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@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
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+// This has the programs for computing the number of 1-bits
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+// in a word, or byte, etc.
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+// Max line length is 57, to fit in hacker.book.
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+#include <stdio.h>
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+#include <stdlib.h> //To define "exit", req'd by XLC.
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+#include <ctime>
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+
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+unsigned rotatel(unsigned x, int n) {
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+ if ((unsigned)n > 63) {printf("rotatel, n out of range.\n"); exit(1);}
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+ return (x << n) | (x >> (32 - n));
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+}
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+
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+int pop0(unsigned x) {
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+ x = (x & 0x55555555) + ((x >> 1) & 0x55555555);
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+ x = (x & 0x33333333) + ((x >> 2) & 0x33333333);
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+ x = (x & 0x0F0F0F0F) + ((x >> 4) & 0x0F0F0F0F);
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+ x = (x & 0x00FF00FF) + ((x >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF);
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+ x = (x & 0x0000FFFF) + ((x >>16) & 0x0000FFFF);
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+ return x;
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+}
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+
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+int pop1(unsigned x) {
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+ x = x - ((x >> 1) & 0x55555555);
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+ x = (x & 0x33333333) + ((x >> 2) & 0x33333333);
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+ x = (x + (x >> 4)) & 0x0F0F0F0F;
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+ x = x + (x >> 8);
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+ x = x + (x >> 16);
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+ return x & 0x0000003F;
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+}
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+/* Note: an alternative to the last three executable lines above is:
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+ return x*0x01010101 >> 24;
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+if your machine has a fast multiplier (suggested by Jari Kirma). */
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+
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+int pop2(unsigned x) {
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+ unsigned n;
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+
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+ n = (x >> 1) & 033333333333; // Count bits in
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+ x = x - n; // each 3-bit
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+ n = (n >> 1) & 033333333333; // field.
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+ x = x - n;
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+ x = (x + (x >> 3)) & 030707070707; // 6-bit sums.
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+ return x%63; // Add 6-bit sums.
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+}
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+/* An alternative to the "return" statement above is:
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+ return ((x * 0404040404) >> 26) + // Add 6-bit sums.
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+ (x >> 30);
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+which runs faster on most machines (suggested by Norbert Juffa). */
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+
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+int pop3(unsigned x) {
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+ unsigned n;
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+
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+ n = (x >> 1) & 0x77777777; // Count bits in
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+ x = x - n; // each 4-bit
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+ n = (n >> 1) & 0x77777777; // field.
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+ x = x - n;
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+ n = (n >> 1) & 0x77777777;
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+ x = x - n;
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+ x = (x + (x >> 4)) & 0x0F0F0F0F; // Get byte sums.
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+ x = x*0x01010101; // Add the bytes.
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+ return x >> 24;
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+}
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+
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+int pop4(unsigned x)
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+{
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+ int n;
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+
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+ n = 0;
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+ while (x != 0) {
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+ n = n + 1;
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+ x = x & (x - 1);
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+ }
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+ return n;
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+}
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+
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+int pop5(unsigned x)
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+{
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+ int i, sum;
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+
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+ // Rotate and sum method // Shift right & subtract
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+
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+ sum = x; // sum = x;
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+ for (i = 1; i <= 31; i++) { // while (x != 0) {
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+ x = rotatel(x, 1); // x = x >> 1;
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+ sum = sum + x; // sum = sum - x;
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+ } // }
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+ return -sum; // return sum;
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+}
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+
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+int pop5a(unsigned x)
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+{
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+ int sum;
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+
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+ // Shift right & subtract
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+
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+ sum = x;
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+ while (x != 0) {
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+ x = x >> 1;
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+ sum = sum - x;
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+ }
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+ return sum;
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+}
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+
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+int pop6(unsigned x) { // Table lookup.
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+ static char table[256] = {
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+ 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4,
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+ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
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+ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
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+ 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
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+
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+ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
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+ 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
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+ 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
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+ 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
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+
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+ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
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+ 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
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+ 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
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+ 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
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+
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+ 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
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+ 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
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+ 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
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+ 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 8};
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+
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+ return table[x & 0xFF] +
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+ table[(x >> 8) & 0xFF] +
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+ table[(x >> 16) & 0xFF] +
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+ table[(x >> 24)];
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+}
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+
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+// The following works only for 8-bit quantities.
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+int pop7(unsigned x) {
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+ x = x*0x08040201; // Make 4 copies.
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+ x = x >> 3; // So next step hits proper bits.
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+ x = x & 0x11111111; // Every 4th bit.
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+ x = x*0x11111111; // Sum the digits (each 0 or 1).
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+ x = x >> 28; // Position the result.
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+ return x;
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+}
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+
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+// The following works only for 7-bit quantities.
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+int pop8(unsigned x) {
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+ x = x*0x02040810; // Make 4 copies, left-adjusted.
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+ x = x & 0x11111111; // Every 4th bit.
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+ x = x*0x11111111; // Sum the digits (each 0 or 1).
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+ x = x >> 28; // Position the result.
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+ return x;
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+}
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+
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+// The following works only for 15-bit quantities.
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+int pop9(unsigned x) {
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+ unsigned long long y;
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+ y = x * 0x0002000400080010ULL;
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+ y = y & 0x1111111111111111ULL;
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+ y = y * 0x1111111111111111ULL;
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+ y = y >> 60;
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+ return y;
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+}
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+
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+int errors;
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+void error(int x, int y) {
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+ errors = errors + 1;
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+ printf("Error for x = %08x, got %08x\n", x, y);
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+}
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+
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+int main()
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+{
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+ int i, n;
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+ static int test[] = {0,0, 1,1, 2,1, 3,2, 4,1, 5,2, 6,2, 7,3,
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+ 8,1, 9,2, 10,2, 11,3, 12,2, 13,3, 14,3, 15,4, 16,1, 17,2,
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+ 0x3F,6, 0x40,1, 0x41,2, 0x7f,7, 0x80,1, 0x81,2, 0xfe,7, 0xff,8,
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+ 0x4000,1, 0x4001,2, 0x7000,3, 0x7fff,15,
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+ 0x55555555,16, 0xAAAAAAAA, 16, 0xFF000000,8, 0xC0C0C0C0,8,
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+ 0x0FFFFFF0,24, 0x80000000,1, 0xFFFFFFFF,32};
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+
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+ std::size_t const Count = 10000000;
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+
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+ n = sizeof(test)/4;
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+
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+ std::clock_t TimestampBeg = 0;
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+ std::clock_t TimestampEnd = 0;
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop0(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop0(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop0: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop1(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop1(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop1: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop2(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop2(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop2: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop3(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop3(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop3: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop4(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop4(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop4: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop5(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop5(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop5: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop5a(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop5a(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop5a: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if (pop6(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop6(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop6: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if ((test[i] & 0xffffff00) == 0)
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+ if (pop7(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop7(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop7: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if ((test[i] & 0xffffff80) == 0)
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+ if (pop8(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop8(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop8: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ TimestampBeg = std::clock();
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+ for (std::size_t k = 0; k < Count; ++k)
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+ for (i = 0; i < n; i += 2) {
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+ if ((test[i] & 0xffff8000) == 0)
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+ if (pop9(test[i]) != test[i+1]) error(test[i], pop9(test[i]));}
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+ TimestampEnd = std::clock();
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+
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+ printf("pop9: %d clocks\n", TimestampEnd - TimestampBeg);
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+
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+ if (errors == 0)
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+ printf("Passed all %d cases.\n", sizeof(test)/8);
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+}
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