Ditch stuff like has_key and backticks

direct/src/actor/Actor.py

@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ class Actor(DirectObject, NodePath):
             print 'LOD:', lodName
             for partName, bundle, animInfo in lodInfo:
                 print '  Part:', partName
-                print '  Bundle:', `bundle`
+                print '  Bundle:', repr(bundle)
                 for animName, file, animControl in animInfo:
                     print '    Anim:', animName
                     print '      File:', file

direct/src/cluster/ClusterClient.py

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class ClusterClient(DirectObject.DirectObject):
         
     def getNodePathFindCmd(self, nodePath):
         import string
-        pathString = `nodePath`
+        pathString = repr(nodePath)
         index = string.find(pathString, '/')
         if index != -1:
             rootName = pathString[:index]
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class ClusterClient(DirectObject.DirectObject):
 
     def getNodePathName(self, nodePath):
         import string
-        pathString = `nodePath`
+        pathString = repr(nodePath)
         index = string.find(pathString, '/')
         if index != -1:
             name = pathString[index+1:]

direct/src/directdevices/DirectDeviceManager.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class DirectButtons(ButtonNode, DirectObject):
         # Keep track of number of buttons created
         DirectButtons.buttonCount += 1
         # Create a unique name for this button object
-        self.name = 'DirectButtons-' + `DirectButtons.buttonCount`
+        self.name = 'DirectButtons-' + repr(DirectButtons.buttonCount)
         # Create a new button node for the given device
         ButtonNode.__init__(self, vrpnClient, device)
         # Attach node to data graph
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class DirectAnalogs(AnalogNode, DirectObject):
         # Keep track of number of analogs created
         DirectAnalogs.analogCount += 1
         # Create a unique name for this analog object
-        self.name = 'DirectAnalogs-' + `DirectAnalogs.analogCount`
+        self.name = 'DirectAnalogs-' + repr(DirectAnalogs.analogCount)
         # Create a new analog node for the given device
         AnalogNode.__init__(self, vrpnClient, device)
         # Attach node to data graph
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class DirectTracker(TrackerNode, DirectObject):
         # Keep track of number of trackers created
         DirectTracker.trackerCount += 1
         # Create a unique name for this tracker object
-        self.name = 'DirectTracker-' + `DirectTracker.trackerCount`
+        self.name = 'DirectTracker-' + repr(DirectTracker.trackerCount)
         # Create a new tracker node for the given device
         TrackerNode.__init__(self, vrpnClient, device)
         # Attach node to data graph
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class DirectDials(DialNode, DirectObject):
         # Keep track of number of dials created
         DirectDials.dialCount += 1
         # Create a unique name for this dial object
-        self.name = 'DirectDials-' + `DirectDials.dialCount`
+        self.name = 'DirectDials-' + repr(DirectDials.dialCount)
         # Create a new dial node for the given device
         DialNode.__init__(self, vrpnClient, device)
         # Attach node to data graph
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class DirectTimecodeReader(AnalogNode, DirectObject):
         DirectTimecodeReader.timecodeReaderCount += 1
         # Create a unique name for this dial object
         self.name = ('DirectTimecodeReader-' +
-                     `DirectTimecodeReader.timecodeReaderCount`)
+                     repr(DirectTimecodeReader.timecodeReaderCount))
         # Initialize components of timecode
         self.frames = 0
         self.seconds = 0

direct/src/directdevices/DirectFastrak.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class DirectFastrak(DirectObject):
             base.direct.deviceManager = DirectDeviceManager()
 
         # Set name
-        self.name = 'Fastrak-' + `DirectFastrak.fastrakCount`
+        self.name = 'Fastrak-' + repr(DirectFastrak.fastrakCount)
         self.deviceNo = DirectFastrak.fastrakCount
         DirectFastrak.fastrakCount += 1
 
@@ -64,5 +64,5 @@ class DirectFastrak(DirectObject):
         self.trackerPos = Vec3(3.280839895013123 * pos[2],
                                3.280839895013123 * pos[1],
                                3.280839895013123 * pos[0])
-        self.notify.debug("Tracker(%d) Pos = %s" % (self.deviceNo, `self.trackerPos`))
+        self.notify.debug("Tracker(%d) Pos = %s" % (self.deviceNo, repr(self.trackerPos)))
 

direct/src/directdevices/DirectJoybox.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class DirectJoybox(DirectObject):
             base.direct.deviceManager = DirectDeviceManager()
         # Set name
         DirectJoybox.joyboxCount += 1
-        self.name = 'Joybox-' + `DirectJoybox.joyboxCount`
+        self.name = 'Joybox-' + repr(DirectJoybox.joyboxCount)
         # Get buttons and analogs
         self.device = device
         self.analogs = base.direct.deviceManager.createAnalogs(self.device)
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class DirectJoybox(DirectObject):
     def getRefCS(self):
         return self.refCS
     def getEventName(self, index):
-        return self.name + '-button-' + `index`
+        return self.name + '-button-' + repr(index)
     def setXyzMultiplier(self, multiplier):
         DirectJoybox.xyzMultiplier = multiplier
     def getXyzMultiplier(self):

direct/src/directdevices/DirectRadamec.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class DirectRadamec(DirectObject):
         if base.direct.deviceManager == None:
             base.direct.deviceManager = DirectDeviceManager()
         # Set name
-        self.name = 'Radamec-' + `DirectRadamec.radamecCount`
+        self.name = 'Radamec-' + repr(DirectRadamec.radamecCount)
         DirectRadamec.radamecCount += 1
         # Get analogs
         self.device = device

direct/src/directnotify/DirectNotify.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class DirectNotify:
         Make a new notify category named categoryName. Return new category
         if no such category exists, else return existing category
         """
-        if (not self.__categories.has_key(categoryName)):
+        if (categoryName not in self.__categories):
             self.__categories[categoryName] = Notifier.Notifier(categoryName, logger)
             self.setDconfigLevel(categoryName)
         return (self.getCategory(categoryName))

direct/src/directtools/DirectCameraControl.py

@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ class DirectCameraControl(DirectObject):
 ##             ['n', self.pickNextCOA],
 ##             ['u', self.orbitUprightCam],
 ##             ['shift-u', self.uprightCam],
-##             [`1`, self.spawnMoveToView, 1],
-##             [`2`, self.spawnMoveToView, 2],
-##             [`3`, self.spawnMoveToView, 3],
-##             [`4`, self.spawnMoveToView, 4],
-##             [`5`, self.spawnMoveToView, 5],
-##             [`6`, self.spawnMoveToView, 6],
-##             [`7`, self.spawnMoveToView, 7],
-##             [`8`, self.spawnMoveToView, 8],
+##             [repr(1), self.spawnMoveToView, 1],
+##             [repr(2), self.spawnMoveToView, 2],
+##             [repr(3), self.spawnMoveToView, 3],
+##             [repr(4), self.spawnMoveToView, 4],
+##             [repr(5), self.spawnMoveToView, 5],
+##             [repr(6), self.spawnMoveToView, 6],
+##             [repr(7), self.spawnMoveToView, 7],
+##             [repr(8), self.spawnMoveToView, 8],
 ##             ['9', self.swingCamAboutWidget, -90.0, t],
 ##             ['0', self.swingCamAboutWidget,  90.0, t],
 ##             ['`', self.removeManipulateCameraTask],
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ class DirectCameraControl(DirectObject):
             # MRM: Would be nice to be able to control this
             # At least display it
             dist = pow(10.0, self.nullHitPointCount)
-            base.direct.message('COA Distance: ' + `dist`)
+            base.direct.message('COA Distance: ' + repr(dist))
             coa.set(0, dist, 0)
         # Compute COA Dist
         coaDist = Vec3(coa - ZERO_POINT).length()

direct/src/directtools/DirectLights.py

@@ -60,19 +60,19 @@ class DirectLights(NodePath):
         type = type.lower()
         if type == 'ambient':
             self.ambientCount += 1
-            light = AmbientLight('ambient-' + `self.ambientCount`)
+            light = AmbientLight('ambient-' + repr(self.ambientCount))
             light.setColor(VBase4(.3, .3, .3, 1))
         elif type == 'directional':
             self.directionalCount += 1
-            light = DirectionalLight('directional-' + `self.directionalCount`)
+            light = DirectionalLight('directional-' + repr(self.directionalCount))
             light.setColor(VBase4(1))
         elif type == 'point':
             self.pointCount += 1
-            light = PointLight('point-' + `self.pointCount`)
+            light = PointLight('point-' + repr(self.pointCount))
             light.setColor(VBase4(1))
         elif type == 'spot':
             self.spotCount += 1
-            light = Spotlight('spot-' + `self.spotCount`)
+            light = Spotlight('spot-' + repr(self.spotCount))
             light.setColor(VBase4(1))
             light.setLens(PerspectiveLens())
         else:

direct/src/directtools/DirectSelection.py

@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ class DirectBoundingBox:
         return '%.2f %.2f %.2f' % (vec[0], vec[1], vec[2])
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return (`self.__class__` +
+        return (repr(self.__class__) +
                 '\nNodePath:\t%s\n' % self.nodePath.getName() +
                 'Min:\t\t%s\n' % self.vecAsString(self.min) +
                 'Max:\t\t%s\n' % self.vecAsString(self.max) +

direct/src/distributed/AsyncRequest.py

@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class AsyncRequest(DirectObject):
         if self.numRetries > 0:
             assert AsyncRequest.notify.debug(
                 'Timed out. Trying %d more time(s) : %s' %
-                (self.numRetries + 1, `self.neededObjects`))
+                (self.numRetries + 1, repr(self.neededObjects)))
             self.numRetries -= 1
             return Task.again
         else:

direct/src/distributed/DoCollectionManager.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class DoCollectionManager:
         Returns list of distributed objects with matching str in value.
         """
         for value in self.doId2do.values():
-            if `value`.find(str) >= 0:
+            if repr(value).find(str) >= 0:
                 return value
 
     def doFindAll(self, str):
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class DoCollectionManager:
         """
         matches = []
         for value in self.doId2do.values():
-            if `value`.find(str) >= 0:
+            if repr(value).find(str) >= 0:
                 matches.append(value)
         return matches
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class DoCollectionManager:
         """
         matches = []
         for value in self.doId2do.values():
-            if re.search(str,`value`):
+            if re.search(str,repr(value)):
                 matches.append(value)
         return matches
         

direct/src/extensions_native/extension_native_helpers.py

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ if sys.platform == "win32":
         os.environ["PATH"] = target + ";" + path
 
 def Dtool_PreloadDLL(module):
-    if (sys.modules.has_key(module)):
+    if module in sys.modules:
         return
 
     # Search for the appropriate directory.

direct/src/ffi/DoGenPyCode.py

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def doErrorCheck():
     if (not codeLibs):
         FFIConstants.notify.error('You must specify one or more libraries to generate code from')
     else:
-        FFIConstants.notify.debug('Generating code for: ' + `codeLibs`)
+        FFIConstants.notify.debug('Generating code for: ' + repr(codeLibs))
         FFIConstants.CodeModuleNameList = codeLibs
 
 def generateNativeWrappers():

direct/src/ffi/FFIExternalObject.py

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class FFIExternalObject:
             for base in thisClass.__bases__:
                 res = self.getLineageInternal(base, targetBaseClass, chain+[base])
                 if res:
-                    # FFIConstants.notify.debug('getLineageInternal: found path: ' + `res`)
+                    # FFIConstants.notify.debug('getLineageInternal: found path: ' + repr(res))
                     return res
             # Not found anywhere
             return 0
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class FFIExternalObject:
         downcastChain = DowncastMap.get((fromClass, toClass))
         if downcastChain == None:
             downcastChain = self.getDowncastFunctions(toClass, fromClass)
-            #FFIConstants.notify.debug('downcast: computed downcast chain: ' + `downcastChain`)
+            #FFIConstants.notify.debug('downcast: computed downcast chain: ' + repr(downcastChain))
             # Store it for next time
             DowncastMap[(fromClass, toClass)] = downcastChain
         newObject = self
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class FFIExternalObject:
         except AssertionError, e:
             raise AssertionError, e
         except:
-            baseRepr = ('[' + self.__class__.__name__ + ' at: ' + `self.this` + ']')
+            baseRepr = ('[' + self.__class__.__name__ + ' at: ' + repr(self.this) + ']')
         # In any case, return the baseRepr
         return baseRepr
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class FFIExternalObject:
         # This is a more complete version of printing which shows the object type
         # and pointer, plus the output from write() or output() whichever is defined
         # Print this info for all objects
-        baseRepr = ('[' + self.__class__.__name__ + ' at: ' + `self.this` + ']')
+        baseRepr = ('[' + self.__class__.__name__ + ' at: ' + repr(self.this) + ']')
         # Lots of Panda classes have an write or output function defined that takes an Ostream
         # We create a LineStream for the write or output function to write to, then we extract
         # the string out of it and return it as our repr

direct/src/ffi/FFIInterrogateDatabase.py

@@ -219,10 +219,10 @@ def getTypeName(typeIndex, scoped=0):
         else:
             name = name + string.capitalize(nameComponents[i][0]) + nameComponents[i][1:]
 
-    FFIConstants.notify.debug('typeIndex: ' + `typeIndex` + ' typeName: ' + typeName + ' has name: ' + name)
+    FFIConstants.notify.debug('typeIndex: ' + repr(typeIndex) + ' typeName: ' + typeName + ' has name: ' + name)
 
     if not name:
-        FFIConstants.notify.warning('typeIndex: ' + `typeIndex` + ' typeName: ' + typeName + ' has no name')
+        FFIConstants.notify.warning('typeIndex: ' + repr(typeIndex) + ' typeName: ' + typeName + ' has no name')
         name = "UnnamedType"
 
     return name
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class FFIInterrogateDatabase:
             return  self.constructClassTypeDescriptor(typeIndex)
         
         else:
-            raise 'A type in the interrogate database was not recognized: '+ `typeIndex`
+            raise 'A type in the interrogate database was not recognized: '+ repr(typeIndex)
     
     def constructPrimitiveTypeDescriptor(self, typeIndex):
         if self.isDefinedType(typeIndex):
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class FFIInterrogateDatabase:
                 name =  FFIRename.nonClassNameFromCppName(
                     interrogate_wrapper_parameter_name(functionIndex, argIndex))
             else:
-                name = ('parameter' + `argIndex`)
+                name = ('parameter' + repr(argIndex))
             descriptor = self.constructDescriptor(
                 interrogate_wrapper_parameter_type(functionIndex, argIndex))
             

direct/src/ffi/FFIOverload.py

@@ -281,19 +281,19 @@ class FFIMethodArgumentTreeCollection:
             for tree in trees:
                 # If this is the first case, output an if clause
                 if (i == 0):
-                    indent(file, nesting+2, 'if (numArgs == ' + `numArgs` + '):\n')
+                    indent(file, nesting+2, 'if (numArgs == ' + repr(numArgs) + '):\n')
                 # If this is a subsequent first case, output an elif clause
                 else:
-                    indent(file, nesting+2, 'elif (numArgs == ' + `numArgs` + '):\n')
+                    indent(file, nesting+2, 'elif (numArgs == ' + repr(numArgs) + '):\n')
                 tree.setup()
                 tree.traverse(file, nesting+1, 0)
 
         # If the overloaded function got all the way through the if statements
         # it must have had the wrong number or type of arguments
         indent(file, nesting+2, "else:\n")
-        indent(file, nesting+3, "raise TypeError, 'Invalid number of arguments: ' + `numArgs` + ', expected one of: ")
+        indent(file, nesting+3, "raise TypeError, 'Invalid number of arguments: ' + repr(numArgs) + ', expected one of: ")
         for numArgs in numArgsKeys:
-            indent(file, 0, (`numArgs` + ' '))
+            indent(file, 0, (repr(numArgs) + ' '))
         indent(file, 0, "'\n")
 
         self.outputOverloadedMethodFooter(file, nesting)
@@ -428,17 +428,17 @@ class FFIMethodArgumentTree:
                 else:
                     # Otherwise, we'll check the particular type of
                     # the object.
-                    condition = '(isinstance(_args[' + `level` + '], ' + typeName + '))'
+                    condition = '(isinstance(_args[' + repr(level) + '], ' + typeName + '))'
                     # Legal types for a float parameter include int and long.
                     if (typeName == 'FloatType'):
-                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + `level` + '], IntType))')
-                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + `level` + '], LongType))')
+                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + repr(level) + '], IntType))')
+                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + repr(level) + '], LongType))')
                     # Legal types for a long parameter include int.
                     elif (typeName == 'LongType'):
-                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + `level` + '], IntType))')
+                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + repr(level) + '], IntType))')
                     # Legal types for an int parameter include long.
                     elif (typeName == 'IntType'):
-                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + `level` + '], LongType))')
+                        condition += (' or (isinstance(_args[' + repr(level) + '], LongType))')
 
                 indent(file, nesting+2, 'if ' + condition + ':\n')
 
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ class FFIMethodArgumentTree:
 
         # Output an else clause if one of the trees had arguments
         if oneTreeHasArgs:
-            indent(file, nesting+2, "raise TypeError, 'Invalid argument " + `level` + ", expected one of: ")
+            indent(file, nesting+2, "raise TypeError, 'Invalid argument " + repr(level) + ", expected one of: ")
             for name in typeNameList:
                 indent(file, 0, ('<' + name + '> '))
             indent(file, 0, "'\n")

direct/src/ffi/FFISpecs.py

@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ class ManifestSpecification:
         # with a getter
         if (self.intValue != None):
             indent(file, 0, '# Manifest: ' + self.name + '\n')
-            indent(file, 0, (self.name + ' = ' + `self.intValue` + '\n'))
+            indent(file, 0, (self.name + ' = ' + repr(self.intValue) + '\n'))
             indent(file, 0, '\n')
 
         elif self.definition:

direct/src/ffi/FFITypes.py

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class EnumTypeDescriptor(PrimitiveTypeDescriptor):
         on = 1
         """
         for key in self.values.keys():
-            indent(file, nesting, key + ' = ' + `self.values[key]` + '\n')
+            indent(file, nesting, key + ' = ' + repr(self.values[key]) + '\n')
 
 
 class DerivedTypeDescriptor(BaseTypeDescriptor):

direct/src/gui/DirectDialog.py

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class DirectDialog(DirectFrame):
         # Inherits from DirectFrame
         optiondefs = (
             # Define type of DirectGuiWidget
-            ('dialogName',        'DirectDialog_' + `DirectDialog.PanelIndex`,  DGG.INITOPT),
+            ('dialogName',        'DirectDialog_' + repr(DirectDialog.PanelIndex),  DGG.INITOPT),
             # Default position is slightly forward in Y, so as not to
             # intersect the near plane, which is incorrectly set to 0
             # in DX for some reason.
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class DirectDialog(DirectFrame):
         DirectFrame.__init__(self, parent)
 
         #if not self['dialogName']:
-        #    self['dialogName'] = 'DirectDialog_' + `DirectDialog.PanelIndex`
+        #    self['dialogName'] = 'DirectDialog_' + repr(DirectDialog.PanelIndex)
 
         # Clean up any previously existing panel with the same unique
         # name.  We don't allow any two panels with the same name to
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class DirectDialog(DirectFrame):
         self.buttonList = []
         index = 0
         for i in range(self.numButtons):
-            name = 'Button' + `i`
+            name = 'Button' + repr(i)
             try:
                 text = self['buttonTextList'][i]
             except IndexError:

direct/src/gui/DirectFrame.py

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class DirectFrame(DirectGuiWidget):
             textList = self['text']
         # Create/destroy components
         for i in range(self['numStates']):
-            component = 'text' + `i`
+            component = 'text' + repr(i)
             # If fewer items specified than numStates,
             # just repeat last item
             try:
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class DirectFrame(DirectGuiWidget):
             
         # Create/destroy components
         for i in range(self['numStates']):
-            component = 'geom' + `i`
+            component = 'geom' + repr(i)
             # If fewer items specified than numStates,
             # just repeat last item
             try:
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class DirectFrame(DirectGuiWidget):
                 imageList = arg
         # Create/destroy components
         for i in range(self['numStates']):
-            component = 'image' + `i`
+            component = 'image' + repr(i)
             # If fewer items specified than numStates,
             # just repeat last item
             try:

direct/src/gui/DirectScrolledList.py

@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ class DirectScrolledList(DirectFrame):
         if item in self["items"]:
             if hasattr(self, "currentSelected") and self.currentSelected is item:
                 del self.currentSelected
-            if (hasattr(item, 'destroy') and callable(item.destroy)):
+            if (hasattr(item, 'destroy') and hasattr(item.destroy, '__call__')):
                 item.destroy()
             self["items"].remove(item)
             if type(item) != type(''):
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ class DirectScrolledList(DirectFrame):
             item = self['items'][0]
             if hasattr(self, "currentSelected") and self.currentSelected is item:
                 del self.currentSelected
-            if (hasattr(item, 'destroy') and callable(item.destroy)):
+            if (hasattr(item, 'destroy') and hasattr(item.destroy, '__call__')):
                 item.destroy()
             self["items"].remove(item)
             if type(item) != type(''):

direct/src/http/webAIInspector.py

@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ def inspectorFor(anObject):
     else:
         print "Can't find an inspector for " + typeName
         inspectorName = 'Inspector'
-    inspector = eval(inspectorName + '(anObject)')
+    inspector = globals()[inspectorName](anObject)
     return inspector
 
 def initializeInspectorMap():
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ class Inspector:
         keys.sort()
         for each in keys:
             self._partsList.append(each)
-            #if not callable(eval('self.object.' + each)):
+            #if not hasattr(getattr(self.object, each), '__call__'):
             #    self._partsList.append(each)  
 
     def initializePartNames(self):
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class Inspector:
     def stringForPartNumber(self, partNumber):
         object = self.partNumber(partNumber)
         doc = None
-        if callable(object):
+        if hasattr(object, '__call__'):
             try:
                 doc = object.__doc__
             except:
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class Inspector:
             return self.object
         else:
             part = self.privatePartNumber(partNumber)
-            return eval('self.object.' + part)
+            return getattr(self.object, part)
 
     def inspectorFor(self, part):
         return inspectorFor(part)
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ class DictionaryInspector(Inspector):
         if self.object.has_key(key):
             return self.object[key]
         else:
-            return eval('self.object.' + key)
+            return getattr(self.object, key)
         
 class SequenceInspector(Inspector):
     def initializePartsList(self):
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ class SequenceInspector(Inspector):
         if type(index) == IntType:
             return self.object[index]
         else:
-            return eval('self.object.' + index)
+            return getattr(self.object, index)
     
 class SliceInspector(Inspector):
     def namedParts(self):

direct/src/interval/FunctionInterval.py

@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class PosHprScaleInterval(FunctionInterval):
 class Func(FunctionInterval):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
         function = args[0]
-        assert callable(function)
+        assert hasattr(function, '__call__')
         extraArgs = args[1:]
         kw['extraArgs'] = extraArgs
         FunctionInterval.__init__(self, function, **kw)

direct/src/interval/LerpInterval.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class LerpNodePathInterval(CLerpNodePathInterval):
         # parameter.
 
         for param in params:
-            if callable(param):
+            if hasattr(param, '__call__'):
                 return 1
         return 0
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class LerpNodePathInterval(CLerpNodePathInterval):
         # a callable functor, calls it; otherwise, uses the param
         # directly.
         if param != None:
-            if callable(param):
+            if hasattr(param, '__call__'):
                 func(param())
             else:
                 func(param)

direct/src/interval/ProjectileInterval.py

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ProjectileInterval(Interval):
         def doIndirections(*items):
             result = []
             for item in items:
-                if callable(item):
+                if hasattr(item, '__call__'):
                     item = item()
                 result.append(item)
             return result
@@ -214,10 +214,10 @@ class ProjectileInterval(Interval):
             self.endPos = self.__calcPos(self.duration)
             
         # these are the parameters that we need to know:
-        assert self.notify.debug('startPos: %s' % `self.startPos`)
-        assert self.notify.debug('endPos:   %s' % `self.endPos`)
+        assert self.notify.debug('startPos: %s' % repr(self.startPos))
+        assert self.notify.debug('endPos:   %s' % repr(self.endPos))
         assert self.notify.debug('duration: %s' % self.duration)
-        assert self.notify.debug('startVel: %s' % `self.startVel`)
+        assert self.notify.debug('startVel: %s' % repr(self.startVel))
         assert self.notify.debug('z-accel:  %s' % self.zAcc)            
 
     def __initialize(self):

direct/src/p3d/AppRunner.py

@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ class AppRunner(DirectObject):
 
             __import__(moduleName)
             main = sys.modules[moduleName]
-            if hasattr(main, 'main') and callable(main.main):
+            if hasattr(main, 'main') and hasattr(main.main, '__call__'):
                 main.main(self)
 
             # Now clear this flag.

direct/src/particles/Particles.py

@@ -365,31 +365,31 @@ class Particles(ParticleSystem):
                     typ = type(fun).__name__
                     if typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionConstant':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addConstant('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addConstant('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
                     elif typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionLinear':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
                         c_b = fun.getColorB()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addLinear('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_b[0]`+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addLinear('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_b[0])+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
                     elif typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionStepwave':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
                         c_b = fun.getColorB()
                         w_a = fun.getWidthA()
                         w_b = fun.getWidthB()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addStepwave('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_b[0]`+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   `w_a`+','+`w_b`+','+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addStepwave('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_b[0])+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   repr(w_a)+','+`w_b`+','+`mod`+')\n')
                     elif typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionSinusoid':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
                         c_b = fun.getColorB()
                         per = fun.getPeriod()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addSinusoid('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_b[0]`+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   `per`+','+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addSinusoid('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_b[0])+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   repr(per)+','+`mod`+')\n')
 
         elif (self.rendererType == "SparkleParticleRenderer"):
             file.write('# Sparkle parameters\n')
@@ -468,31 +468,31 @@ class Particles(ParticleSystem):
                     typ = type(fun).__name__
                     if typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionConstant':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addConstant('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addConstant('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
                     elif typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionLinear':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
                         c_b = fun.getColorB()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addLinear('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_b[0]`+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addLinear('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_b[0])+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),'+`mod`+')\n')
                     elif typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionStepwave':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
                         c_b = fun.getColorB()
                         w_a = fun.getWidthA()
                         w_b = fun.getWidthB()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addStepwave('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_b[0]`+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   `w_a`+','+`w_b`+','+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addStepwave('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_b[0])+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   repr(w_a)+','+`w_b`+','+`mod`+')\n')
                     elif typ == 'ColorInterpolationFunctionSinusoid':
                         c_a = fun.getColorA()
                         c_b = fun.getColorB()
                         per = fun.getPeriod()
-                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addSinusoid('+`t_b`+','+`t_e`+','+ \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_a[0]`+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   'Vec4('+`c_b[0]`+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
-                                   `per`+','+`mod`+')\n')
+                        file.write(targ+'.renderer.getColorInterpolationManager().addSinusoid('+repr(t_b)+','+`t_e`+','+ \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_a[0])+','+`c_a[1]`+','+`c_a[2]`+','+`c_a[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   'Vec4('+repr(c_b[0])+','+`c_b[1]`+','+`c_b[2]`+','+`c_b[3]`+'),' + \
+                                   repr(per)+','+`mod`+')\n')
 
         file.write('# Emitter parameters\n')
         emissionType = self.emitter.getEmissionType()

direct/src/pyinst/Builder.py

@@ -284,10 +284,10 @@ class FullExeTarget(ArchiveTarget):
 
     def gather(self):
         for script in self.script:
-            #print "FullExeTarget.gather: script is", `script`
+            #print "FullExeTarget.gather: script is", repr(script)
             rsrc = resource.makeresource(script, self.pathprefix)
             rsrc = resource.scriptresource(rsrc.name, rsrc.path)
-            #print " resource is", `rsrc`
+            #print " resource is", repr(rsrc)
             self.toc.merge(rsrc.binaries)
         ArchiveTarget.gather(self)
         if not self.zlib:
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ def main(opts, args):
                 break
         else:       #no break - couldn't find anything to build
             names = map(lambda x: getattr(x, 'name'), targets)
-            raise RuntimeError, "circular dependencies in %s" % `names`
+            raise RuntimeError, "circular dependencies in %s" % repr(names)
         targets = filter(None, targets)
 
 def run(file):

direct/src/pyinst/carchive.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class CTOC:
                                                   s[p:p+entrylen]) 
       nmlen = slen - entrylen 
       p = p + entrylen
-      (nm,) = struct.unpack(`nmlen`+'s', s[p:p+nmlen])
+      (nm,) = struct.unpack(repr(nmlen)+'s', s[p:p+nmlen])
       p = p + nmlen 
       self.data.append((dpos, dlen, ulen, flag, typcd, nm[:-1]))
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class CTOC:
     rslt = []
     for (dpos, dlen, ulen, flag, typcd, nm) in self.data:
       nmlen = len(nm) + 1       # add 1 for a '\0'
-      rslt.append(struct.pack(self.ENTRYSTRUCT+`nmlen`+'s',
+      rslt.append(struct.pack(self.ENTRYSTRUCT+repr(nmlen)+'s',
         nmlen+entrylen, dpos, dlen, ulen, flag, typcd, nm+'\0'))
     return string.join(rslt, '')
 

direct/src/pyinst/carchive_rt.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class CTOC:
                                                   s[p:p+entrylen]) 
       nmlen = slen - entrylen 
       p = p + entrylen
-      (nm,) = struct.unpack(`nmlen`+'s', s[p:p+nmlen])
+      (nm,) = struct.unpack(repr(nmlen)+'s', s[p:p+nmlen])
       p = p + nmlen 
       self.data.append((dpos, dlen, ulen, flag, typcd, nm[:-1]))
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class CTOC:
 ##    rslt = []
 ##    for (dpos, dlen, ulen, flag, typcd, nm) in self.data:
 ##      nmlen = len(nm) + 1     # add 1 for a '\0'
-##      rslt.append(struct.pack(self.ENTRYSTRUCT+`nmlen`+'s',
+##      rslt.append(struct.pack(self.ENTRYSTRUCT+repr(nmlen)+'s',
 ##        nmlen+entrylen, dpos, dlen, ulen, flag, typcd, nm+'\0'))
 ##    return string.join(rslt, '')
 ##

direct/src/pyinst/ltoc.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class lTOC(UserList.UserList):
                     raise ValueError, "can't make filter from %s", repr(filter)
             else:
                 raise ValueError, "can't make filter from %s", repr(filter)
-        print " added filter", `self.filters[-1]`             
+        print " added filter", repr(self.filters[-1])             
             
    
 if __name__ == '__main__':

direct/src/pyinst/modulefinder.py

@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ class Module:
         self.__code__ = None
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        s = "Module(%s" % `self.__name__`
+        s = "Module(%s" % repr(self.__name__)
         if self.__file__ is not None:
-            s = s + ", %s" % `self.__file__`
+            s = s + ", %s" % repr(self.__file__)
         if self.__path__ is not None:
-            s = s + ", %s" % `self.__path__`
+            s = s + ", %s" % repr(self.__path__)
         s = s + ")"
         return s
 
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ def test():
     if debug > 1:
         print "path:"
         for item in path:
-            print "   ", `item`
+            print "   ", repr(item)
 
     # Create the module finder and turn its crank
     mf = ModuleFinder(path, debug, exclude)

direct/src/pyinst/resource.py

@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class dirresource(resource):
                         self._contents.append(rsrc)
             except ValueError, e:
                 raise RuntimeError, "Can't make resource from %s\n ValueError: %s" \
-                      % (os.path.join(self.path, fnm), `e.args`)
+                      % (os.path.join(self.path, fnm), repr(e.args))
         return self._contents
     def asFilter(self):
         return tocfilter.DirFilter([self.path])

direct/src/showbase/BufferViewer.py

@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ class BufferViewer(DirectObject):
             win = base.graphicsEngine.getWindow(iwin)
             for itex in range(win.countTextures()):
                 tex = win.getTexture(itex)
-                if (include.has_key(tex)) and (exclude.has_key(tex)==0):
+                if (tex in include) and (tex not in exclude):
                     if (tex.getTextureType() == Texture.TTCubeMap):
                         for face in range(6):
                             self.cardmaker.setUvRangeCube(face)
@@ -347,9 +347,9 @@ class BufferViewer(DirectObject):
 
         if (float(self.sizex)==0.0) and (float(self.sizey)==0.0):
             sizey = int(0.4266666667 * base.win.getYSize())
-            sizex = (sizey * aspectx) / aspecty
-            v_sizey = (base.win.getYSize() - (rows-1) - (rows*2)) / rows
-            v_sizex = (v_sizey * aspectx) / aspecty
+            sizex = (sizey * aspectx) // aspecty
+            v_sizey = (base.win.getYSize() - (rows-1) - (rows*2)) // rows
+            v_sizex = (v_sizey * aspectx) // aspecty
             if (v_sizey < sizey) or (v_sizex < sizex):
                 sizey = v_sizey
                 sizex = v_sizex
@@ -361,15 +361,15 @@ class BufferViewer(DirectObject):
             if (h_sizex < 1.0):
                 h_sizex = 1.0
 
-            h_sizey = (h_sizex * aspecty) / aspectx
+            h_sizey = (h_sizex * aspecty) // aspectx
             if (h_sizey < sizey) or (h_sizex < sizex):
                 sizey = h_sizey
                 sizex = h_sizex
         else:
             sizex = int(self.sizex * 0.5 * base.win.getXSize())
             sizey = int(self.sizey * 0.5 * base.win.getYSize())
-            if (sizex == 0): sizex = (sizey*aspectx) / aspecty
-            if (sizey == 0): sizey = (sizex*aspecty) / aspectx
+            if (sizex == 0): sizex = (sizey*aspectx) // aspecty
+            if (sizey == 0): sizey = (sizex*aspecty) // aspectx
 
         # Convert from pixels to render2d-units.
         fsizex = (2.0 * sizex) / float(base.win.getXSize())        

direct/src/showbase/DistancePhasedNode.py

@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@ class DistancePhasedNode(PhasedObject, DirectObject, NodePath):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         outStr = 'DistancePhasedObject('
-        outStr += '%s' % `self.getName()`
+        outStr += '%s' % repr(self.getName())
         for param, value in zip(('phaseParamMap', 'autoCleanup', 'enterPrefix', 'exitPrefix', 'phaseCollideMask', 'fromCollideNode'),
                                 ('{}', 'True','\'enter\'','\'exit\'','BitMask32.allOn()','None')):
-            outStr += eval('(\', ' + param + ' = %s\' % `self.' + param + '`,\'\')[self.' + param + ' == ' + value + ']')
+            outStr += eval('(\', ' + param + ' = %s\' % repr(self.' + param + '),\'\')[self.' + param + ' == ' + value + ']')
         outStr += ')'
         return outStr
 
@@ -287,10 +287,10 @@ class BufferedDistancePhasedNode(DistancePhasedNode):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         outStr = 'BufferedDistancePhasedNode('
-        outStr += '%s' % `self.getName()`
+        outStr += '%s' % repr(self.getName())
         for param, value in zip(('bufferParamMap', 'autoCleanup', 'enterPrefix', 'exitPrefix', 'phaseCollideMask', 'fromCollideNode'),
                                 ('{}', 'True','\'enter\'','\'exit\'','BitMask32.allOn()', 'None')):
-            outStr += eval('(\', ' + param + ' = %s\' % `self.' + param + '`,\'\')[self.' + param + ' == ' + value + ']')
+            outStr += eval('(\', ' + param + ' = %s\' % repr(self.' + param + '),\'\')[self.' + param + ' == ' + value + ']')
         outStr += ')'
         return outStr
 

direct/src/showbase/EventManager.py

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class EventManager:
             # Do not print the new frame debug, it is too noisy!
             if (EventManager.notify.getDebug() and eventName != 'NewFrame'):
                 EventManager.notify.debug('received C++ event named: ' + eventName +
-                                          ' parameters: ' + `paramList`)
+                                          ' parameters: ' + repr(paramList))
             # **************************************************************
             # ******** Duplicate any changes in processEventPstats *********
             # **************************************************************
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class EventManager:
             # Do not print the new frame debug, it is too noisy!
             if (EventManager.notify.getDebug() and eventName != 'NewFrame'):
                 EventManager.notify.debug('received C++ event named: ' + eventName +
-                                          ' parameters: ' + `paramList`)
+                                          ' parameters: ' + repr(paramList))
             # Send the event, we used to send it with the event 
             # name as a parameter, but now you can use extraArgs for that
             # ********************************************************

direct/src/showbase/Messenger.py

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class Messenger:
                  safeRepr(extraArgs), persistent))
 
         # Make sure that the method is callable
-        assert callable(method), (
+        assert hasattr(method, '__call__'), (
             "method not callable in accept (ignoring): %s %s"%
             (safeRepr(method), safeRepr(extraArgs)))
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class Messenger:
 
             # Make sure we are not inadvertently overwriting an existing event
             # on this particular object.
-            if acceptorDict.has_key(id):
+            if id in acceptorDict:
                 # TODO: we're replacing the existing callback. should this be an error?
                 if notifyDebug:        
                     oldMethod = acceptorDict[id][0]
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class Messenger:
             # Find the dictionary of all the objects accepting this event
             acceptorDict = self.__callbacks.get(event)
             # If this object is there, delete it from the dictionary
-            if acceptorDict and acceptorDict.has_key(id):
+            if acceptorDict and id in acceptorDict:
                 del acceptorDict[id]
                 # If this dictionary is now empty, remove the event
                 # entry from the Messenger alltogether
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class Messenger:
 
             # This object is no longer listening for this event
             eventDict = self.__objectEvents.get(id)
-            if eventDict and eventDict.has_key(event):
+            if eventDict and event in eventDict:
                 del eventDict[event]
                 if (len(eventDict) == 0):
                     del self.__objectEvents[id]
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class Messenger:
                     # Find the dictionary of all the objects accepting this event
                     acceptorDict = self.__callbacks.get(event)
                     # If this object is there, delete it from the dictionary
-                    if acceptorDict and acceptorDict.has_key(id):
+                    if acceptorDict and id in acceptorDict:
                         del acceptorDict[id]
                         # If this dictionary is now empty, remove the event
                         # entry from the Messenger alltogether
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class Messenger:
         try:
             acceptorDict = self.__callbacks.get(event)
             id = self._getMessengerId(object)
-            if acceptorDict and acceptorDict.has_key(id):
+            if acceptorDict and id in acceptorDict:
                 # Found it, return true
                 return 1
             # If we looked in both dictionaries and made it here
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class Messenger:
                 if not persistent:
                     # This object is no longer listening for this event
                     eventDict = self.__objectEvents.get(id)
-                    if eventDict and eventDict.has_key(event):
+                    if eventDict and event in eventDict:
                         del eventDict[event]
                         if (len(eventDict) == 0):
                             del self.__objectEvents[id]
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ class Messenger:
                     del acceptorDict[id]
                     # If the dictionary at this event is now empty, remove
                     # the event entry from the Messenger altogether
-                    if (self.__callbacks.has_key(event) \
+                    if (event in self.__callbacks \
                             and (len(self.__callbacks[event]) == 0)):
                         del self.__callbacks[event]
 
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ class Messenger:
                 # we have cleaned up the accept hook, because the
                 # method itself might call accept() or acceptOnce()
                 # again.
-                assert callable(method)
+                assert hasattr(method, '__call__')
 
                 # Release the lock temporarily while we call the method.
                 self.lock.release()
@@ -445,10 +445,10 @@ class Messenger:
                     function = method.im_func
                 else:
                     function = method
-                #print ('function: ' + `function` + '\n' +
-                #       'method: ' + `method` + '\n' +
-                #       'oldMethod: ' + `oldMethod` + '\n' +
-                #       'newFunction: ' + `newFunction` + '\n')
+                #print ('function: ' + repr(function) + '\n' +
+                #       'method: ' + repr(method) + '\n' +
+                #       'oldMethod: ' + repr(oldMethod) + '\n' +
+                #       'newFunction: ' + repr(newFunction) + '\n')
                 if (function == oldMethod):
                     newMethod = new.instancemethod(
                         newFunction, method.im_self, method.im_class)
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ class Messenger:
         keys = self.__callbacks.keys()
         keys.sort()
         for event in keys:
-            if `event`.find(needle) >= 0:
+            if repr(event).find(needle) >= 0:
                 print self.__eventRepr(event),
                 return {event: self.__callbacks[event]}
 
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ class Messenger:
         keys = self.__callbacks.keys()
         keys.sort()
         for event in keys:
-            if `event`.find(needle) >= 0:
+            if repr(event).find(needle) >= 0:
                 print self.__eventRepr(event),
                 matches[event] = self.__callbacks[event]
                 # if the limit is not None, decrement and
@@ -620,16 +620,16 @@ class Messenger:
                 str = (str + '\t' +
                        'Acceptor:     ' + className + ' instance' + '\n\t' +
                        'Function name:' + functionName + '\n\t' +
-                       'Extra Args:   ' + `extraArgs` + '\n\t' +
-                       'Persistent:   ' + `persistent` + '\n')
+                       'Extra Args:   ' + repr(extraArgs) + '\n\t' +
+                       'Persistent:   ' + repr(persistent) + '\n')
                 # If this is a class method, get its actual function
                 if (type(function) == types.MethodType):
                     str = (str + '\t' +
-                           'Method:       ' + `function` + '\n\t' +
-                           'Function:     ' + `function.im_func` + '\n')
+                           'Method:       ' + repr(function) + '\n\t' +
+                           'Function:     ' + repr(function.im_func) + '\n')
                 else:
                     str = (str + '\t' +
-                           'Function:     ' + `function` + '\n')
+                           'Function:     ' + repr(function) + '\n')
         str = str + '='*50 + '\n'
         return str
 

direct/src/showbase/ProfileSession.py

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class ProfileSession:
                 self._duration = 0.
         else:
             # put the function in the global namespace so that profile can find it
-            assert callable(self._func)
+            assert hasattr(self._func, '__call__')
             __builtin__.globalProfileSessionFunc = self._func
             __builtin__.globalProfileSessionResult = [None]
 

direct/src/showbase/PythonUtil.py

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def Functor(function, *args, **kArgs):
 
 class Functor:
     def __init__(self, function, *args, **kargs):
-        assert callable(function), "function should be a callable obj"
+        assert hasattr(function, '__call__'), "function should be a callable obj"
         self._function = function
         self._args = args
         self._kargs = kargs
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ def traceFunctionCall(frame):
     if co.co_flags & 4: n = n+1
     if co.co_flags & 8: n = n+1
     r=''
-    if dict.has_key('self'):
+    if 'self' in dict:
         r = '%s.'%(dict['self'].__class__.__name__,)
     r+="%s("%(f.f_code.co_name,)
     comma=0 # formatting, whether we should type a comma.
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ def traceFunctionCall(frame):
             comma=1
         r+=name
         r+='='
-        if dict.has_key(name):
+        if name in dict:
             v=str(dict[name])
             if len(v)>2000:
                 # r+="<too big for debug>"
@@ -507,13 +507,13 @@ def _pdir(obj, str = None, width = None,
         keys = aproposKeys + privateKeys + remainingKeys
     else:
         keys = aproposKeys + remainingKeys
-    format = '%-' + `maxWidth` + 's'
+    format = '%-' + repr(maxWidth) + 's'
     for key in keys:
         value = dict[key]
-        if callable(value):
-            strvalue = `Signature(value)`
+        if hasattr(value, '__call__'):
+            strvalue = repr(Signature(value))
         else:
-            strvalue = `value`
+            strvalue = repr(value)
         if fTruncate:
             # Cut off line (keeping at least 1 char)
             strvalue = strvalue[:max(1, lineWidth - maxWidth)]
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ def _getcode(f):
     try:
         return codedict[type(f)](f)
     except KeyError:
-        if callable(f): # eg, built-in functions and methods
+        if hasattr(f, '__call__'): # eg, built-in functions and methods
             # raise ValueError, "type %s not supported yet." % type(f)
             return f.__name__, None
         else:
@@ -599,9 +599,9 @@ class Signature:
     def full_arglist(self):
         base = list(self.ordinary_args())
         x = self.special_args()
-        if x.has_key('positional'):
+        if 'positional' in x:
             base.append(x['positional'])
-        if x.has_key('keyword'):
+        if 'keyword' in x:
             base.append(x['keyword'])
         return base
     def defaults(self):
@@ -620,13 +620,13 @@ class Signature:
             specials = self.special_args()
             l = []
             for arg in self.ordinary_args():
-                if defaults.has_key(arg):
+                if arg in defaults:
                     l.append(arg + '=' + str(defaults[arg]))
                 else:
                     l.append(arg)
-            if specials.has_key('positional'):
+            if 'positional' in specials:
                 l.append('*' + specials['positional'])
-            if specials.has_key('keyword'):
+            if 'keyword' in specials:
                 l.append('**' + specials['keyword'])
             return "%s(%s)" % (self.name, string.join(l, ', '))
         else:
@@ -1432,12 +1432,12 @@ class ParamObj:
         def getDefaultValue(cls, param):
             cls._compileDefaultParams()
             dv = cls._Params[param]
-            if callable(dv):
+            if hasattr(dv, '__call__'):
                 dv = dv()
             return dv
         @classmethod
         def _compileDefaultParams(cls):
-            if cls.__dict__.has_key('_Params'):
+            if '_Params' in cls.__dict__:
                 # we've already compiled the defaults for this class
                 return
             bases = list(cls.__bases__)
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ class ParamObj:
             for c in (bases + [cls]):
                 # make sure this base has its dict of param defaults
                 c._compileDefaultParams()
-                if c.__dict__.has_key('Params'):
+                if 'Params' in c.__dict__:
                     # apply this class' default param values to our dict
                     cls._Params.update(c.Params)
         def __repr__(self):
@@ -1778,16 +1778,16 @@ class POD:
         # as the default value itself; we need a way to specify that the
         # callable *is* the default value and not a default-value creation
         # function
-        if callable(dv):
+        if hasattr(dv, '__call__'):
             dv = dv()
         return dv
     @classmethod
     def _compileDefaultDataSet(cls):
-        if cls.__dict__.has_key('_DataSet'):
+        if '_DataSet' in cls.__dict__:
             # we've already compiled the defaults for this class
             return
         # create setters & getters for this class
-        if cls.__dict__.has_key('DataSet'):
+        if 'DataSet' in cls.__dict__:
             for name in cls.DataSet:
                 setterName = getSetterName(name)
                 if not hasattr(cls, setterName):
@@ -2454,7 +2454,7 @@ def printListEnumGen(l):
     n = len(l)
     while n > 0:
         digits += 1
-        n /= 10
+        n //= 10
     format = '%0' + '%s' % digits + 'i:%s'
     for i in range(len(l)):
         print format % (i, l[i])
@@ -2796,7 +2796,7 @@ def getNumberedTypedString(items, maxLen=5000, numPrefix=''):
     n = len(items)
     while n > 0:
         digits += 1
-        n /= 10
+        n //= 10
     digits = digits
     format = numPrefix + '%0' + '%s' % digits + 'i:%s \t%s'
     first = True
@@ -2820,7 +2820,7 @@ def getNumberedTypedSortedString(items, maxLen=5000, numPrefix=''):
     n = len(items)
     while n > 0:
         digits += 1
-        n /= 10
+        n //= 10
     digits = digits
     format = numPrefix + '%0' + '%s' % digits + 'i:%s \t%s'
     snip = '<SNIP>'
@@ -2849,7 +2849,7 @@ def getNumberedTypedSortedStringWithReferrersGen(items, maxLen=10000, numPrefix=
     n = len(items)
     while n > 0:
         digits += 1
-        n /= 10
+        n //= 10
     digits = digits
     format = numPrefix + '%0' + '%s' % digits + 'i:%s @ %s \t%s'
     snip = '<SNIP>'
@@ -2885,7 +2885,7 @@ def printNumberedTyped(items, maxLen=5000):
     n = len(items)
     while n > 0:
         digits += 1
-        n /= 10
+        n //= 10
     digits = digits
     format = '%0' + '%s' % digits + 'i:%s \t%s'
     for i in xrange(len(items)):
@@ -2900,7 +2900,7 @@ def printNumberedTypesGen(items, maxLen=5000):
     n = len(items)
     while n > 0:
         digits += 1
-        n /= 10
+        n //= 10
     digits = digits
     format = '%0' + '%s' % digits + 'i:%s'
     for i in xrange(len(items)):
@@ -3283,8 +3283,8 @@ def report(types = [], prefix = '', xform = None, notifyFunc = None, dConfigPara
                 rArgs = []
 
             if 'args' in types:
-                rArgs += [`x`+', ' for x in args[1:]] + \
-                         [ x + ' = ' + '%s, ' % `y` for x,y in kwargs.items()]
+                rArgs += [repr(x)+', ' for x in args[1:]] + \
+                         [ x + ' = ' + '%s, ' % repr(y) for x,y in kwargs.items()]
             
             if not rArgs:
                 rArgs = '()'
@@ -3469,7 +3469,7 @@ def logMethodCalls(cls):
         raise 'logMethodCalls: class \'%s\' must have a notify' % cls.__name__
     for name in dir(cls):
         method = getattr(cls, name)
-        if callable(method):
+        if hasattr(method, '__call__'):
             def getLoggedMethodCall(method):
                 def __logMethodCall__(obj, *args, **kArgs):
                     s = '%s(' % method.__name__
@@ -3710,8 +3710,8 @@ class MiniLog:
                ('*'*50, self.name, '-'*50, '\n'.join(self.lines), '*'*50)
     
     def enterFunction(self, funcName, *args, **kw):
-        rArgs = [`x`+', ' for x in args] + \
-                [ x + ' = ' + '%s, ' % `y` for x,y in kw.items()]
+        rArgs = [repr(x)+', ' for x in args] + \
+                [ x + ' = ' + '%s, ' % repr(y) for x,y in kw.items()]
             
         if not rArgs:
             rArgs = '()'
@@ -3786,13 +3786,13 @@ def formatTimeCompact(seconds):
     result = ''
     a = int(seconds)
     seconds = a % 60
-    a /= 60
+    a //= 60
     if a > 0:
         minutes = a % 60
-        a /= 60
+        a //= 60
         if a > 0:
             hours = a % 24
-            a /= 24
+            a //= 24
             if a > 0:
                 days = a
                 result += '%sd' % days
@@ -3819,13 +3819,13 @@ def formatTimeExact(seconds):
     result = ''
     a = int(seconds)
     seconds = a % 60
-    a /= 60
+    a //= 60
     if a > 0:
         minutes = a % 60
-        a /= 60
+        a //= 60
         if a > 0:
             hours = a % 24
-            a /= 24
+            a //= 24
             if a > 0:
                 days = a
                 result += '%sd' % days
@@ -3963,16 +3963,16 @@ def startSuperLog(customFunction = None):
         def trace_dispatch(a,b,c):
             if(b=='call' and a.f_code.co_name != '?' and a.f_code.co_name.find("safeRepr")<0):
                 vars = dict(a.f_locals)
-                if(vars.has_key('self')):
+                if 'self' in vars:
                     del vars['self']
-                if(vars.has_key('__builtins__')):
+                if '__builtins__' in vars:
                     del vars['__builtins__']
                 for i in vars:
                     vars[i] = safeReprTypeOnFail(vars[i]) 
-                if(customFunction):
+                if customFunction:
                     superLogFile.write( "before = %s"%customFunction())
                 superLogFile.write( "%s(%s):%s:%s\n"%(a.f_code.co_filename.split("\\")[-1],a.f_code.co_firstlineno, a.f_code.co_name, vars))
-                if(customFunction):
+                if customFunction:
                     superLogFile.write( "after = %s"%customFunction())
                 return trace_dispatch
         sys.settrace(trace_dispatch)

direct/src/showbase/ShowBase.py

@@ -2359,7 +2359,7 @@ class ShowBase(DirectObject.DirectObject):
         t.frameIndex = 0  # Frame 0 is not captured.
         t.numFrames = int(duration * fps)
         t.source = source
-        t.outputString = namePrefix + '_%0' + `sd` + 'd.' + format
+        t.outputString = namePrefix + '_%0' + repr(sd) + 'd.' + format
         t.setUponDeath(lambda state: globalClock.setMode(ClockObject.MNormal))
 
     def _movieTask(self, state):

direct/src/stdpy/glob.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def iglob(pathname):
             yield os.path.join(dirname, name)
 
 # These 2 helper functions non-recursively glob inside a literal directory.
-# They return a list of basenames. `glob1` accepts a pattern while `glob0`
+# They return a list of basenames. repr(glob1) accepts a pattern while `glob0`
 # takes a literal basename (so it only has to check for its existence).
 
 def glob1(dirname, pattern):
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def glob1(dirname, pattern):
 
 def glob0(dirname, basename):
     if basename == '':
-        # `os.path.split()` returns an empty basename for paths ending with a
+        # repr(os.path.split()) returns an empty basename for paths ending with a
         # directory separator.  'q*x/' should match only directories.
         if file.isdir(dirname):
             return [basename]

direct/src/task/Task.py

@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ class TaskManager:
     def __setupTask(self, funcOrTask, name, priority, sort, extraArgs, taskChain, appendTask, owner, uponDeath):
         if isinstance(funcOrTask, AsyncTask):
             task = funcOrTask
-        elif callable(funcOrTask):
+        elif hasattr(funcOrTask, '__call__'):
             task = PythonTask(funcOrTask)
         else:
             self.notify.error(

direct/src/tkpanels/DirectSessionPanel.py

@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class DirectSessionPanel(AppShell):
         Label(drFrame, text = 'Display Region',
               font=('MSSansSerif', 14, 'bold')).pack(expand = 0)
 
-        nameList = map(lambda x: 'Display Region ' + `x`,
+        nameList = map(lambda x: 'Display Region ' + repr(x),
                        range(len(base.direct.drList)))
         self.drMenu = Pmw.ComboBox(
             drFrame, labelpos = W, label_text = 'Display Region:',
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ class DirectSessionPanel(AppShell):
             dictName = name
         else:
             # Generate a unique name for the dict
-            dictName = name + '-' + `nodePath.id()`
+            dictName = name + '-' + repr(nodePath.id())
         if not dict.has_key(dictName):
             # Update combo box to include new item
             names.append(dictName)

direct/src/tkpanels/FSMInspector.py

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class FSMInspector(AppShell):
                                      'Set state label size', tearoff = 1)
         for size in (8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24):
             menuBar.addmenuitem('Font Size', 'command',
-                'Set font to: ' + `size` + ' Pts', label = `size` + ' Pts',
+                'Set font to: ' + repr(size) + ' Pts', label = `size` + ' Pts',
                 command = lambda s = self, sz = size: s.setFontSize(sz))
         menuBar.addcascademenu('States', 'Marker Size',
                                      'Set state marker size', tearoff = 1)

direct/src/tkpanels/Inspector.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def inspectorFor(anObject):
     else:
         print "Can't find an inspector for " + typeName
         inspectorName = 'Inspector'
-    inspector = eval(inspectorName + '(anObject)')
+    inspector = globals()[inspectorName](anObject)
     return inspector
 
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class Inspector:
         keys.sort()
         for each in keys:
             self._partsList.append(each)
-            #if not callable(eval('self.object.' + each)):
+            #if not hasattr(getattr(self.object, each), '__call__'):
             #    self._partsList.append(each)  
 
     def initializePartNames(self):
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class Inspector:
     def stringForPartNumber(self, partNumber):
         object = self.partNumber(partNumber)
         doc = None
-        if callable(object):
+        if hasattr(object, '__call__'):
             try:
                 doc = object.__doc__
             except:
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class Inspector:
             return self.object
         else:
             part = self.privatePartNumber(partNumber)
-            return eval('self.object.' + part)
+            return getattr(self.object, part)
 
     def inspectorFor(self, part):
         return inspectorFor(part)
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class DictionaryInspector(Inspector):
         if self.object.has_key(key):
             return self.object[key]
         else:
-            return eval('self.object.' + key)
+            return getattr(self.object, key)
         
 class SequenceInspector(Inspector):
     def initializePartsList(self):
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class SequenceInspector(Inspector):
         if type(index) == IntType:
             return self.object[index]
         else:
-            return eval('self.object.' + index)
+            return getattr(self.object, index)
     
 class SliceInspector(Inspector):
     def namedParts(self):
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class InspectorWindow:
                 partDict = { 'this': self.selectedPart(),
                              'object': self.topInspector().object }
                 result = eval(command, partDict)
-                self.commandWidget.insert(INSERT, `result` + '\n>>> ')
+                self.commandWidget.insert(INSERT, repr(result) + '\n>>> ')
                 self.commandWidget.see(INSERT)
 
     # Menu Events

direct/src/tkpanels/MopathRecorder.py

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class MopathRecorder(AppShell, DirectObject):
         self.postPoints = []
         self.pointSetDict = {}
         self.pointSetCount = 0
-        self.pointSetName = self.name + '-ps-' + `self.pointSetCount`
+        self.pointSetName = self.name + '-ps-' + repr(self.pointSetCount)
         # User callback to call before recording point
         self.samplingMode = 'Continuous'
         self.preRecordFunc = None
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ class MopathRecorder(AppShell, DirectObject):
         taskMgr.remove(self.name + '-curveEditTask')
 
     def createNewPointSet(self):
-        self.pointSetName = self.name + '-ps-' + `self.pointSetCount`
+        self.pointSetName = self.name + '-ps-' + repr(self.pointSetCount)
         # Update dictionary and record pointer to new point set
         self.pointSet = self.pointSetDict[self.pointSetName] = []
         # Update combo box
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ class MopathRecorder(AppShell, DirectObject):
             dictName = name
         else:
             # Generate a unique name for the dict
-            dictName = name + '-' + `nodePath.id()`
+            dictName = name + '-' + repr(nodePath.id())
         if not dict.has_key(dictName):
             # Update combo box to include new item
             names.append(dictName)
@@ -1616,7 +1616,7 @@ class MopathRecorder(AppShell, DirectObject):
         # Use first directory in model path
         mPath = getModelPath()
         if mPath.getNumDirectories() > 0:
-            if `mPath.getDirectory(0)` == '.':
+            if repr(mPath.getDirectory(0)) == '.':
                 path = '.'
             else:
                 path = mPath.getDirectory(0).toOsSpecific()
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ class MopathRecorder(AppShell, DirectObject):
         # Use first directory in model path
         mPath = getModelPath()
         if mPath.getNumDirectories() > 0:
-            if `mPath.getDirectory(0)` == '.':
+            if repr(mPath.getDirectory(0)) == '.':
                 path = '.'
             else:
                 path = mPath.getDirectory(0).toOsSpecific()

direct/src/tkpanels/ParticlePanel.py

@@ -1239,7 +1239,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
         # Find path to particle directory
         pPath = getParticlePath()
         if pPath.getNumDirectories() > 0:
-            if `pPath.getDirectory(0)` == '.':
+            if repr(pPath.getDirectory(0)) == '.':
                 path = '.'
             else:
                 path = pPath.getDirectory(0).toOsSpecific()
@@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
         # Find path to particle directory
         pPath = getParticlePath()
         if pPath.getNumDirectories() > 0:
-            if `pPath.getDirectory(0)` == '.':
+            if repr(pPath.getDirectory(0)) == '.':
                 path = '.'
             else:
                 path = pPath.getDirectory(0).toOsSpecific()
@@ -1900,7 +1900,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             frameNum = len([x for x in self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList if x])
 
             self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList.append(
-                self.createSpriteAnimationTextureWidget(parent, anim, `frameNum`))
+                self.createSpriteAnimationTextureWidget(parent, anim, repr(frameNum)))
         else:
             animId = len([x for x in self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList if x and x.valid])
             anim = SpriteAnim.STTexture
@@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             frameNum = len([x for x in self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList if x])
 
             self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList.append(
-                self.createSpriteAnimationTextureWidget(parent, anim, `frameNum`))
+                self.createSpriteAnimationTextureWidget(parent, anim, repr(frameNum)))
         parent.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
     def addRendererSpriteAnimationFromNode(self):
         ren = self.particles.getRenderer()
@@ -1921,7 +1921,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             frameNum = len([x for x in self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList if x])
 
             self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList.append(
-                self.createSpriteAnimationNodeWidget(parent, anim, `frameNum`))
+                self.createSpriteAnimationNodeWidget(parent, anim, repr(frameNum)))
         else:
             animId = len([x for x in self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList if x and x.valid])
             anim = SpriteAnim.STFromNode
@@ -1929,7 +1929,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             frameNum = len([x for x in self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList if x])
 
             self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList.append(
-                self.createSpriteAnimationNodeWidget(parent, anim, `frameNum`))
+                self.createSpriteAnimationNodeWidget(parent, anim, repr(frameNum)))
         parent.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
 
     def toggleRendererSpriteXScale(self):
@@ -2055,12 +2055,12 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
 
         if(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'SpriteParticleRendererExt'):
             parent = self.rendererSpriteSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Constant'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Constant'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createConstantInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         elif(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'GeomParticleRenderer'):
             parent = self.rendererGeomSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Constant'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Constant'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createConstantInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         parent.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
@@ -2075,12 +2075,12 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             
         if(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'SpriteParticleRendererExt'):
             parent = self.rendererSpriteSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Linear'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Linear'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createLinearInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         elif(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'GeomParticleRenderer'):
             parent = self.rendererGeomSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Linear'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Linear'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createLinearInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         parent.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
@@ -2095,12 +2095,12 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             
         if(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'SpriteParticleRendererExt'):
             parent = self.rendererSpriteSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Stepwave'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Stepwave'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createStepwaveInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         elif(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'GeomParticleRenderer'):
             parent = self.rendererGeomSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Stepwave'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Stepwave'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createStepwaveInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         parent.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
@@ -2115,12 +2115,12 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             
         if(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'SpriteParticleRendererExt'):
             parent = self.rendererSpriteSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Sinusoid'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Sinusoid'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createSinusoidInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         elif(ren.__class__.__name__ == 'GeomParticleRenderer'):
             parent = self.rendererGeomSegmentFrame
-            segName = `len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList)`+':Sinusoid'
+            segName = repr(len(self.rendererSegmentWidgetList))+':Sinusoid'
             self.rendererSegmentWidgetList.append(
                 self.createSinusoidInterpolationSegmentWidget(parent, segName, seg))
         parent.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
@@ -2375,7 +2375,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
         if frame.valid:
             strVar.set(anim.getTexSource())
         else:
-            strVar.set('Base model path: ' + `getModelPath().getValue()`)
+            strVar.set('Base model path: ' + repr(getModelPath().getValue()))
 
         def checkForTexture(strVar = strVar):
             tex = loader.loadTexture(strVar.get())
@@ -2406,7 +2406,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
         if frame.valid:
             mStrVar.set(anim.getModelSource())
         else:
-            mStrVar.set('Base model path: ' + `getModelPath().getValue()`)
+            mStrVar.set('Base model path: ' + repr(getModelPath().getValue()))
 
         mlf = lf
 
@@ -2460,9 +2460,9 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
 
         for anim in [ren.getAnim(x) for x in range(ren.getNumAnims())]:
             if(anim.getSourceType() == SpriteAnim.STTexture):
-                w = self.createSpriteAnimationTextureWidget(self.rendererSpriteAnimationFrame, anim, `len(self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList)`)
+                w = self.createSpriteAnimationTextureWidget(self.rendererSpriteAnimationFrame, anim, repr(len(self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList)))
             else:
-                w = self.createSpriteAnimationNodeWidget(self.rendererSpriteAnimationFrame, anim, `len(self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList)`)
+                w = self.createSpriteAnimationNodeWidget(self.rendererSpriteAnimationFrame, anim, repr(len(self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList)))
             self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList.append(w)
 
     # set animation info from panel into renderer
@@ -2476,11 +2476,11 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             widget = self.rendererSpriteAnimationWidgetList[x]
             if(widget and widget.valid):
                 if(widget.animSourceType == SpriteAnim.STTexture):
-                    texSource = self.getVariable('Sprite Renderer', `x` + ' Anim Texture').get()
+                    texSource = self.getVariable('Sprite Renderer', repr(x) + ' Anim Texture').get()
                     ren.addTextureFromFile(texSource)
                 else:
-                    modelSource = self.getVariable('Sprite Renderer', `x` + ' Anim Model').get()
-                    nodeSource = self.getVariable('Sprite Renderer', `x` + ' Anim Node').get()
+                    modelSource = self.getVariable('Sprite Renderer', repr(x) + ' Anim Model').get()
+                    nodeSource = self.getVariable('Sprite Renderer', repr(x) + ' Anim Node').get()
                     ren.addTextureFromNode(modelSource, nodeSource)
 
     ## FORCEGROUP COMMANDS ##
@@ -2667,7 +2667,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
                                       count, force):
         def setVec(vec, f = force):
             f.setVector(vec[0], vec[1], vec[2])
-        forceName = 'Vector Force-' + `count`
+        forceName = 'Vector Force-' + repr(count)
         frame = self.createForceFrame(forcePage, forceName, force)
         self.createLinearForceWidgets(frame, pageName, forceName, force)
         vec = force.getLocalVector()
@@ -2679,7 +2679,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
 
     def createLinearRandomForceWidget(self, forcePage, pageName, count,
                                 force, type):
-        forceName = type + ' Force-' + `count`
+        forceName = type + ' Force-' + repr(count)
         frame = self.createForceFrame(forcePage, forceName, force)
         self.createLinearForceWidgets(frame, pageName, forceName, force)
         self.createForceActiveWidget(frame, pageName, forceName, force)
@@ -2688,7 +2688,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
                                         count, force):
         def setCoef(coef, f = force):
             f.setCoef(coef)
-        forceName = 'Friction Force-' + `count`
+        forceName = 'Friction Force-' + repr(count)
         frame = self.createForceFrame(forcePage, forceName, force)
         self.createLinearForceWidgets(frame, pageName, forceName, force)
         self.createFloater(frame, pageName, forceName + ' Coef',
@@ -2699,7 +2699,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
 
     def createLinearCylinderVortexForceWidget(self, forcePage, pageName,
                                               count, force):
-        forceName = 'Vortex Force-' + `count`
+        forceName = 'Vortex Force-' + repr(count)
         def setCoef(coef, f = force):
             f.setCoef(coef)
         def setLength(length, f = force):
@@ -2738,7 +2738,7 @@ class ParticlePanel(AppShell):
             f.setForceCenter(Point3(vec[0], vec[1], vec[2]))
         def setRadius(radius, f = force):
             f.setRadius(radius)
-        forceName = type + ' Force-' + `count`
+        forceName = type + ' Force-' + repr(count)
         frame = self.createForceFrame(forcePage, forceName, force)
         self.createLinearForceWidgets(frame, pageName, forceName, force)
         var = self.createOptionMenu(

direct/src/tkpanels/Placer.py

@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ class Placer(AppShell):
             dictName = name
         else:
             # Generate a unique name for the dict
-            dictName = name + '-' + `nodePath.id()`
+            dictName = name + '-' + repr(nodePath.id())
         if not dict.has_key(dictName):
             # Update combo box to include new item
             names.append(dictName)

direct/src/tkwidgets/AppShell.py

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class AppShell(Pmw.MegaWidget, DirectObject):
         self.parent.title(self['title'])
         # Create unique id
         AppShell.panelCount += 1
-        self.id = self.appname + '-' + `AppShell.panelCount`
+        self.id = self.appname + '-' + repr(AppShell.panelCount)
         # Create a dictionary in the widgetDict to hold this panel's widgets
         self.widgetDict = widgetDict[self.id] = {}
         # And one to hold this panel's variables

direct/src/tkwidgets/EntryScale.py

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class EntryScale(Pmw.MegaWidget):
         # Create the EntryScale's min max labels
         self.minLabel = self.createcomponent('minLabel', (), None,
                                              Label, self.minMaxFrame,
-                                             text = `self['min']`,
+                                             text = repr(self['min']),
                                              relief = FLAT,
                                              width = 5,
                                              anchor = W,
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class EntryScale(Pmw.MegaWidget):
 
         self.maxLabel = self.createcomponent('maxLabel', (), None,
                                              Label, self.minMaxFrame,
-                                             text = `self['max']`,
+                                             text = repr(self['max']),
                                              relief = FLAT,
                                              width = 5,
                                              anchor = E,
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class EntryScale(Pmw.MegaWidget):
     def askForLabel(self, event = None):
         newLabel = askstring(title = self['text'],
                              prompt = 'New label:',
-                             initialvalue = `self['text']`,
+                             initialvalue = repr(self['text']),
                              parent = self.interior())
         if newLabel:
             self['text'] = newLabel
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class EntryScale(Pmw.MegaWidget):
     def askForMin(self, event = None):
         newMin = askfloat(title = self['text'],
                           prompt = 'New min val:',
-                          initialvalue = `self['min']`,
+                          initialvalue = repr(self['min']),
                           parent = self.interior())
         if newMin:
             self.setMin(newMin)

direct/src/tkwidgets/Tree.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from pandac.PandaModules import *
 # Initialize icon directory
 ICONDIR = ConfigVariableSearchPath('model-path').findFile(Filename('icons')).toOsSpecific()
 if not os.path.isdir(ICONDIR):
-    raise RuntimeError, "can't find DIRECT icon directory (%s)" % `ICONDIR`
+    raise RuntimeError, "can't find DIRECT icon directory (%s)" % repr(ICONDIR)
 
 class TreeNode: