libigl/include/igl/copyleft/cgal/SelfIntersectMesh.h

// This file is part of libigl, a simple c++ geometry processing library.
// 
// Copyright (C) 2014 Alec Jacobson <[email protected]> 
// 
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License 
// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can 
// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
#ifndef IGL_COPYLEFT_CGAL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_H
#define IGL_COPYLEFT_CGAL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_H

#include "CGAL_includes.hpp"
#include "RemeshSelfIntersectionsParam.h"
#include "../../unique.h"
#include "../../default_num_threads.h"

#include <Eigen/Dense>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <cstdio>

//#define IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
#ifndef IGL_FIRST_HIT_EXCEPTION
#define IGL_FIRST_HIT_EXCEPTION 10
#endif

// The easiest way to keep track of everything is to use a class

namespace igl
{
  namespace copyleft
  {
    namespace cgal
    {
      /// Class for computing the self-intersections of a mesh
      ///
      /// @tparam Kernel is a CGAL kernel like:
      ///     CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel
      /// or
      ///     CGAL::Exact_predicates_exact_constructions_kernel
      template <
        typename Kernel,
        typename DerivedV,
        typename DerivedF,
        typename DerivedVV,
        typename DerivedFF,
        typename DerivedIF,
        typename DerivedJ,
        typename DerivedIM>
      class SelfIntersectMesh
      {
        typedef
          SelfIntersectMesh<
          Kernel,
          DerivedV,
          DerivedF,
          DerivedVV,
          DerivedFF,
          DerivedIF,
          DerivedJ,
          DerivedIM> Self;
        public:
          // 3D Primitives
          typedef CGAL::Point_3<Kernel>    Point_3;
          typedef CGAL::Segment_3<Kernel>  Segment_3;
          typedef CGAL::Triangle_3<Kernel> Triangle_3;
          typedef CGAL::Plane_3<Kernel>    Plane_3;
          typedef CGAL::Tetrahedron_3<Kernel> Tetrahedron_3;
          // 2D Primitives
          typedef CGAL::Point_2<Kernel>    Point_2;
          typedef CGAL::Segment_2<Kernel>  Segment_2;
          typedef CGAL::Triangle_2<Kernel> Triangle_2;
          // 2D Constrained Delaunay Triangulation types
          typedef CGAL::Exact_intersections_tag Itag;
          // Axis-align boxes for all-pairs self-intersection detection
          typedef std::vector<Triangle_3> Triangles;
          typedef typename Triangles::iterator TrianglesIterator;
          typedef typename Triangles::const_iterator TrianglesConstIterator;
          typedef
            CGAL::Box_intersection_d::Box_with_handle_d<double,3,TrianglesIterator>
            Box;

          // Input mesh
          const Eigen::MatrixBase<DerivedV> & V;
          const Eigen::MatrixBase<DerivedF> & F;
          // Number of self-intersecting triangle pairs
          typedef typename DerivedF::Index Index;
          Index count;
          typedef std::vector<std::pair<Index, CGAL::Object>> ObjectList;
          // Using a vector here makes this **not** output sensitive
          Triangles T;
          typedef std::vector<Index> IndexList;
          IndexList lIF;
          // #F-long list of faces with intersections mapping to the order in
          // which they were first found
          std::map<Index,ObjectList> offending;
          // Make a short name for the edge map's key
          typedef std::pair<Index,Index> EMK;
          // Make a short name for the type stored at each edge, the edge map's
          // value
          typedef std::vector<Index> EMV;
          // Make a short name for the edge map
          typedef std::map<EMK,EMV> EdgeMap;
          // Maps edges of offending faces to all incident offending faces
          std::vector<std::pair<TrianglesIterator, TrianglesIterator> >
              candidate_triangle_pairs;

        public:
          RemeshSelfIntersectionsParam params;
        public:
          /// Constructs (VV,FF) a new mesh with self-intersections of (V,F)
          /// subdivided
          ///
          /// @param[in] V  #V by 3 list of vertex positions
          /// @param[in] F  #F by 3 list of triangle indices into V
          /// @param[in] params  parameters
          /// @param[out] VV  #VV by 3 list of vertex positions
          /// @param[out] FF  #FF by 3 list of triangle indices into VV
          /// @param[out] IF  #IF by 2 list of edge indices into VV
          /// @param[out] J  #F list of indices into FF of birth parents
          /// @param[out] IM  #VV list of indices into V of birth parents
          ///
          ///
          /// \see remesh_self_intersections.h
          inline SelfIntersectMesh(
              const Eigen::MatrixBase<DerivedV> & V,
              const Eigen::MatrixBase<DerivedF> & F,
              const RemeshSelfIntersectionsParam & params,
              Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedVV> & VV,
              Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedFF> & FF,
              Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedIF> & IF,
              Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedJ> & J,
              Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedIM> & IM);
        private:
          /// Helper function to mark a face as offensive
          ///
          /// @param[in] f  index of face in F
          inline void mark_offensive(const Index f);
          /// Helper function to count intersections between faces
          ///
          /// @param[in] fa  index of face A in F
          /// @param[in] fb  index of face B in F
          inline void count_intersection( const Index fa, const Index fb);
          /// Helper function for box_intersect. Intersect two triangles A and B,
          /// append the intersection object (point,segment,triangle) to a running
          /// list for A and B
          ///
          /// @param[in] A  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] B  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] fa  index of A in F (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] fb  index of B in F (and key into offending)
          /// @return true only if A intersects B
          ///
          inline bool intersect(
              const Triangle_3 & A,
              const Triangle_3 & B,
              const Index fa,
              const Index fb);
          /// Helper function for box_intersect. In the case where A and B have
          /// already been identified to share a vertex, then we only want to
          /// add possible segment intersections. Assumes truly duplicate
          /// triangles are not given as input
          ///
          /// @param[in] A  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] B  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] fa  index of A in F (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] fb  index of B in F (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] va  index of shared vertex in A (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] vb  index of shared vertex in B (and key into offending)
          /// @return true if intersection (besides shared point)
          ///
          inline bool single_shared_vertex(
              const Triangle_3 & A,
              const Triangle_3 & B,
              const Index fa,
              const Index fb,
              const Index va,
              const Index vb);
          //// Helper handling one direction
          ///
          /// @param[in] A  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] B  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] fa  index of A in F (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] fb  index of B in F (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] va  index of shared vertex in A (and key into offending)
          /// @return true if intersection (besides shared point)
          inline bool single_shared_vertex(
              const Triangle_3 & A,
              const Triangle_3 & B,
              const Index fa,
              const Index fb,
              const Index va);
          /// Helper function for box_intersect. In the case where A and B have
          /// already been identified to share two vertices, then we only want
          /// to add a possible coplanar (Triangle) intersection. Assumes truly
          /// degenerate facets are not givin as input.
          ///
          /// @param[in] A  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] B  triangle in 3D
          /// @param[in] fa  index of A in F (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] fb  index of B in F (and key into offending)
          /// @param[in] shared  list of pairs of indices of shared vertices
          /// @return true if intersection (besides shared point)
          inline bool double_shared_vertex(
              const Triangle_3 & A,
              const Triangle_3 & B,
              const Index fa,
              const Index fb,
              const std::vector<std::pair<Index,Index> > shared);

        public:
          /// Callback function called during box self intersections test. Means
          /// boxes a and b intersect. This method then checks if the triangles
          /// in each box intersect and if so, then processes the intersections
          ///
          /// @param[in] a  box containing a triangle
          /// @param[in] b  box containing a triangle
          inline void box_intersect(const Box& a, const Box& b);
          /// Process all of the intersecting boxes
          inline void process_intersecting_boxes();
        public:
          // Getters:
          //const IndexList& get_lIF() const{ return lIF;}
          /// Static function that captures a SelfIntersectMesh instance to pass
          /// to cgal.
          /// @param[in] SIM  pointer to SelfIntersectMesh instance
          /// @param[in] a  box containing a triangle
          /// @param[in] b  box containing a triangle
          static inline void box_intersect_static(
            SelfIntersectMesh * SIM,
            const Box &a,
            const Box &b);
        private:
          std::mutex m_offending_lock;
      };
    }
  }
}

// Implementation

#include "mesh_to_cgal_triangle_list.h"
#include "remesh_intersections.h"

#include "../../get_seconds.h"
#include "../../C_STR.h"


#include <functional>
#include <algorithm>
#include <exception>
#include <cassert>

// References:
// http://minregret.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/skyline/src/extern/CGAL-3.3.1/examples/Polyhedron/polyhedron_self_intersection.cpp
// http://www.cgal.org/Manual/3.9/examples/Boolean_set_operations_2/do_intersect.cpp

// Q: Should we be using CGAL::Polyhedron_3?
// A: No! Input is just a list of unoriented triangles. Polyhedron_3 requires
// a 2-manifold.
// A: But! It seems we could use CGAL::Triangulation_3. Though it won't be easy
// to take advantage of functions like insert_in_facet because we want to
// constrain segments. Hmmm. Actually Triangulation_3 doesn't look right...

// CGAL's box_self_intersection_d uses C-style function callbacks without
// userdata. This is a leapfrog method for calling a member function. It should
// be bound as if the prototype was:
//   static void box_intersect(const Box &a, const Box &b)
// using boost:
//  boost::function<void(const Box &a,const Box &b)> cb
//    = boost::bind(&::box_intersect, this, _1,_2);
//
template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline void igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::box_intersect_static(
  Self * SIM,
  const typename Self::Box &a,
  const typename Self::Box &b)
{
  SIM->box_intersect(a,b);
}

template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::SelfIntersectMesh(
  const Eigen::MatrixBase<DerivedV> & V,
  const Eigen::MatrixBase<DerivedF> & F,
  const RemeshSelfIntersectionsParam & params,
  Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedVV> & VV,
  Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedFF> & FF,
  Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedIF> & IF,
  Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedJ> & J,
  Eigen::PlainObjectBase<DerivedIM> & IM):
  V(V),
  F(F),
  count(0),
  T(),
  lIF(),
  offending(),
  params(params)
{
#ifdef IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
  const auto & tictoc = []() -> double
  {
    static double t_start = igl::get_seconds();
    double diff = igl::get_seconds()-t_start;
    t_start += diff;
    return diff;
  };
  const auto log_time = [&](const std::string& label) -> void{
    std::printf("%50s: %0.5lf\n",
      C_STR("SelfIntersectMesh." << label),tictoc());
  };
  tictoc();
#endif

  // Compute and process self intersections
  mesh_to_cgal_triangle_list(V,F,T);
#ifdef IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
  log_time("convert_to_triangle_list");
#endif
  // http://www.cgal.org/Manual/latest/doc_html/cgal_manual/Box_intersection_d/Chapter_main.html#Section_63.5
  // Create the corresponding vector of bounding boxes
  std::vector<Box> boxes;
  boxes.reserve(T.size());
  for (
    TrianglesIterator tit = T.begin();
    tit != T.end();
    ++tit)
  {
    if (!tit->is_degenerate())
    {
      boxes.push_back(Box(tit->bbox(), tit));
    }
  }
  // Leapfrog callback
  std::function<void(const Box &a,const Box &b)> cb =
    std::bind(&box_intersect_static, this,
      // Explicitly use std namespace to avoid confusion with boost (who puts
      // _1 etc. in global namespace)
      std::placeholders::_1,
      std::placeholders::_2);
#ifdef IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
  log_time("box_and_bind");
#endif
  // Run the self intersection algorithm with given cutoff size
  CGAL::box_self_intersection_d(boxes.begin(), boxes.end(),cb,std::ptrdiff_t(params.cutoff));
#ifdef IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
  log_time("box_intersection_d");
#endif
  try{
    process_intersecting_boxes();
  }catch(int e)
  {
    // Rethrow if not IGL_FIRST_HIT_EXCEPTION
    if(e != IGL_FIRST_HIT_EXCEPTION)
    {
      throw e;
    }
    // Otherwise just fall through
  }
#ifdef IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
  log_time("resolve_intersection");
#endif

  // Convert lIF to Eigen matrix
  assert(lIF.size()%2 == 0);
  IF.resize(lIF.size()/2,2);
  {
    Index i=0;
    for(
      typename IndexList::const_iterator ifit = lIF.begin();
      ifit!=lIF.end();
      )
    {
      IF(i,0) = (*ifit);
      ifit++;
      IF(i,1) = (*ifit);
      ifit++;
      i++;
    }
  }
#ifdef IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
  log_time("store_intersecting_face_pairs");
#endif

  if(params.detect_only)
  {
    return;
  }

  remesh_intersections(
    V,F,T,offending,
    params.stitch_all,params.slow_and_more_precise_rounding,VV,FF,J,IM);

#ifdef IGL_SELFINTERSECTMESH_TIMING
  log_time("remesh_intersection");
#endif
}


template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline void igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::mark_offensive(const Index f)
{
  lIF.push_back(f);
  if(offending.count(f) == 0)
  {
    // first time marking, initialize with new id and empty list
    offending[f] = {};
  }
}

template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline void igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::count_intersection(
  const Index fa,
  const Index fb)
{
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(m_offending_lock);
  mark_offensive(fa);
  mark_offensive(fb);
  this->count++;
  // We found the first intersection
  if(params.first_only && this->count >= 1)
  {
    throw IGL_FIRST_HIT_EXCEPTION;
  }

}

template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline bool igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::intersect(
  const Triangle_3 & A,
  const Triangle_3 & B,
  const Index fa,
  const Index fb)
{
  // Determine whether there is an intersection
  if(!CGAL::do_intersect(A,B))
  {
    return false;
  }
  count_intersection(fa,fb);
  if(!params.detect_only)
  {
    // Construct intersection
    CGAL::Object result = CGAL::intersection(A,B);
    // Could avoid this mutex if `offending` was per-thread and passed as input
    // reference.
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(m_offending_lock);
    offending[fa].push_back({fb, result});
    offending[fb].push_back({fa, result});
  }
  return true;
}

template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline bool igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::single_shared_vertex(
  const Triangle_3 & A,
  const Triangle_3 & B,
  const Index fa,
  const Index fb,
  const Index va,
  const Index vb)
{
  if(single_shared_vertex(A,B,fa,fb,va))
  {
    return true;
  }
  return single_shared_vertex(B,A,fb,fa,vb);
}

template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline bool igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::single_shared_vertex(
  const Triangle_3 & A,
  const Triangle_3 & B,
  const Index fa,
  const Index fb,
  const Index va)
{
  // This was not a good idea. It will not handle coplanar triangles well.
  Segment_3 sa(
    A.vertex((va+1)%3),
    A.vertex((va+2)%3));

  if(CGAL::do_intersect(sa,B))
  {
    // can't put count_intersection(fa,fb) here since we use intersect below
    // and then it will be counted twice.
    if(params.detect_only)
    {
      count_intersection(fa,fb);
      return true;
    }
    CGAL::Object result = CGAL::intersection(sa,B);
    if(const Point_3 * p = CGAL::object_cast<Point_3 >(&result))
    {
      // Single intersection --> segment from shared point to intersection
      CGAL::Object seg = CGAL::make_object(Segment_3(
        A.vertex(va),
        *p));
      count_intersection(fa,fb);
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(m_offending_lock);
      offending[fa].push_back({fb, seg});
      offending[fb].push_back({fa, seg});
      return true;
    }else if(CGAL::object_cast<Segment_3 >(&result))
    {
      // Need to do full test. Intersection could be a general poly.
      bool test = intersect(A,B,fa,fb);
      ((void)test);
      assert(test && "intersect should agree with do_intersect");
      return true;
    }else
    {
      // Should never happen.
      assert(false && "Segment ∩ triangle neither point nor segment?");
    }
  }

  return false;
}


template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline bool igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::double_shared_vertex(
  const Triangle_3 & A,
  const Triangle_3 & B,
  const Index fa,
  const Index fb,
  const std::vector<std::pair<Index,Index> > shared)
{
  auto opposite_vertex = [](const Index a0, const Index a1) {
    // get opposite index of A
    int a2=-1;
	for(int c=0;c<3;++c)
      if(c!=a0 && c!=a1) {
        a2 = c;
        break;
      }
      assert(a2 != -1);
      return a2;
  };

  // must be co-planar
  Index a2 = opposite_vertex(shared[0].first, shared[1].first);
  if (! B.supporting_plane().has_on(A.vertex(a2)))
    return false;
  
  Index b2 = opposite_vertex(shared[0].second, shared[1].second);

  if (int(CGAL::coplanar_orientation(A.vertex(shared[0].first), A.vertex(shared[1].first), A.vertex(a2))) * 
	  int(CGAL::coplanar_orientation(B.vertex(shared[0].second), B.vertex(shared[1].second), B.vertex(b2))) < 0)
    // There is certainly no self intersection as the non-shared triangle vertices lie on opposite sides of the shared edge.
    return false;

  // Since A and B are non-degenerate the intersection must be a polygon
  // (triangle). Either
  //   - the vertex of A (B) opposite the shared edge of lies on B (A), or
  //   - an edge of A intersects and edge of B without sharing a vertex
  //
  // Determine if the vertex opposite edge (a0,a1) in triangle A lies in
  // (intersects) triangle B
  const auto & opposite_point_inside = [](
    const Triangle_3 & A, const Index a2, const Triangle_3 & B) 
    -> bool
  {
    return CGAL::do_intersect(A.vertex(a2),B);
  };

  // Determine if edge opposite vertex va in triangle A intersects edge
  // opposite vertex vb in triangle B.
  const auto & opposite_edges_intersect = [](
    const Triangle_3 & A, const Index va,
    const Triangle_3 & B, const Index vb) -> bool
  {
    Segment_3 sa( A.vertex((va+1)%3), A.vertex((va+2)%3));
    Segment_3 sb( B.vertex((vb+1)%3), B.vertex((vb+2)%3));
    bool ret = CGAL::do_intersect(sa,sb);
    return ret;
  };

  if( 
    !opposite_point_inside(A,a2,B) &&
    !opposite_point_inside(B,b2,A) &&
    !opposite_edges_intersect(A,shared[0].first,B,shared[1].second) && 
    !opposite_edges_intersect(A,shared[1].first,B,shared[0].second))
  {
    return false;
  }

  // there is an intersection indeed
  count_intersection(fa,fb);
  if(params.detect_only)
  {
    return true;
  }
  // Construct intersection
  try
  {
    // This can fail for Epick but not Epeck
    CGAL::Object result = CGAL::intersection(A,B);
    if(!result.empty())
    {
      if(CGAL::object_cast<Segment_3 >(&result))
      {
        // not coplanar
        assert(false &&
          "Co-planar non-degenerate triangles should intersect over triangle");
        return false;
      } else if(CGAL::object_cast<Point_3 >(&result))
      {
        // this "shouldn't" happen but does for inexact
        assert(false &&
          "Co-planar non-degenerate triangles should intersect over triangle");
        return false;
      } else
      {
        // Triangle object
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(m_offending_lock);
        offending[fa].push_back({fb, result});
        offending[fb].push_back({fa, result});
        return true;
      }
    }else
    {
      // CGAL::intersection is disagreeing with do_intersect
      assert(false && "CGAL::intersection should agree with predicate tests");
      return false;
    }
  }catch(...)
  {
    // This catches some cgal assertion:
    //     CGAL error: assertion violation!
    //     Expression : is_finite(d)
    //     File       : /opt/local/include/CGAL/GMP/Gmpq_type.h
    //     Line       : 132
    //     Explanation:
    // But only if NDEBUG is not defined, otherwise there's an uncaught
    // "Floating point exception: 8" SIGFPE
    return false;
  }
  // No intersection.
  return false;
}

template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline void igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::box_intersect(
  const Box& a,
  const Box& b)
{
  candidate_triangle_pairs.push_back({a.handle(), b.handle()});
}

template <
  typename Kernel,
  typename DerivedV,
  typename DerivedF,
  typename DerivedVV,
  typename DerivedFF,
  typename DerivedIF,
  typename DerivedJ,
  typename DerivedIM>
inline void igl::copyleft::cgal::SelfIntersectMesh<
  Kernel,
  DerivedV,
  DerivedF,
  DerivedVV,
  DerivedFF,
  DerivedIF,
  DerivedJ,
  DerivedIM>::process_intersecting_boxes()
{
  std::mutex exception_mutex;
  bool exception_fired = false;
  int exception = -1;
  // Eventually switching to igl::parallel_for would be good, but currently
  // igl::parallel_for does not provide a way to catch exceptions fired on a
  // spawned thread _outside_ of its loop-chunk which is the mechanism used here
  // to bail out early when `first_only=true` to avoid
  // O(#candidate_triangle_pairs) behavior.
  auto process_chunk = [&]( const size_t first, const size_t last) -> void
  {
    try
    {
      assert(last >= first);

      for (size_t i=first; i<last; i++)
      {
        if(exception_fired) return;
        Index fa=T.size(), fb=T.size();
        {
          const auto& tri_pair = candidate_triangle_pairs[i];
          fa = tri_pair.first - T.begin();
          fb = tri_pair.second - T.begin();
        }
        assert(fa < T.size());
        assert(fb < T.size());

        if(exception_fired) return;

        const Triangle_3& A = T[fa];
        const Triangle_3& B = T[fb];

        // Number of combinatorially shared vertices
        Index comb_shared_vertices = 0;
        // Number of geometrically shared vertices (*not* including
        // combinatorially shared)
        Index geo_shared_vertices = 0;
        // Keep track of shared vertex indices
        std::vector<std::pair<Index,Index> > shared;
        Index ea,eb;
        for(ea=0;ea<3;ea++)
        {
          for(eb=0;eb<3;eb++)
          {
            if(F(fa,ea) == F(fb,eb))
            {
              comb_shared_vertices++;
              shared.emplace_back(ea,eb);
            }else if(A.vertex(ea) == B.vertex(eb))
            {
              geo_shared_vertices++;
              shared.emplace_back(ea,eb);
            }
          }
        }
        const Index total_shared_vertices =
          comb_shared_vertices + geo_shared_vertices;
        if(exception_fired) return;

        if(comb_shared_vertices== 3)
        {
          assert(shared.size() == 3);
          // Combinatorially duplicate face, these should be removed by
          // preprocessing
          continue;
        }
        if(total_shared_vertices== 3)
        {
          assert(shared.size() == 3);
          // Geometrically duplicate face, these should be removed by
          // preprocessing
          continue;
        }
        if(total_shared_vertices == 2)
        {
          assert(shared.size() == 2);
          // Q: What about coplanar?
          //
          // o    o
          // |\  /|
          // | \/ |
          // | /\ |
          // |/  \|
          // o----o
          double_shared_vertex(A,B,fa,fb,shared);
          continue;
        }
        assert(total_shared_vertices<=1);
        if(total_shared_vertices==1)
        {
          single_shared_vertex(A,B,fa,fb,shared[0].first,shared[0].second);
        }else
        {
          intersect(A,B,fa,fb);
        }
      }
    }catch(int e)
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> exception_lock(exception_mutex);
      exception_fired = true;
      exception = e;
    }
  };
  const size_t num_threads = default_num_threads();
  assert(num_threads > 0);
  const size_t num_pairs = candidate_triangle_pairs.size();
  const size_t chunk_size = num_pairs / num_threads;
  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
  for (size_t i=0; i<num_threads-1; i++)
  {
    threads.emplace_back(process_chunk, i*chunk_size, (i+1)*chunk_size);
  }
  // Do some work in the master thread.
  process_chunk((num_threads-1)*chunk_size, num_pairs);
  for (auto& t : threads)
  {
    if (t.joinable()) t.join();
  }
  if(exception_fired) throw exception;
  //process_chunk(0, candidate_triangle_pairs.size());
}

#endif