CreateIntersectIterator (first, second, comparer);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateIntersectIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (second, comparer);
			foreach (TSource element in first) {
				if (items.Remove (element))
					yield return element;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		# region Join

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Join<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.JoinSelectors (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;

			return CreateJoinIterator (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, comparer);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateJoinIterator<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			ILookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
			/*Dictionary<K, List<U>> innerKeys = new Dictionary<K, List<U>> ();
			foreach (U element in inner)
			{
					K innerKey = innerKeySelector (element);
					if (!innerKeys.ContainsKey (innerKey))
							innerKeys.Add (innerKey, new List<U> ());
					innerKeys[innerKey].Add (element);
			}*/

			foreach (TOuter element in outer) {
				TKey outerKey = outerKeySelector (element);
				if (innerKeys.Contains (outerKey)) {
					foreach (TInner innerElement in innerKeys [outerKey])
						yield return resultSelector (element, innerElement);
				}
			}
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Join<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector)
		{
			return outer.Join (inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, null);
		}

		#endregion

		#region Last

		static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
		{
			var empty = true;
			var item = default (TSource);

			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (!predicate (element))
					continue;

				item = element;
				empty = false;
			}

			if (!empty)
				return item;

			if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
				throw new InvalidOperationException ();

			return item;
		}

		public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
			if (collection != null && collection.Count == 0)
				throw new InvalidOperationException ();

			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
			if (list != null)
				return list [list.Count - 1];

			return source.Last (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Throw);
		}

		public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return source.Last (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
		}

		#endregion

		#region LastOrDefault

		public static TSource LastOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
			if (list != null)
				return list.Count > 0 ? list [list.Count - 1] : default (TSource);

			return source.Last (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
		}

		public static TSource LastOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return source.Last (predicate, Fallback.Default);
		}

		#endregion

		#region LongCount

		public static long LongCount<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

#if !NET_2_1
			var array = source as TSource [];
			if (array != null)
				return array.LongLength;
#endif

			long counter = 0;
			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
				while (enumerator.MoveNext ())
					counter++;

			return counter;
		}

		public static long LongCount<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			long counter = 0;
			foreach (TSource element in source)
				if (selector (element))
					counter++;

			return counter;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Max

		public static int Max (this IEnumerable<int> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, int.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static long Max (this IEnumerable<long> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, long.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static double Max (this IEnumerable<double> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, double.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static float Max (this IEnumerable<float> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, float.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static decimal Max (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, decimal.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static int? Max (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static long? Max (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static double? Max (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static float? Max (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		public static decimal? Max (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
		}

		static T? IterateNullable<T> (IEnumerable<T?> source, Func<T, T, T> selector) where T : struct
		{
			bool empty = true;
			T? value = null;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (!element.HasValue)
					continue;

				if (!value.HasValue)
					value = element.Value;
				else
					value = selector (element.Value, value.Value);

				empty = false;
			}

			if (empty)
				return null;

			return value;
		}

		static TRet? IterateNullable<TSource, TRet> (
			IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TRet?> source_selector,
			Func<TRet?, TRet?, bool> selector) where TRet : struct
		{
			bool empty = true;
			TRet? value = null;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				TRet? item = source_selector (element);

				if (!value.HasValue)
					value = item;
				else if (selector (item, value))
					value = item;

				empty = false;
			}

			if (empty)
				return null;

			return value;
		}

		static TSource IterateNullable<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, bool> selector)
		{
			var value = default (TSource);

			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (element == null)
					continue;

				if (value == null || selector (element, value))
					value = element;
			}

			return value;
		}

		static TSource IterateNonNullable<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, bool> selector)
		{
			var value = default (TSource);
			bool empty = true;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (empty) {
					value = element;
					empty = false;
					continue;
				}

				if (selector (element, value))
					value = element;
			}

			if (empty)
				throw new InvalidOperationException ();

			return value;
		}

		public static TSource Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var comparer = Comparer<TSource>.Default;
			Func<TSource, TSource, bool> compare = (a, b) => comparer.Compare (a, b) > 0;

			if (default (TSource) == null)
				return IterateNullable (source, compare);

			return IterateNonNullable (source, compare);
		}

		public static int Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, int.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static long Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, long.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static double Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, double.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static float Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, float.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static decimal Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, decimal.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
		}

		static U Iterate<T, U> (IEnumerable<T> source, U initValue, Func<T, U, U> selector)
		{
			bool empty = true;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				initValue = selector (element, initValue);
				empty = false;
			}

			if (empty)
				throw new InvalidOperationException ();

			return initValue;
		}

		public static int? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
		}

		public static long? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
		}

		public static double? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
		}

		public static float? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
		}

		public static decimal? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
		}

		public static TResult Max<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).Max ();
		}

		#endregion

		#region Min

		public static int Min (this IEnumerable<int> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, int.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static long Min (this IEnumerable<long> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, long.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static double Min (this IEnumerable<double> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, double.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static float Min (this IEnumerable<float> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, float.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static decimal Min (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Iterate (source, decimal.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static int? Min (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static long? Min (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static double? Min (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static float? Min (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static decimal? Min (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
		}

		public static TSource Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var comparer = Comparer<TSource>.Default;
			Func<TSource, TSource, bool> compare = (a, b) => comparer.Compare (a, b) < 0;

			if (default (TSource) == null)
				return IterateNullable (source, compare);

			return IterateNonNullable (source, compare);
		}

		public static int Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, int.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static long Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, long.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static double Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, double.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static float Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, float.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static decimal Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Iterate (source, decimal.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
		}

		public static int? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
		}

		public static long? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
		}

		public static float? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
		}

		public static double? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
		}

		public static decimal? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
		}

		public static TResult Min<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.Select (selector).Min ();
		}

		#endregion

		#region OfType

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> OfType<TResult> (this IEnumerable source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return CreateOfTypeIterator<TResult> (source);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateOfTypeIterator<TResult> (IEnumerable source)
		{
			foreach (object element in source)
				if (element is TResult)
					yield return (TResult) element;
		}

		#endregion

		#region OrderBy

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
		{
			return OrderBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
		}

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector,
				IComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);

			return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Ascending);
		}

		#endregion

		#region OrderByDescending

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
		{
			return OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
		}

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);

			return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Descending);
		}

		#endregion

		#region Range

		public static IEnumerable<int> Range (int start, int count)
		{
			if (count < 0)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("count");

			long upto = ((long) start + count) - 1;

			if (upto > int.MaxValue)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();

			return CreateRangeIterator (start, (int) upto);
		}

		static IEnumerable<int> CreateRangeIterator (int start, int upto)
		{
			for (int i = start; i <= upto; i++)
				yield return i;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Repeat

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Repeat<TResult> (TResult element, int count)
		{
			if (count < 0)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();

			return CreateRepeatIterator (element, count);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateRepeatIterator<TResult> (TResult element, int count)
		{
			for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
				yield return element;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Reverse

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Reverse<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
			if (list == null)
				list = new List<TSource> (source);

			return CreateReverseIterator (list);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateReverseIterator<TSource> (IList<TSource> source)
		{
			for (int i = source.Count; i > 0; --i)
				yield return source [i - 1];
		}

		#endregion

		#region Select

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return CreateSelectIterator (source, selector);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
		{
			foreach (var element in source)
				yield return selector (element);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, TResult> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return CreateSelectIterator (source, selector);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, TResult> selector)
		{
			int counter = 0;
			foreach (TSource element in source) {
				yield return selector (element, counter);
				counter++;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region SelectMany

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, selector);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
		{
			foreach (TSource element in source)
				foreach (TResult item in selector (element))
					yield return item;
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, selector);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
		{
			int counter = 0;
			foreach (TSource element in source) {
				foreach (TResult item in selector (element, counter))
					yield return item;
				counter++;
			}
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndCollectionSelectors (source, collectionSelector, selector);

			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, collectionSelector, selector);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
		{
			foreach (TSource element in source)
				foreach (TCollection collection in collectionSelector (element))
					yield return selector (element, collection);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndCollectionSelectors (source, collectionSelector, selector);

			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, collectionSelector, selector);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
		{
			int counter = 0;
			foreach (TSource element in source)
				foreach (TCollection collection in collectionSelector (element, counter++))
					yield return selector (element, collection);
		}

		#endregion

		#region Single

		static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
		{
			var found = false;
			var item = default (TSource);

			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (!predicate (element))
					continue;

				if (found)
					throw new InvalidOperationException ();

				found = true;
				item = element;
			}

			if (!found && fallback == Fallback.Throw)
				throw new InvalidOperationException ();

			return item;
		}

		public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.Single (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Throw);
		}

		public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return source.Single (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
		}

		#endregion

		#region SingleOrDefault

		public static TSource SingleOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.Single (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
		}

		public static TSource SingleOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return source.Single (predicate, Fallback.Default);
		}

		#endregion

		#region Skip

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Skip<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return CreateSkipIterator (source, count);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateSkipIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
		{
			var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ();
			try {
				while (count-- > 0)
					if (!enumerator.MoveNext ())
						yield break;

				while (enumerator.MoveNext ())
					yield return enumerator.Current;

			} finally {
				enumerator.Dispose ();
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region SkipWhile

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return CreateSkipWhileIterator (source, predicate);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateSkipWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			bool yield = false;

			foreach (TSource element in source) {
				if (yield)
					yield return element;
				else
					if (!predicate (element)) {
						yield return element;
						yield = true;
					}
			}
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return CreateSkipWhileIterator (source, predicate);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateSkipWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
		{
			int counter = 0;
			bool yield = false;

			foreach (TSource element in source) {
				if (yield)
					yield return element;
				else
					if (!predicate (element, counter)) {
						yield return element;
						yield = true;
					}
				counter++;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region Sum

		public static int Sum (this IEnumerable<int> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Sum<int, int> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
		}

		public static int? Sum (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.SumNullable<int?, int?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
		}

		public static int Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Sum<TSource, int> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
		}

		public static int? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.SumNullable<TSource, int?> (0, (a, b) => {
				var value = selector (b);
				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
			});
		}

		public static long Sum (this IEnumerable<long> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Sum<long, long> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
		}

		public static long? Sum (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.SumNullable<long?, long?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
		}

		public static long Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Sum<TSource, long> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
		}

		public static long? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.SumNullable<TSource, long?> (0, (a, b) => {
				var value = selector (b);
				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
			});
		}

		public static double Sum (this IEnumerable<double> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Sum<double, double> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
		}

		public static double? Sum (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.SumNullable<double?, double?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
		}

		public static double Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Sum<TSource, double> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
		}

		public static double? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.SumNullable<TSource, double?> (0, (a, b) => {
				var value = selector (b);
				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
			});
		}

		public static float Sum (this IEnumerable<float> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Sum<float, float> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
		}

		public static float? Sum (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.SumNullable<float?, float?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
		}

		public static float Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Sum<TSource, float> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
		}

		public static float? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.SumNullable<TSource, float?> (0, (a, b) => {
				var value = selector (b);
				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
			});
		}

		public static decimal Sum (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return Sum<decimal, decimal> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
		}

		public static decimal? Sum (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return source.SumNullable<decimal?, decimal?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
		}

		public static decimal Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return Sum<TSource, decimal> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
		}

		public static decimal? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
		{
			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);

			return source.SumNullable<TSource, decimal?> (0, (a, b) => {
				var value = selector (b);
				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
			});
		}

		static TR Sum<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, Func<TR, TA, TR> selector)
		{
			TR total = default (TR);
			foreach (var element in source) {
				total = selector (total, element);
			}

			return total;
		}

		static TR SumNullable<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, TR zero, Func<TR, TA, TR> selector)
		{
			TR total = zero;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				total = selector (total, element);
			}

			return total;
		}

		#endregion

		#region Take

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Take<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return CreateTakeIterator (source, count);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateTakeIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
		{
			if (count <= 0)
				yield break;

			int counter = 0;
			foreach (TSource element in source) {
				yield return element;

				if (++counter == count)
					yield break;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region TakeWhile

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> TakeWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return CreateTakeWhileIterator (source, predicate);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateTakeWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (!predicate (element))
					yield break;

				yield return element;
			}
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> TakeWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return CreateTakeWhileIterator (source, predicate);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateTakeWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
		{
			int counter = 0;
			foreach (var element in source) {
				if (!predicate (element, counter))
					yield break;

				yield return element;
				counter++;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region ThenBy

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> ThenBy<TSource, TKey> (this IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
		{
			return ThenBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
		}

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> ThenBy<TSource, TKey> (this IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);

			return source.CreateOrderedEnumerable (keySelector, comparer, false);
		}

		#endregion

		#region ThenByDescending

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> ThenByDescending<TSource, TKey> (this IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
		{
			return ThenByDescending<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
		}

		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> ThenByDescending<TSource, TKey> (this IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);

			return source.CreateOrderedEnumerable (keySelector, comparer, true);
		}

		#endregion

		#region ToArray

		public static TSource [] ToArray<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
			if (collection != null) {
				var array = new TSource [collection.Count];
				collection.CopyTo (array, 0);
				return array;
			}

			return new List<TSource> (source).ToArray ();
		}

		#endregion

		#region ToDictionary
		public static Dictionary<TKey, TElement> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
		{
			return ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (source, keySelector, elementSelector, null);
		}

		public static Dictionary<TKey, TElement> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeyElementSelectors (source, keySelector, elementSelector);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;

			var dict = new Dictionary<TKey, TElement> (comparer);
			foreach (var e in source)
				dict.Add (keySelector (e), elementSelector (e));

			return dict;
		}

		public static Dictionary<TKey, TSource> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
		{
			return ToDictionary (source, keySelector, null);
		}

		public static Dictionary<TKey, TSource> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			return ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, Function<TSource>.Identity, comparer);
		}

		#endregion

		#region ToList
		public static List<TSource> ToList<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			Check.Source (source);

			return new List<TSource> (source);
		}
		#endregion

		#region ToLookup

		public static ILookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
		{
			return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, Function<TSource>.Identity, null);
		}

		public static ILookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, element => element, comparer);
		}

		public static ILookup<TKey, TElement> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
		{
			return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (source, keySelector, elementSelector, null);
		}

		public static ILookup<TKey, TElement> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
		{
			Check.SourceAndKeyElementSelectors (source, keySelector, elementSelector);

			var dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
			foreach (var element in source) {
				var key = keySelector (element);
				if (key == null)
					throw new ArgumentNullException ("key");

				List<TElement> list;
				if (!dictionary.TryGetValue (key, out list)) {
					list = new List<TElement> ();
					dictionary.Add (key, list);
				}

				list.Add (elementSelector (element));
			}

			return new Lookup<TKey, TElement> (dictionary);
		}

		#endregion

		#region SequenceEqual

		public static bool SequenceEqual<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
		{
			return first.SequenceEqual (second, null);
		}

		public static bool SequenceEqual<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;

			using (IEnumerator<TSource> first_enumerator = first.GetEnumerator (),
				second_enumerator = second.GetEnumerator ()) {

				while (first_enumerator.MoveNext ()) {
					if (!second_enumerator.MoveNext ())
						return false;

					if (!comparer.Equals (first_enumerator.Current, second_enumerator.Current))
						return false;
				}

				return !second_enumerator.MoveNext ();
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region Union

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Union<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
		{
			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);

			return first.Union (second, null);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Union<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);

			if (comparer == null)
				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;

			return CreateUnionIterator (first, second, comparer);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateUnionIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
		{
			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (comparer);
			foreach (var element in first) {
				if (! items.Contains (element)) {
					items.Add (element);
					yield return element;
				}
			}

			foreach (var element in second) {
				if (! items.Contains (element, comparer)) {
					items.Add (element);
					yield return element;
				}
			}
		}

		#endregion

		#region Where

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return CreateWhereIterator (source, predicate);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateWhereIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
		{
			foreach (TSource element in source)
				if (predicate (element))
					yield return element;
		}

		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
		{
			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);

			return CreateWhereIterator (source, predicate);
		}

		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateWhereIterator<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
		{
			int counter = 0;
			foreach (TSource element in source) {
				if (predicate (element, counter))
					yield return element;
				counter++;
			}
		}

		#endregion

		internal static ReadOnlyCollection<TSource> ToReadOnlyCollection<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
		{
			if (source == null)
				return ReadOnlyCollectionOf<TSource>.Empty;

			var ro = source as ReadOnlyCollection<TSource>;
			if (ro != null)
				return ro;

			return new ReadOnlyCollection<TSource> (source.ToArray<TSource> ());
		}
	}
}