cleanup of os/linux

core/crypto/rand_linux.odin

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ _rand_bytes :: proc (dst: []byte) {
 
 	for l > 0 {
 		to_read := min(l, _MAX_PER_CALL_BYTES)
-		ret := unix.sys_getrandom(raw_data(dst), to_read, 0)
+		ret := unix.sys_getrandom(raw_data(dst), uint(to_read), 0)
 		if ret < 0 {
 			switch os.Errno(-ret) {
 			case os.EINTR:

core/os/os_linux.odin

@@ -270,136 +270,6 @@ AT_FDCWD            :: ~uintptr(99)	/* -100 */
 AT_REMOVEDIR        :: uintptr(0x200)
 AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW :: uintptr(0x100)
 
-_unix_personality :: proc(persona: u64) -> int {
-	return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_personality, uintptr(persona)))
-}
-
-_unix_fork :: proc() -> Pid {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		res := int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_fork))
-	} else {
-		res := int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_clone, unix.SIGCHLD))
-	}
-	return -1 if res < 0 else Pid(res)
-}
-
-_unix_open :: proc(path: cstring, flags: int, mode: int = 0o000) -> Handle {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		res := int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_open, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(flags), uintptr(mode)))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have open
-		res := int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_openat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(flags), uintptr(mode)))
-	}
-	return -1 if res < 0 else Handle(res)
-}
-
-_unix_close :: proc(fd: Handle) -> int {
-	return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_close, uintptr(fd)))
-}
-
-_unix_read :: proc(fd: Handle, buf: rawptr, size: uint) -> int {
-	return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_read, uintptr(fd), uintptr(buf), uintptr(size)))
-}
-
-_unix_write :: proc(fd: Handle, buf: rawptr, size: uint) -> int {
-	return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_write, uintptr(fd), uintptr(buf), uintptr(size)))
-}
-
-_unix_seek :: proc(fd: Handle, offset: i64, whence: int) -> i64 {
-	when ODIN_ARCH == .amd64 || ODIN_ARCH == .arm64 {
-		return i64(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_lseek, uintptr(fd), uintptr(offset), uintptr(whence)))
-	} else {
-		low := uintptr(offset & 0xFFFFFFFF)
-		high := uintptr(offset >> 32)
-		result: i64
-		res := i64(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS__llseek, uintptr(fd), high, low, uintptr(&result), uintptr(whence)))
-		return -1 if res < 0 else result
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_stat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH == .amd64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_stat, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(stat)))
-	} else when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_stat64, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(stat)))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have stat
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_fstatat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(stat), 0))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH == .amd64 || ODIN_ARCH == .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_fstat, uintptr(fd), uintptr(stat)))
-	} else {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_fstat64, uintptr(fd), uintptr(stat)))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_lstat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH == .amd64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_lstat, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(stat)))
-	} else when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_lstat64, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(stat)))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have any lstat
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_fstatat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(stat), AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_readlink :: proc(path: cstring, buf: rawptr, bufsiz: uint) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_readlink, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(buf), uintptr(bufsiz)))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have readlink
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_readlinkat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(buf), uintptr(bufsiz)))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_access :: proc(path: cstring, mask: int) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_access, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mask)))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have access
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_faccessat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mask)))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_getcwd :: proc(buf: rawptr, size: uint) -> int {
-	return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_getcwd, uintptr(buf), uintptr(size)))
-}
-
-_unix_chdir :: proc(path: cstring) -> int {
-	return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_chdir, uintptr(rawptr(path))))
-}
-
-_unix_rename :: proc(old, new: cstring) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_rename, uintptr(rawptr(old)), uintptr(rawptr(new))))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have rename
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_renameat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(old)), uintptr(rawptr(new))))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_unlink :: proc(path: cstring) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_unlink, uintptr(rawptr(path))))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have unlink
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_unlinkat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), 0))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_rmdir :: proc(path: cstring) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_rmdir, uintptr(rawptr(path))))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have rmdir
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_unlinkat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), AT_REMOVEDIR))
-	}
-}
-
-_unix_mkdir :: proc(path: cstring, mode: u32) -> int {
-	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_mkdir, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mode)))
-	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have mkdir
-		return int(intrinsics.syscall(unix.SYS_mkdirat, AT_FDCWD, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mode)))
-	}
-}
-
 foreign libc {
 	@(link_name="__errno_location") __errno_location    :: proc() -> ^int ---
 
@@ -415,6 +285,7 @@ foreign libc {
 	@(link_name="free")             _unix_free          :: proc(ptr: rawptr) ---
 	@(link_name="realloc")          _unix_realloc       :: proc(ptr: rawptr, size: c.size_t) -> rawptr ---
 
+	@(link_name="execvp")           _unix_execvp       :: proc(path: cstring, argv: [^]cstring) -> int ---
 	@(link_name="getenv")           _unix_getenv        :: proc(cstring) -> cstring ---
 	@(link_name="putenv")           _unix_putenv        :: proc(cstring) -> c.int ---
 	@(link_name="realpath")         _unix_realpath      :: proc(path: cstring, resolved_path: rawptr) -> rawptr ---
@@ -447,7 +318,7 @@ get_last_error :: proc "contextless" () -> int {
 }
 
 personality :: proc(persona: u64) -> (Errno) {
-	res := _unix_personality(persona)
+	res := unix.sys_personality(persona)
 	if res == -1 {
 		return _get_errno(res)
 	}
@@ -455,24 +326,37 @@ personality :: proc(persona: u64) -> (Errno) {
 }
 
 fork :: proc() -> (Pid, Errno) {
-	pid := _unix_fork()
+	pid := unix.sys_fork()
 	if pid == -1 {
-		return -1, _get_errno(int(pid))
+		return -1, _get_errno(pid)
 	}
-	return pid, ERROR_NONE
+	return Pid(pid), ERROR_NONE
+}
+
+execvp :: proc(path: string, args: []string) -> Errno {
+	path_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
+
+	args_cstrs := make([]cstring, len(args) + 2, context.temp_allocator)
+	args_cstrs[0] = strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i += 1 {
+		args_cstrs[i+1] = strings.clone_to_cstring(args[i], context.temp_allocator)
+	}
+
+	_unix_execvp(path_cstr, raw_data(args_cstrs))
+	return Errno(get_last_error())
 }
 
-open :: proc(path: string, flags: int = O_RDONLY, mode: int = 0) -> (Handle, Errno) {
+open :: proc(path: string, flags: int = O_RDONLY, mode: int = 0o000) -> (Handle, Errno) {
 	cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
-	handle := _unix_open(cstr, flags, mode)
+	handle := unix.sys_open(cstr, flags, uint(mode))
 	if handle < 0 {
-		return INVALID_HANDLE, _get_errno(int(handle))
+		return INVALID_HANDLE, _get_errno(handle)
 	}
-	return handle, ERROR_NONE
+	return Handle(handle), ERROR_NONE
 }
 
 close :: proc(fd: Handle) -> Errno {
-	return _get_errno(_unix_close(fd))
+	return _get_errno(unix.sys_close(int(fd)))
 }
 
 read :: proc(fd: Handle, data: []byte) -> (int, Errno) {
@@ -480,7 +364,7 @@ read :: proc(fd: Handle, data: []byte) -> (int, Errno) {
 		return 0, ERROR_NONE
 	}
 
-	bytes_read := _unix_read(fd, raw_data(data), c.size_t(len(data)))
+	bytes_read := unix.sys_read(int(fd), raw_data(data), len(data))
 	if bytes_read < 0 {
 		return -1, _get_errno(bytes_read)
 	}
@@ -492,7 +376,7 @@ write :: proc(fd: Handle, data: []byte) -> (int, Errno) {
 		return 0, ERROR_NONE
 	}
 
-	bytes_written := _unix_write(fd, raw_data(data), uint(len(data)))
+	bytes_written := unix.sys_write(int(fd), raw_data(data), len(data))
 	if bytes_written < 0 {
 		return -1, _get_errno(bytes_written)
 	}
@@ -503,7 +387,7 @@ read_at :: proc(fd: Handle, data: []byte, offset: i64) -> (int, Errno) {
 		return 0, ERROR_NONE
 	}
 
-	bytes_read := unix.sys_pread(int(fd), raw_data(data), c.size_t(len(data)), offset)
+	bytes_read := unix.sys_pread(int(fd), raw_data(data), len(data), offset)
 	if bytes_read < 0 {
 		return -1, _get_errno(bytes_read)
 	}
@@ -523,17 +407,17 @@ write_at :: proc(fd: Handle, data: []byte, offset: i64) -> (int, Errno) {
 }
 
 seek :: proc(fd: Handle, offset: i64, whence: int) -> (i64, Errno) {
-	res := _unix_seek(fd, offset, whence)
+	res := unix.sys_lseek(int(fd), offset, whence)
 	if res < 0 {
 		return -1, _get_errno(int(res))
 	}
-	return res, ERROR_NONE
+	return i64(res), ERROR_NONE
 }
 
 file_size :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (i64, Errno) {
     // deliberately uninitialized; the syscall fills this buffer for us
     s: OS_Stat = ---
-    result := _unix_fstat(fd, &s)
+    result := unix.sys_fstat(int(fd), rawptr(&s))
     if result < 0 {
         return 0, _get_errno(result)
     }
@@ -543,22 +427,22 @@ file_size :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (i64, Errno) {
 rename :: proc(old_path, new_path: string) -> Errno {
 	old_path_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(old_path, context.temp_allocator)
 	new_path_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(new_path, context.temp_allocator)
-	return _get_errno(_unix_rename(old_path_cstr, new_path_cstr))
+	return _get_errno(unix.sys_rename(old_path_cstr, new_path_cstr))
 }
 
 remove :: proc(path: string) -> Errno {
 	path_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
-	return _get_errno(_unix_unlink(path_cstr))
+	return _get_errno(unix.sys_unlink(path_cstr))
 }
 
 make_directory :: proc(path: string, mode: u32 = 0o775) -> Errno {
 	path_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
-	return _get_errno(_unix_mkdir(path_cstr, mode))
+	return _get_errno(unix.sys_mkdir(path_cstr, uint(mode)))
 }
 
 remove_directory :: proc(path: string) -> Errno {
 	path_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
-	return _get_errno(_unix_rmdir(path_cstr))
+	return _get_errno(unix.sys_rmdir(path_cstr))
 }
 
 is_file_handle :: proc(fd: Handle) -> bool {
@@ -611,7 +495,7 @@ is_dir :: proc {is_dir_path, is_dir_handle}
 
 exists :: proc(path: string) -> bool {
 	cpath := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
-	res := _unix_access(cpath, O_RDONLY)
+	res := unix.sys_access(cpath, O_RDONLY)
 	return res == 0
 }
 
@@ -649,7 +533,7 @@ _stat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) {
 
 	// deliberately uninitialized; the syscall fills this buffer for us
 	s: OS_Stat = ---
-	result := _unix_stat(cstr, &s)
+	result := unix.sys_stat(cstr, &s)
 	if result < 0 {
 		return s, _get_errno(result)
 	}
@@ -662,7 +546,7 @@ _lstat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) {
 
 	// deliberately uninitialized; the syscall fills this buffer for us
 	s: OS_Stat = ---
-	result := _unix_lstat(cstr, &s)
+	result := unix.sys_lstat(cstr, &s)
 	if result < 0 {
 		return s, _get_errno(result)
 	}
@@ -673,7 +557,7 @@ _lstat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) {
 _fstat :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) {
 	// deliberately uninitialized; the syscall fills this buffer for us
 	s: OS_Stat = ---
-	result := _unix_fstat(fd, &s)
+	result := unix.sys_fstat(int(fd), rawptr(&s))
 	if result < 0 {
 		return s, _get_errno(result)
 	}
@@ -730,7 +614,7 @@ _readlink :: proc(path: string) -> (string, Errno) {
 	bufsz : uint = 256
 	buf := make([]byte, bufsz)
 	for {
-		rc := _unix_readlink(path_cstr, &(buf[0]), bufsz)
+		rc := unix.sys_readlink(path_cstr, &(buf[0]), bufsz)
 		if rc < 0 {
 			delete(buf)
 			return "", _get_errno(rc)
@@ -777,7 +661,7 @@ absolute_path_from_relative :: proc(rel: string) -> (path: string, err: Errno) {
 
 access :: proc(path: string, mask: int) -> (bool, Errno) {
 	cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
-	result := _unix_access(cstr, mask)
+	result := unix.sys_access(cstr, mask)
 	if result < 0 {
 		return false, _get_errno(result)
 	}
@@ -845,7 +729,7 @@ get_current_directory :: proc() -> string {
 	page_size := get_page_size()
 	buf := make([dynamic]u8, page_size)
 	for {
-		#no_bounds_check res := _unix_getcwd(&buf[0], uint(len(buf)))
+		#no_bounds_check res := unix.sys_getcwd(&buf[0], uint(len(buf)))
 
 		if res >= 0 {
 			return strings.string_from_nul_terminated_ptr(&buf[0], len(buf))
@@ -861,7 +745,7 @@ get_current_directory :: proc() -> string {
 
 set_current_directory :: proc(path: string) -> (err: Errno) {
 	cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator)
-	res := _unix_chdir(cstr)
+	res := unix.sys_chdir(cstr)
 	if res < 0 {
 		return _get_errno(res)
 	}

core/sync/primitives.odin

@@ -236,4 +236,4 @@ _panic :: proc "contextless" (msg: string) -> ! {
 	runtime.print_string(msg)
 	runtime.print_byte('\n')
 	runtime.trap()
-}
+}

core/sys/unix/syscalls_linux.odin

@@ -1563,6 +1563,9 @@ MADV_WIPEONFORK  :: 18
 MADV_KEEPONFORK  :: 19
 MADV_HWPOISON    :: 100
 
+// pipe2 flags
+O_CLOEXEC :: 0o2000000
+
 // perf event data
 Perf_Sample :: struct #raw_union {
 	period:    u64,
@@ -1713,14 +1716,14 @@ Perf_Flag :: enum u64 {
 }
 
 sys_gettid :: proc "contextless" () -> int {
-	return cast(int)intrinsics.syscall(SYS_gettid)
+	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_gettid))
 }
 
-sys_getrandom :: proc "contextless" (buf: [^]byte, buflen: int, flags: uint) -> int {
-	return cast(int)intrinsics.syscall(SYS_getrandom, uintptr(buf), uintptr(buflen), uintptr(flags))
+sys_getrandom :: proc "contextless" (buf: [^]byte, buflen: uint, flags: int) -> int {
+	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_getrandom, uintptr(buf), uintptr(buflen), uintptr(flags)))
 }
 
-sys_open :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, flags: int, mode: int = 0o000) -> int {
+sys_open :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, flags: int, mode: uint = 0o000) -> int {
 	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
 		return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_open, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(flags), uintptr(mode)))
 	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have open
@@ -1728,7 +1731,7 @@ sys_open :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, flags: int, mode: int = 0o000) ->
 	}
 }
 
-sys_openat :: proc "contextless" (dfd: int, path: cstring, flags: int, mode: int = 0o000) -> int {
+sys_openat :: proc "contextless" (dfd: int, path: cstring, flags: int, mode: uint = 0o000) -> int {
 	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_openat, uintptr(dfd), uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(flags), uintptr(mode)))
 }
 
@@ -1840,7 +1843,7 @@ sys_fchdir :: proc "contextless" (fd: int) -> int {
 	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_fchdir, uintptr(fd)))
 }
 
-sys_chmod :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: int) -> int {
+sys_chmod :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: uint) -> int {
 	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
 		return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_chmod, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mode)))
 	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have chmod
@@ -1848,7 +1851,7 @@ sys_chmod :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: int) -> int {
 	}
 }
 
-sys_fchmod :: proc "contextless" (fd: int, mode: int) -> int {
+sys_fchmod :: proc "contextless" (fd: int, mode: uint) -> int {
 	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_fchmod, uintptr(fd), uintptr(mode)))
 }
 
@@ -1908,7 +1911,7 @@ sys_rmdir :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring) -> int {
 	}
 }
 
-sys_mkdir :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: int) -> int {
+sys_mkdir :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: uint) -> int {
 	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
 		return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_mkdir, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mode)))
 	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have mkdir
@@ -1916,11 +1919,11 @@ sys_mkdir :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: int) -> int {
 	}
 }
 
-sys_mkdirat :: proc "contextless" (dfd: int, path: cstring, mode: int) -> int {
+sys_mkdirat :: proc "contextless" (dfd: int, path: cstring, mode: uint) -> int {
 	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_mkdirat, uintptr(dfd), uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mode)))
 }
 
-sys_mknod :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: int, dev: int) -> int {
+sys_mknod :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: uint, dev: int) -> int {
 	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
 		return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_mknod, uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mode), uintptr(dev)))
 	} else { // NOTE: arm64 does not have mknod
@@ -1928,7 +1931,7 @@ sys_mknod :: proc "contextless" (path: cstring, mode: int, dev: int) -> int {
 	}
 }
 
-sys_mknodat :: proc "contextless" (dfd: int, path: cstring, mode: int, dev: int) -> int {
+sys_mknodat :: proc "contextless" (dfd: int, path: cstring, mode: uint, dev: int) -> int {
 	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_mknodat, uintptr(dfd), uintptr(rawptr(path)), uintptr(mode), uintptr(dev)))
 }
 
@@ -1967,6 +1970,16 @@ sys_fork :: proc "contextless" () -> int {
 		return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_clone, SIGCHLD))
 	}
 }
+sys_pipe2 :: proc "contextless" (fds: rawptr, flags: int) -> int {
+	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_pipe2, uintptr(fds), uintptr(flags)))
+}
+sys_dup2 :: proc "contextless" (oldfd: int, newfd: int) -> int {
+	when ODIN_ARCH != .arm64 {
+		return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_dup2, uintptr(oldfd), uintptr(newfd)))
+	} else {
+		return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_dup3, uintptr(oldfd), uintptr(newfd), 0))
+	}
+}
 
 sys_mmap :: proc "contextless" (addr: rawptr, length: uint, prot, flags, fd: int, offset: uintptr) -> int {
 	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_mmap, uintptr(addr), uintptr(length), uintptr(prot), uintptr(flags), uintptr(fd), offset))
@@ -1999,6 +2012,10 @@ sys_perf_event_open :: proc "contextless" (event_attr: rawptr, pid: i32, cpu: i3
 	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_perf_event_open, uintptr(event_attr), uintptr(pid), uintptr(cpu), uintptr(group_fd), uintptr(flags)))
 }
 
+sys_personality :: proc(persona: u64) -> int {
+	return int(intrinsics.syscall(SYS_personality, uintptr(persona)))
+}
+
 get_errno :: proc "contextless" (res: int) -> i32 {
 	if res < 0 && res > -4096 {
 		return i32(-res)