mono/netcore/System.Private.CoreLib/shared/System/MemoryExtensions.cs

// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;

using Internal.Runtime.CompilerServices;

#if BIT64
using nuint = System.UInt64;
#else
using nuint = System.UInt32;
#endif // BIT64

namespace System
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Extension methods for Span{T}, Memory{T}, and friends.
    /// </summary>
    public static partial class MemoryExtensions
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all leading and trailing white-space characters from the span.
        /// </summary>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> Trim(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
        {
            int start = 0;
            for (; start < span.Length; start++)
            {
                if (!char.IsWhiteSpace(span[start]))
                    break;
            }
            int end = span.Length - 1;
            for (; end >= start; end--)
            {
                if (!char.IsWhiteSpace(span[end]))
                    break;
            }
            return span.Slice(start, end - start + 1);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all leading white-space characters from the span.
        /// </summary>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TrimStart(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
        {
            int start = 0;
            for (; start < span.Length; start++)
            {
                if (!char.IsWhiteSpace(span[start]))
                    break;
            }
            return span.Slice(start);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all trailing white-space characters from the span.
        /// </summary>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TrimEnd(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
        {
            int end = span.Length - 1;
            for (; end >= 0; end--)
            {
                if (!char.IsWhiteSpace(span[end]))
                    break;
            }
            return span.Slice(0, end + 1);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all leading and trailing occurrences of a specified character.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The source span from which the character is removed.</param>
        /// <param name="trimChar">The specified character to look for and remove.</param>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> Trim(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span, char trimChar)
        {
            int start = 0;
            for (; start < span.Length; start++)
            {
                if (span[start] != trimChar)
                    break;
            }
            int end = span.Length - 1;
            for (; end >= start; end--)
            {
                if (span[end] != trimChar)
                    break;
            }
            return span.Slice(start, end - start + 1);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all leading occurrences of a specified character.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The source span from which the character is removed.</param>
        /// <param name="trimChar">The specified character to look for and remove.</param>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TrimStart(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span, char trimChar)
        {
            int start = 0;
            for (; start < span.Length; start++)
            {
                if (span[start] != trimChar)
                    break;
            }
            return span.Slice(start);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all trailing occurrences of a specified character.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The source span from which the character is removed.</param>
        /// <param name="trimChar">The specified character to look for and remove.</param>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TrimEnd(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span, char trimChar)
        {
            int end = span.Length - 1;
            for (; end >= 0; end--)
            {
                if (span[end] != trimChar)
                    break;
            }
            return span.Slice(0, end + 1);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all leading and trailing occurrences of a set of characters specified 
        /// in a readonly span from the span.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The source span from which the characters are removed.</param>
        /// <param name="trimChars">The span which contains the set of characters to remove.</param>
        /// <remarks>If <paramref name="trimChars"/> is empty, white-space characters are removed instead.</remarks>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> Trim(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span, ReadOnlySpan<char> trimChars)
        {
            return span.TrimStart(trimChars).TrimEnd(trimChars);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all leading occurrences of a set of characters specified 
        /// in a readonly span from the span.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The source span from which the characters are removed.</param>
        /// <param name="trimChars">The span which contains the set of characters to remove.</param>
        /// <remarks>If <paramref name="trimChars"/> is empty, white-space characters are removed instead.</remarks>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TrimStart(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span, ReadOnlySpan<char> trimChars)
        {
            if (trimChars.IsEmpty)
            {
                return span.TrimStart();
            }

            int start = 0;
            for (; start < span.Length; start++)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < trimChars.Length; i++)
                {
                    if (span[start] == trimChars[i])
                        goto Next;
                }
                break;
            Next:
                ;
            }
            return span.Slice(start);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes all trailing occurrences of a set of characters specified 
        /// in a readonly span from the span.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The source span from which the characters are removed.</param>
        /// <param name="trimChars">The span which contains the set of characters to remove.</param>
        /// <remarks>If <paramref name="trimChars"/> is empty, white-space characters are removed instead.</remarks>
        public static ReadOnlySpan<char> TrimEnd(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span, ReadOnlySpan<char> trimChars)
        {
            if (trimChars.IsEmpty)
            {
                return span.TrimEnd();
            }

            int end = span.Length - 1;
            for (; end >= 0; end--)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < trimChars.Length; i++)
                {
                    if (span[end] == trimChars[i])
                        goto Next;
                }
                break;
            Next:
                ;
            }
            return span.Slice(0, end + 1);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Indicates whether the specified span contains only white-space characters.
        /// </summary>
        public static bool IsWhiteSpace(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < span.Length; i++)
            {
                if (!char.IsWhiteSpace(span[i]))
                    return false;
            }
            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified value and returns true if found. If not found, returns false. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T).
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The value to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool Contains<T>(this Span<T> span, T value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.Contains(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.Contains(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.Contains(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified value and returns true if found. If not found, returns false. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T).
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The value to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool Contains<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.Contains(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.Contains(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.Contains(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified value and returns the index of its first occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The value to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOf<T>(this Span<T> span, T value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified sequence and returns the index of its first occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The sequence to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOf<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    value.Length);
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    value.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value), value.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified value and returns the index of its last occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The value to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOf<T>(this Span<T> span, T value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf<T>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified sequence and returns the index of its last occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The sequence to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOf<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    value.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf<T>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value), value.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether two sequences are equal by comparing the elements using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool SequenceEqual<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            int length = span.Length;

            if (default(T) != null && IsTypeComparableAsBytes<T>(out nuint size))
                return length == other.Length &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other)),
                    ((nuint)length) * size);  // If this multiplication overflows, the Span we got overflows the entire address range. There's no happy outcome for this api in such a case so we choose not to take the overhead of checking.

            return length == other.Length && SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other), length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines the relative order of the sequences being compared by comparing the elements using IComparable{T}.CompareTo(T). 
        /// </summary>
        public static int SequenceCompareTo<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other)
            where T : IComparable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.SequenceCompareTo(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other)),
                    other.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.SequenceCompareTo(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other)),
                    other.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.SequenceCompareTo(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other), other.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified value and returns the index of its first occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The value to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOf<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified sequence and returns the index of its first occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The sequence to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOf<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    value.Length);
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    value.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value), value.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified value and returns the index of its last occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The value to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOf<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf<T>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the specified sequence and returns the index of its last occurrence. If not found, returns -1. Values are compared using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The sequence to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOf<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    value.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOf<T>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value), value.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the first index of any of the specified values similar to calling IndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOfAny<T>(this Span<T> span, T value0, T value1)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    span.Length);
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value1),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the first index of any of the specified values similar to calling IndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value2">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOfAny<T>(this Span<T> span, T value0, T value1, T value2)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value2),
                    span.Length);
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value1),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value2),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, value2, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the first index of any of the specified values similar to calling IndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1. 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="values">The set of values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOfAny<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> values)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
            {
                ref byte valueRef = ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values));
                if (values.Length == 2)
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 3)
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        span.Length,
                        ref valueRef,
                        values.Length);
                }
            }
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
            {
                ref var valueRef = ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values));
                if (values.Length == 5)
                {
                    // Length 5 is a common length for FileSystemName expression (", <, >, *, ?) and in preference to 2 as it has an explicit overload
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 3),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 4),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 2)
                {
                    // Length 2 is a common length for simple wildcards (*, ?),  directory separators (/, \), quotes (", '), brackets, etc
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 4)
                {
                    // Length 4 before 3 as 3 has an explicit overload
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 3),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 3)
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 1)
                {
                    // Length 1 last, as ctoring a ReadOnlySpan to call this overload for a single value
                    // is already throwing away a bunch of performance vs just calling IndexOf
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        span.Length);
                }
            }

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values), values.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the first index of any of the specified values similar to calling IndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOfAny<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value0, T value1)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    span.Length);
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value1),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the first index of any of the specified values similar to calling IndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1. 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value2">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOfAny<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value0, T value1, T value2)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value2),
                    span.Length);
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value1),
                    Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref value2),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, value2, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the first index of any of the specified values similar to calling IndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1. 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="values">The set of values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int IndexOfAny<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> values)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
            {
                ref byte valueRef = ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values));
                if (values.Length == 2)
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 3)
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        span.Length,
                        ref valueRef,
                        values.Length);
                }
            }

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
            {
                ref var valueRef = ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values));
                if (values.Length == 5)
                {
                    // Length 5 is a common length for FileSystemName expression (", <, >, *, ?) and in preference to 2 as it has an explicit overload
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 3),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 4),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 2)
                {
                    // Length 2 is a common length for simple wildcards (*, ?),  directory separators (/, \), quotes (", '), brackets, etc
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 4)
                {
                    // Length 4 before 3 as 3 has an explicit overload
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 3),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 3)
                {
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 1),
                        Unsafe.Add(ref valueRef, 2),
                        span.Length);
                }
                else if (values.Length == 1)
                {
                    // Length 1 last, as ctoring a ReadOnlySpan to call this overload for a single value
                    // is already throwing away a bunch of performance vs just calling IndexOf
                    return SpanHelpers.IndexOf(
                        ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                        valueRef,
                        span.Length);
                }
            }

            return SpanHelpers.IndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values), values.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the last index of any of the specified values similar to calling LastIndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOfAny<T>(this Span<T> span, T value0, T value1)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the last index of any of the specified values similar to calling LastIndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value2">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOfAny<T>(this Span<T> span, T value0, T value1, T value2)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value2),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, value2, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the last index of any of the specified values similar to calling LastIndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1. 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="values">The set of values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOfAny<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> values)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values)),
                    values.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values), values.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the last index of any of the specified values similar to calling LastIndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOfAny<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value0, T value1)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the last index of any of the specified values similar to calling LastIndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1. 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value0">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value1">One of the values to search for.</param>
        /// <param name="value2">One of the values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOfAny<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value0, T value1, T value2)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value0),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value1),
                    Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref value2),
                    span.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), value0, value1, value2, span.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches for the last index of any of the specified values similar to calling LastIndexOf several times with the logical OR operator. If not found, returns -1. 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="span">The span to search.</param>
        /// <param name="values">The set of values to search for.</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int LastIndexOfAny<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> values)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values)),
                    values.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.LastIndexOfAny<T>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(values), values.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether two sequences are equal by comparing the elements using IEquatable{T}.Equals(T). 
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool SequenceEqual<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            int length = span.Length;
            if (default(T) != null && IsTypeComparableAsBytes<T>(out nuint size))
                return length == other.Length &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other)),
                    ((nuint)length) * size);  // If this multiplication overflows, the Span we got overflows the entire address range. There's no happy outcome for this api in such a case so we choose not to take the overhead of checking.

            return length == other.Length && SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other), length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines the relative order of the sequences being compared by comparing the elements using IComparable{T}.CompareTo(T). 
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int SequenceCompareTo<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other)
            where T : IComparable<T>
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte))
                return SpanHelpers.SequenceCompareTo(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other)),
                    other.Length);

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
                return SpanHelpers.SequenceCompareTo(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    span.Length,
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, char>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other)),
                    other.Length);

            return SpanHelpers.SequenceCompareTo(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), span.Length, ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other), other.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether the specified sequence appears at the start of the span.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool StartsWith<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            int valueLength = value.Length;
            if (default(T) != null && IsTypeComparableAsBytes<T>(out nuint size))
                return valueLength <= span.Length &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    ((nuint)valueLength) * size);  // If this multiplication overflows, the Span we got overflows the entire address range. There's no happy outcome for this api in such a case so we choose not to take the overhead of checking.

            return valueLength <= span.Length && SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value), valueLength);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether the specified sequence appears at the start of the span.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool StartsWith<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            int valueLength = value.Length;
            if (default(T) != null && IsTypeComparableAsBytes<T>(out nuint size))
                return valueLength <= span.Length &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span)),
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    ((nuint)valueLength) * size);  // If this multiplication overflows, the Span we got overflows the entire address range. There's no happy outcome for this api in such a case so we choose not to take the overhead of checking.

            return valueLength <= span.Length && SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value), valueLength);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether the specified sequence appears at the end of the span.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool EndsWith<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            int spanLength = span.Length;
            int valueLength = value.Length;
            if (default(T) != null && IsTypeComparableAsBytes<T>(out nuint size))
                return valueLength <= spanLength &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref Unsafe.Add(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), spanLength - valueLength)),
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    ((nuint)valueLength) * size);  // If this multiplication overflows, the Span we got overflows the entire address range. There's no happy outcome for this api in such a case so we choose not to take the overhead of checking.

            return valueLength <= spanLength &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.Add(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), spanLength - valueLength),
                    ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value),
                    valueLength);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether the specified sequence appears at the end of the span.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool EndsWith<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> value)
            where T : IEquatable<T>
        {
            int spanLength = span.Length;
            int valueLength = value.Length;
            if (default(T) != null && IsTypeComparableAsBytes<T>(out nuint size))
                return valueLength <= spanLength &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref Unsafe.Add(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), spanLength - valueLength)),
                    ref Unsafe.As<T, byte>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value)),
                    ((nuint)valueLength) * size);  // If this multiplication overflows, the Span we got overflows the entire address range. There's no happy outcome for this api in such a case so we choose not to take the overhead of checking.

            return valueLength <= spanLength &&
                SpanHelpers.SequenceEqual(
                    ref Unsafe.Add(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span), spanLength - valueLength),
                    ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(value),
                    valueLength);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns an enumeration of <see cref="Rune"/> from the provided span.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Invalid sequences will be represented in the enumeration by <see cref="Rune.ReplacementChar"/>.
        /// </remarks>
        public static SpanRuneEnumerator EnumerateRunes(this ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
        {
            return new SpanRuneEnumerator(span);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns an enumeration of <see cref="Rune"/> from the provided span.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Invalid sequences will be represented in the enumeration by <see cref="Rune.ReplacementChar"/>.
        /// </remarks>
        public static SpanRuneEnumerator EnumerateRunes(this Span<char> span)
        {
            return new SpanRuneEnumerator(span);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reverses the sequence of the elements in the entire span.
        /// </summary>
        public static void Reverse<T>(this Span<T> span)
        {
            if (span.Length <= 1)
            {
                return;
            }

            ref T first = ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span);
            ref T last = ref Unsafe.Add(ref Unsafe.Add(ref first, span.Length), -1);
            do
            {
                T temp = first;
                first = last;
                last = temp;
                first = ref Unsafe.Add(ref first, 1);
                last = ref Unsafe.Add(ref last, -1);
            } while (Unsafe.IsAddressLessThan(ref first, ref last));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new span over the target array.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static Span<T> AsSpan<T>(this T[] array)
        {
            return new Span<T>(array);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new Span over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="array">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the Span.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The number of items in the Span.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="array"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="array"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=Length).
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static Span<T> AsSpan<T>(this T[] array, int start, int length)
        {
            return new Span<T>(array, start, length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new span over the portion of the target array segment.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static Span<T> AsSpan<T>(this ArraySegment<T> segment)
        {
            return new Span<T>(segment.Array, segment.Offset, segment.Count);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new Span over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="segment">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the Span.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="segment"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="segment"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=segment.Count).
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static Span<T> AsSpan<T>(this ArraySegment<T> segment, int start)
        {
            if (((uint)start) > (uint)segment.Count)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.start);

            return new Span<T>(segment.Array, segment.Offset + start, segment.Count - start);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new Span over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="segment">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the Span.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The number of items in the Span.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="segment"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="segment"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=segment.Count).
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static Span<T> AsSpan<T>(this ArraySegment<T> segment, int start, int length)
        {
            if (((uint)start) > (uint)segment.Count)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.start);
            if (((uint)length) > (uint)(segment.Count - start))
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.length);

            return new Span<T>(segment.Array, segment.Offset + start, length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the target array.
        /// </summary>
        public static Memory<T> AsMemory<T>(this T[] array) => new Memory<T>(array);

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="array">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the memory.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="array"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="array"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=array.Length).
        /// </exception>
        public static Memory<T> AsMemory<T>(this T[] array, int start) => new Memory<T>(array, start);

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="array">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the memory.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The number of items in the memory.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="array"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="array"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=Length).
        /// </exception>
        public static Memory<T> AsMemory<T>(this T[] array, int start, int length) => new Memory<T>(array, start, length);

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the portion of the target array.
        /// </summary>
        public static Memory<T> AsMemory<T>(this ArraySegment<T> segment) => new Memory<T>(segment.Array, segment.Offset, segment.Count);

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="segment">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the memory.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="segment"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="segment"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=segment.Count).
        /// </exception>
        public static Memory<T> AsMemory<T>(this ArraySegment<T> segment, int start)
        {
            if (((uint)start) > (uint)segment.Count)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.start);

            return new Memory<T>(segment.Array, segment.Offset + start, segment.Count - start);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="segment">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the memory.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The number of items in the memory.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="segment"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="segment"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=segment.Count).
        /// </exception>
        public static Memory<T> AsMemory<T>(this ArraySegment<T> segment, int start, int length)
        {
            if (((uint)start) > (uint)segment.Count)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.start);
            if (((uint)length) > (uint)(segment.Count - start))
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.length);

            return new Memory<T>(segment.Array, segment.Offset + start, length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies the contents of the array into the span. If the source
        /// and destinations overlap, this method behaves as if the original values in
        /// a temporary location before the destination is overwritten.
        /// 
        ///<param name="source">The array to copy items from.</param>
        /// <param name="destination">The span to copy items into.</param>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentException">
        /// Thrown when the destination Span is shorter than the source array.
        /// </exception>
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static void CopyTo<T>(this T[] source, Span<T> destination)
        {
            new ReadOnlySpan<T>(source).CopyTo(destination);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies the contents of the array into the memory. If the source
        /// and destinations overlap, this method behaves as if the original values are in
        /// a temporary location before the destination is overwritten.
        /// 
        ///<param name="source">The array to copy items from.</param>
        /// <param name="destination">The memory to copy items into.</param>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentException">
        /// Thrown when the destination is shorter than the source array.
        /// </exception>
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static void CopyTo<T>(this T[] source, Memory<T> destination)
        {
            source.CopyTo(destination.Span);
        }

        //
        //  Overlaps
        //  ========
        //
        //  The following methods can be used to determine if two sequences
        //  overlap in memory.
        //
        //  Two sequences overlap if they have positions in common and neither
        //  is empty. Empty sequences do not overlap with any other sequence.
        //
        //  If two sequences overlap, the element offset is the number of
        //  elements by which the second sequence is offset from the first
        //  sequence (i.e., second minus first). An exception is thrown if the
        //  number is not a whole number, which can happen when a sequence of a
        //  smaller type is cast to a sequence of a larger type with unsafe code
        //  or NonPortableCast. If the sequences do not overlap, the offset is
        //  meaningless and arbitrarily set to zero.
        //
        //  Implementation
        //  --------------
        //
        //  Implementing this correctly is quite tricky due of two problems:
        //
        //  * If the sequences refer to two different objects on the managed
        //    heap, the garbage collector can move them freely around or change
        //    their relative order in memory.
        //
        //  * The distance between two sequences can be greater than
        //    int.MaxValue (on a 32-bit system) or long.MaxValue (on a 64-bit
        //    system).
        //
        //  (For simplicity, the following text assumes a 32-bit system, but
        //  everything also applies to a 64-bit system if every 32 is replaced a
        //  64.)
        //
        //  The first problem is solved by calculating the distance with exactly
        //  one atomic operation. If the garbage collector happens to move the
        //  sequences afterwards and the sequences overlapped before, they will
        //  still overlap after the move and their distance hasn't changed. If
        //  the sequences did not overlap, the distance can change but the
        //  sequences still won't overlap.
        //
        //  The second problem is solved by making all addresses relative to the
        //  start of the first sequence and performing all operations in
        //  unsigned integer arithmetic modulo 2³².
        //
        //  Example
        //  -------
        //
        //  Let's say there are two sequences, x and y. Let
        //
        //      ref T xRef = MemoryMarshal.GetReference(x)
        //      uint xLength = x.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()
        //      ref T yRef = MemoryMarshal.GetReference(y)
        //      uint yLength = y.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()
        //
        //  Visually, the two sequences are located somewhere in the 32-bit
        //  address space as follows:
        //
        //      [----------------------------------------------)                            normal address space
        //      0                                             2³²
        //                            [------------------)                                  first sequence
        //                            xRef            xRef + xLength
        //              [--------------------------)     .                                  second sequence
        //              yRef          .         yRef + yLength
        //              :             .            .     .
        //              :             .            .     .
        //                            .            .     .
        //                            .            .     .
        //                            .            .     .
        //                            [----------------------------------------------)      relative address space
        //                            0            .     .                          2³²
        //                            [------------------)             :                    first sequence
        //                            x1           .     x2            :
        //                            -------------)                   [-------------       second sequence
        //                                         y2                  y1
        //
        //  The idea is to make all addresses relative to xRef: Let x1 be the
        //  start address of x in this relative address space, x2 the end
        //  address of x, y1 the start address of y, and y2 the end address of
        //  y:
        //
        //      nuint x1 = 0
        //      nuint x2 = xLength
        //      nuint y1 = (nuint)Unsafe.ByteOffset(xRef, yRef)
        //      nuint y2 = y1 + yLength
        //  
        //  xRef relative to xRef is 0.
        //  
        //  x2 is simply x1 + xLength. This cannot overflow.
        //  
        //  yRef relative to xRef is (yRef - xRef). If (yRef - xRef) is
        //  negative, casting it to an unsigned 32-bit integer turns it into
        //  (yRef - xRef + 2³²). So, in the example above, y1 moves to the right
        //  of x2.
        //  
        //  y2 is simply y1 + yLength. Note that this can overflow, as in the
        //  example above, which must be avoided.
        //
        //  The two sequences do *not* overlap if y is entirely in the space
        //  right of x in the relative address space. (It can't be left of it!)
        //
        //          (y1 >= x2) && (y2 <= 2³²)
        //
        //  Inversely, they do overlap if
        //
        //          (y1 < x2) || (y2 > 2³²)
        //
        //  After substituting x2 and y2 with their respective definition:
        //
        //      == (y1 < xLength) || (y1 + yLength > 2³²)
        //
        //  Since yLength can't be greater than the size of the address space,
        //  the overflow can be avoided as follows:
        //
        //      == (y1 < xLength) || (y1 > 2³² - yLength)
        //
        //  However, 2³² cannot be stored in an unsigned 32-bit integer, so one
        //  more change is needed to keep doing everything with unsigned 32-bit
        //  integers:
        //
        //      == (y1 < xLength) || (y1 > -yLength)
        //  
        //  Due to modulo arithmetic, this gives exactly same result *except* if
        //  yLength is zero, since 2³² - 0 is 0 and not 2³². So the case
        //  y.IsEmpty must be handled separately first.
        //  

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether two sequences overlap in memory.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool Overlaps<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other)
        {
            return Overlaps((ReadOnlySpan<T>)span, other);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether two sequences overlap in memory and outputs the element offset.
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static bool Overlaps<T>(this Span<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other, out int elementOffset)
        {
            return Overlaps((ReadOnlySpan<T>)span, other, out elementOffset);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether two sequences overlap in memory.
        /// </summary>
        public static bool Overlaps<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other)
        {
            if (span.IsEmpty || other.IsEmpty)
            {
                return false;
            }

            IntPtr byteOffset = Unsafe.ByteOffset(
                ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span),
                ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other));

            if (Unsafe.SizeOf<IntPtr>() == sizeof(int))
            {
                return (uint)byteOffset < (uint)(span.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()) ||
                       (uint)byteOffset > (uint)-(other.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>());
            }
            else
            {
                return (ulong)byteOffset < (ulong)((long)span.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()) ||
                       (ulong)byteOffset > (ulong)-((long)other.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>());
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether two sequences overlap in memory and outputs the element offset.
        /// </summary>
        public static bool Overlaps<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, ReadOnlySpan<T> other, out int elementOffset)
        {
            if (span.IsEmpty || other.IsEmpty)
            {
                elementOffset = 0;
                return false;
            }

            IntPtr byteOffset = Unsafe.ByteOffset(
                ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span),
                ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(other));

            if (Unsafe.SizeOf<IntPtr>() == sizeof(int))
            {
                if ((uint)byteOffset < (uint)(span.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()) ||
                    (uint)byteOffset > (uint)-(other.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()))
                {
                    if ((int)byteOffset % Unsafe.SizeOf<T>() != 0)
                        ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException_OverlapAlignmentMismatch();

                    elementOffset = (int)byteOffset / Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();
                    return true;
                }
                else
                {
                    elementOffset = 0;
                    return false;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if ((ulong)byteOffset < (ulong)((long)span.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()) ||
                    (ulong)byteOffset > (ulong)-((long)other.Length * Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()))
                {
                    if ((long)byteOffset % Unsafe.SizeOf<T>() != 0)
                        ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException_OverlapAlignmentMismatch();

                    elementOffset = (int)((long)byteOffset / Unsafe.SizeOf<T>());
                    return true;
                }
                else
                {
                    elementOffset = 0;
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches an entire sorted <see cref="Span{T}"/> for a value
        /// using the specified <see cref="IComparable{T}"/> generic interface.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the span.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The sorted <see cref="Span{T}"/> to search.</param>
        /// <param name="comparable">The <see cref="IComparable{T}"/> to use when comparing.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// The zero-based index of <paramref name="comparable"/> in the sorted <paramref name="span"/>,
        /// if <paramref name="comparable"/> is found; otherwise, a negative number that is the bitwise complement
        /// of the index of the next element that is larger than <paramref name="comparable"/> or, if there is
        /// no larger element, the bitwise complement of <see cref="Span{T}.Length"/>.
        /// </returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException">
        /// <paramref name = "comparable" /> is <see langword="null"/> .
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int BinarySearch<T>(
            this Span<T> span, IComparable<T> comparable)
        {
            return BinarySearch<T, IComparable<T>>(span, comparable);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches an entire sorted <see cref="Span{T}"/> for a value
        /// using the specified <typeparamref name="TComparable"/> generic type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the span.</typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TComparable">The specific type of <see cref="IComparable{T}"/>.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The sorted <see cref="Span{T}"/> to search.</param>
        /// <param name="comparable">The <typeparamref name="TComparable"/> to use when comparing.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// The zero-based index of <paramref name="comparable"/> in the sorted <paramref name="span"/>,
        /// if <paramref name="comparable"/> is found; otherwise, a negative number that is the bitwise complement
        /// of the index of the next element that is larger than <paramref name="comparable"/> or, if there is
        /// no larger element, the bitwise complement of <see cref="Span{T}.Length"/>.
        /// </returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException">
        /// <paramref name = "comparable" /> is <see langword="null"/> .
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int BinarySearch<T, TComparable>(
            this Span<T> span, TComparable comparable)
            where TComparable : IComparable<T>
        {
            return BinarySearch((ReadOnlySpan<T>)span, comparable);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches an entire sorted <see cref="Span{T}"/> for the specified <paramref name="value"/>
        /// using the specified <typeparamref name="TComparer"/> generic type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the span.</typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TComparer">The specific type of <see cref="IComparer{T}"/>.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The sorted <see cref="Span{T}"/> to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The object to locate. The value can be null for reference types.</param>
        /// <param name="comparer">The <typeparamref name="TComparer"/> to use when comparing.</param>
        /// /// <returns>
        /// The zero-based index of <paramref name="value"/> in the sorted <paramref name="span"/>,
        /// if <paramref name="value"/> is found; otherwise, a negative number that is the bitwise complement
        /// of the index of the next element that is larger than <paramref name="value"/> or, if there is
        /// no larger element, the bitwise complement of <see cref="Span{T}.Length"/>.
        /// </returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException">
        /// <paramref name = "comparer" /> is <see langword="null"/> .
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int BinarySearch<T, TComparer>(
            this Span<T> span, T value, TComparer comparer)
            where TComparer : IComparer<T>
        {
            return BinarySearch((ReadOnlySpan<T>)span, value, comparer);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches an entire sorted <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}"/> for a value
        /// using the specified <see cref="IComparable{T}"/> generic interface.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the span.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The sorted <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}"/> to search.</param>
        /// <param name="comparable">The <see cref="IComparable{T}"/> to use when comparing.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// The zero-based index of <paramref name="comparable"/> in the sorted <paramref name="span"/>,
        /// if <paramref name="comparable"/> is found; otherwise, a negative number that is the bitwise complement
        /// of the index of the next element that is larger than <paramref name="comparable"/> or, if there is
        /// no larger element, the bitwise complement of <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}.Length"/>.
        /// </returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException">
        /// <paramref name = "comparable" /> is <see langword="null"/> .
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int BinarySearch<T>(
            this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, IComparable<T> comparable)
        {
            return BinarySearch<T, IComparable<T>>(span, comparable);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches an entire sorted <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}"/> for a value
        /// using the specified <typeparamref name="TComparable"/> generic type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the span.</typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TComparable">The specific type of <see cref="IComparable{T}"/>.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The sorted <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}"/> to search.</param>
        /// <param name="comparable">The <typeparamref name="TComparable"/> to use when comparing.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// The zero-based index of <paramref name="comparable"/> in the sorted <paramref name="span"/>,
        /// if <paramref name="comparable"/> is found; otherwise, a negative number that is the bitwise complement
        /// of the index of the next element that is larger than <paramref name="comparable"/> or, if there is
        /// no larger element, the bitwise complement of <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}.Length"/>.
        /// </returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException">
        /// <paramref name = "comparable" /> is <see langword="null"/> .
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int BinarySearch<T, TComparable>(
            this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, TComparable comparable)
            where TComparable : IComparable<T>
        {
            return SpanHelpers.BinarySearch(span, comparable);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Searches an entire sorted <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}"/> for the specified <paramref name="value"/>
        /// using the specified <typeparamref name="TComparer"/> generic type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the span.</typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="TComparer">The specific type of <see cref="IComparer{T}"/>.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="span">The sorted <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}"/> to search.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The object to locate. The value can be null for reference types.</param>
        /// <param name="comparer">The <typeparamref name="TComparer"/> to use when comparing.</param>
        /// /// <returns>
        /// The zero-based index of <paramref name="value"/> in the sorted <paramref name="span"/>,
        /// if <paramref name="value"/> is found; otherwise, a negative number that is the bitwise complement
        /// of the index of the next element that is larger than <paramref name="value"/> or, if there is
        /// no larger element, the bitwise complement of <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}.Length"/>.
        /// </returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException">
        /// <paramref name = "comparer" /> is <see langword="null"/> .
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public static int BinarySearch<T, TComparer>(
            this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T value, TComparer comparer)
            where TComparer : IComparer<T>
        {
            if (comparer == null)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.comparer);

            var comparable = new SpanHelpers.ComparerComparable<T, TComparer>(
                value, comparer);
            return BinarySearch(span, comparable);
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        private static bool IsTypeComparableAsBytes<T>(out nuint size)
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(byte) || typeof(T) == typeof(sbyte))
            {
                size = sizeof(byte);
                return true;
            }

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char) || typeof(T) == typeof(short) || typeof(T) == typeof(ushort))
            {
                size = sizeof(char);
                return true;
            }

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(int) || typeof(T) == typeof(uint))
            {
                size = sizeof(int);
                return true;
            }

            if (typeof(T) == typeof(long) || typeof(T) == typeof(ulong))
            {
                size = sizeof(long);
                return true;
            }

            size = default;
            return false;
        }
    }
}