panda3d/dtool/src/cppparser/cppBison.yxx

/**
 * @file cppBison.yxx
 * @author drose
 * @date 1999-01-16
 */

%{

#include "cppBisonDefs.h"
#include "cppParser.h"
#include "cppClosureType.h"
#include "cppExpression.h"
#include "cppSimpleType.h"
#include "cppExtensionType.h"
#include "cppStructType.h"
#include "cppEnumType.h"
#include "cppFunctionType.h"
#include "cppTBDType.h"
#include "cppMakeProperty.h"
#include "cppMakeSeq.h"
#include "cppParameterList.h"
#include "cppInstance.h"
#include "cppClassTemplateParameter.h"
#include "cppTemplateParameterList.h"
#include "cppInstanceIdentifier.h"
#include "cppTypedefType.h"
#include "cppTypeDeclaration.h"
#include "cppVisibility.h"
#include "cppIdentifier.h"
#include "cppScope.h"
#include "cppTemplateScope.h"
#include "cppNamespace.h"
#include "cppUsing.h"

using std::stringstream;
using std::string;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Defining the interface to the parser.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

CPPScope *current_scope = nullptr;
CPPScope *global_scope = nullptr;
CPPPreprocessor *current_lexer = nullptr;

static CPPStructType *current_struct = nullptr;
static CPPEnumType *current_enum = nullptr;
static int current_storage_class = 0;
static CPPType *current_type = nullptr;
static CPPExpression *current_expr = nullptr;
static int publish_nest_level = 0;
static CPPVisibility publish_previous;
static YYLTYPE publish_loc;

static std::vector<CPPScope *> last_scopes;
static std::vector<int> last_storage_classes;
static std::vector<CPPStructType *> last_structs;

int yyparse();

#define YYERROR_VERBOSE

static void
yyerror(const string &msg) {
  current_lexer->error(msg, current_lexer->_last_token_loc);
}

static void
yyerror(YYLTYPE *loc, const string &msg) {
  current_lexer->error(msg, *loc);
}

static void
yyerror(const string &msg, YYLTYPE &loc) {
  current_lexer->error(msg, loc);
}

static void
yywarning(const string &msg, YYLTYPE &loc) {
  current_lexer->warning(msg, loc);
}

static int
yylex(YYSTYPE *lval, YYLTYPE *lloc) {
  CPPToken token = current_lexer->get_next_token();
  *lval = token._lval;
  *lloc = token._lloc;
  return token._token;
}

void
parse_cpp(CPPParser *cp) {
  CPPScope *old_scope = current_scope;
  CPPScope *old_global_scope = global_scope;
  CPPPreprocessor *old_lexer = current_lexer;

  current_scope = cp;
  global_scope = cp;
  current_lexer = cp;
  publish_nest_level = 0;
  yyparse();

  if (publish_nest_level != 0) {
    yyerror("Unclosed __begin_publish", publish_loc);
    publish_nest_level = 0;
  }

  current_scope = old_scope;
  global_scope = old_global_scope;
  current_lexer = old_lexer;

}

CPPExpression *
parse_const_expr(CPPPreprocessor *pp, CPPScope *new_current_scope,
                 CPPScope *new_global_scope) {
  CPPScope *old_scope = current_scope;
  CPPScope *old_global_scope = global_scope;
  CPPPreprocessor *old_lexer = current_lexer;
  CPPExpression *old_expr = current_expr;

  current_scope = new_current_scope;
  global_scope = new_global_scope;
  current_expr = nullptr;
  current_lexer = pp;
  yyparse();

  CPPExpression *result = current_expr;

  current_scope = old_scope;
  global_scope = old_global_scope;
  current_lexer = old_lexer;
  current_expr = old_expr;

  return result;
}

CPPType *
parse_type(CPPPreprocessor *pp, CPPScope *new_current_scope,
           CPPScope *new_global_scope) {
  CPPScope *old_scope = current_scope;
  CPPScope *old_global_scope = global_scope;
  CPPPreprocessor *old_lexer = current_lexer;
  CPPType *old_type = current_type;

  current_scope = new_current_scope;
  global_scope = new_global_scope;
  current_type = nullptr;
  current_lexer = pp;
  yyparse();

  CPPType *result = current_type;

  current_scope = old_scope;
  global_scope = old_global_scope;
  current_lexer = old_lexer;
  current_type = old_type;

  return result;
}

static void
push_scope(CPPScope *new_scope) {
  last_scopes.push_back(current_scope);
  if (new_scope != nullptr) {
    current_scope = new_scope;
  }
}

static void
pop_scope() {
  assert(!last_scopes.empty());
  current_scope = last_scopes.back();
  last_scopes.pop_back();
}

static void
push_storage_class(int new_storage_class) {
  last_storage_classes.push_back(current_storage_class);
  current_storage_class = new_storage_class;
}

static void
pop_storage_class() {
  assert(!last_storage_classes.empty());
  current_storage_class = last_storage_classes.back();
  last_storage_classes.pop_back();
}

static void
push_struct(CPPStructType *new_struct) {
  last_structs.push_back(current_struct);
  current_struct = new_struct;
}

static void
pop_struct() {
  assert(!last_structs.empty());
  current_struct = last_structs.back();
  last_structs.pop_back();
}

%}

/* This is a bison-specific declaration to enable recursive calls to
   yyparse().  It changes the calling sequence to yylex(), passing
   pointers to the current yylval and yylloc.  Bison 2.7 introduces a
   different syntax that will also pass the current yylloc to yyerror,
   but we have to support Bison versions as old as 2.5 for now. */
/*%define api.pure full*/
%pure-parser
%locations

%token <u.real> REAL
%token <u.integer> INTEGER
%token <u.integer> CHAR_TOK
%token <str> SIMPLE_STRING SIMPLE_IDENTIFIER
%token <u.expr> STRING_LITERAL CUSTOM_LITERAL
%token <u.identifier> IDENTIFIER TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER TYPEPACK_IDENTIFIER SCOPING
%token <u.type> TYPEDEFNAME

%token ELLIPSIS
%token OROR
%token ANDAND
%token EQCOMPARE
%token NECOMPARE
%token LECOMPARE
%token GECOMPARE
%token LSHIFT
%token RSHIFT
%token POINTSAT_STAR
%token DOT_STAR
%token UNARY
%token UNARY_NOT
%token UNARY_NEGATE
%token UNARY_MINUS
%token UNARY_PLUS
%token UNARY_STAR
%token UNARY_REF
%token POINTSAT
%token SCOPE
%token PLUSPLUS
%token MINUSMINUS
%token TIMESEQUAL
%token DIVIDEEQUAL
%token MODEQUAL
%token PLUSEQUAL
%token MINUSEQUAL
%token OREQUAL
%token ANDEQUAL
%token XOREQUAL
%token LSHIFTEQUAL
%token RSHIFTEQUAL
%token ATTR_LEFT
%token ATTR_RIGHT

%token KW_ALIGNAS
%token KW_ALIGNOF
%token KW_AUTO
%token KW_BEGIN_PUBLISH
%token KW_BLOCKING
%token KW_BOOL
%token KW_CATCH
%token KW_CHAR
%token KW_CHAR16_T
%token KW_CHAR32_T
%token KW_CLASS
%token KW_CONST
%token KW_CONSTEXPR
%token KW_CONST_CAST
%token KW_DECLTYPE
%token KW_DEFAULT
%token KW_DELETE
%token KW_DOUBLE
%token KW_DYNAMIC_CAST
%token KW_ELSE
%token KW_END_PUBLISH
%token KW_ENUM
%token KW_EXTENSION
%token KW_EXTERN
%token KW_EXPLICIT
%token KW_PUBLISHED
%token KW_FALSE
%token KW_FINAL
%token KW_FLOAT
%token KW_FRIEND
%token KW_FOR
%token KW_GOTO
%token KW_HAS_VIRTUAL_DESTRUCTOR
%token KW_IF
%token KW_INLINE
%token KW_INT
%token KW_IS_ABSTRACT
%token KW_IS_BASE_OF
%token KW_IS_CLASS
%token KW_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE
%token KW_IS_CONVERTIBLE_TO
%token KW_IS_DESTRUCTIBLE
%token KW_IS_EMPTY
%token KW_IS_ENUM
%token KW_IS_FINAL
%token KW_IS_FUNDAMENTAL
%token KW_IS_POD
%token KW_IS_POLYMORPHIC
%token KW_IS_STANDARD_LAYOUT
%token KW_IS_TRIVIAL
%token KW_IS_UNION
%token KW_LONG
%token KW_MAKE_MAP_KEYS_SEQ
%token KW_MAKE_MAP_PROPERTY
%token KW_MAKE_PROPERTY
%token KW_MAKE_PROPERTY2
%token KW_MAKE_SEQ
%token KW_MAKE_SEQ_PROPERTY
%token KW_MUTABLE
%token KW_NAMESPACE
%token KW_NEW
%token KW_NOEXCEPT
%token KW_NULLPTR
%token KW_OPERATOR
%token KW_OVERRIDE
%token KW_PRIVATE
%token KW_PROTECTED
%token KW_PUBLIC
%token KW_REGISTER
%token KW_REINTERPRET_CAST
%token KW_RETURN
%token KW_SHORT
%token KW_SIGNED
%token KW_SIZEOF
%token KW_STATIC
%token KW_STATIC_ASSERT
%token KW_STATIC_CAST
%token KW_STRUCT
%token KW_TEMPLATE
%token KW_THREAD_LOCAL
%token KW_THROW
%token KW_TRUE
%token KW_TRY
%token KW_TYPEDEF
%token KW_TYPEID
%token KW_TYPENAME
%token KW_UNDERLYING_TYPE
%token KW_UNION
%token KW_UNSIGNED
%token KW_USING
%token KW_VIRTUAL
%token KW_VOID
%token KW_VOLATILE
%token KW_WCHAR_T
%token KW_WHILE

/* These special tokens are used to set the starting state of the
   parser.  The lexer places the appropriate one of these on the head
   of the input stream. */
%token START_CPP
%token START_CONST_EXPR
%token START_TYPE

%type <u.integer> storage_class
%type <u.instance> constructor_prototype
%type <u.instance> function_prototype
%type <u.integer> function_post
%type <str> function_operator
%type <u.decl> template_formal_parameter
%type <u.type> template_formal_parameter_type
%type <u.inst_ident> instance_identifier
%type <u.inst_ident> instance_identifier_and_maybe_trailing_return_type
%type <u.param_list> function_parameter_list
%type <u.param_list> function_parameters
%type <u.param_list> formal_parameter_list
%type <u.param_list> formal_parameters
%type <u.closure_type> capture_list
%type <u.capture> capture
%type <u.expr> template_parameter_maybe_initialize
%type <u.expr> maybe_initialize
%type <u.expr> maybe_initialize_or_constructor_body
%type <u.expr> maybe_initialize_or_function_body
%type <u.instance> function_parameter
%type <u.instance> formal_parameter
%type <u.inst_ident> not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier
%type <u.inst_ident> formal_parameter_identifier
%type <u.inst_ident> parameter_pack_identifier
%type <u.inst_ident> not_paren_empty_instance_identifier
%type <u.inst_ident> empty_instance_identifier
%type <u.type> type type_pack
%type <u.decl> type_decl
%type <u.decl> var_type_decl
%type <u.type> predefined_type
%type <u.type> full_type
%type <u.struct_type> anonymous_struct
%type <u.struct_type> named_struct
%type <u.enum_type> enum
%type <u.extension_enum> enum_keyword
%type <u.extension_enum> struct_keyword
%type <u.simple_type> simple_type
%type <u.simple_type> simple_int_type
%type <u.simple_type> simple_float_type
%type <u.simple_type> simple_void_type
%type <u.type> class_derivation_name
%type <u.type> enum_element_type
%type <u.type> maybe_trailing_return_type
%type <u.identifier> maybe_comma_identifier
/*%type <u.type> typedefname*/
%type <u.identifier> name
%type <u.identifier> name_no_final
%type <u.expr> string_literal

/* We need to treat KW_OPERATOR as a scopable keyword. */
%type <u.identifier> KW_OPERATOR

%type <u.expr> optional_const_expr
%type <u.expr> optional_const_expr_comma
%type <u.expr> const_expr_comma
%type <u.expr> no_angle_bracket_const_expr
%type <u.expr> const_expr
%type <u.expr> const_operand
%type <u.expr> formal_const_expr
%type <u.expr> formal_const_operand


/* Precedence rules. */

%left IDENTIFIER TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFNAME KW_ENUM ELLIPSIS KW_OPERATOR KW_TYPENAME KW_INT KW_SHORT KW_UNSIGNED KW_SIGNED KW_LONG KW_FLOAT KW_DOUBLE KW_CHAR KW_WCHAR_T KW_CHAR16_T KW_CHAR32_T KW_BOOL

%left '{' ',' ';'

%nonassoc KW_THROW
%right ':'
%right '='
%right '?'
%left OROR
%left ANDAND
%left '|'
%left '^'
%left '&'
%left EQCOMPARE NECOMPARE
%left LECOMPARE GECOMPARE '<' '>'
%left LSHIFT RSHIFT
%left '+' '-'
%left '*' '/' '%'
%left POINTSAT_STAR DOT_STAR
%right UNARY PLUSPLUS MINUSMINUS '~'
%left POINTSAT '.' '(' '['

%right SCOPE
%nonassoc KW_NEW KW_DELETE KW_TRY KW_CATCH

%%

grammar:
        START_CPP cpp
        | START_CONST_EXPR const_expr
{
  current_expr = $2;
}
        | START_TYPE full_type
{
  current_type = $2;
}
        ;

cpp:
        empty
        | cpp ';'
        | cpp declaration
        ;

constructor_inits:
        constructor_init
        | constructor_inits ',' constructor_init
        ;

constructor_init:
        name '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  delete $3;
}
        | name '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')' ELLIPSIS
{
  delete $3;
}
        | name '{' optional_const_expr_comma '}'
{
  delete $3;
}
        ;

/* This is principally for the syntax: extern "C" { ... }.

   We use storage_class instead of simply KW_EXTERN to avoid
   shift/reduce conflicts with yacc's limited differentiation
   ability. */
extern_c:
        storage_class '{'
{
  push_storage_class((current_storage_class & ~CPPInstance::SC_c_binding) |
                     ($1 & CPPInstance::SC_c_binding));
}
        cpp '}'
{
  pop_storage_class();
}
        ;

declaration:
        type_like_declaration
        | template_declaration
        | extern_c
        | namespace_declaration
        | friend_declaration
        | KW_TYPEDEF typedef_declaration
        | KW_BEGIN_PUBLISH
{
  if (publish_nest_level != 0) {
    yyerror("Unclosed __begin_publish", publish_loc);
    publish_nest_level = 0;
    current_scope->set_current_vis(V_public);
  }

  publish_previous = current_scope->get_current_vis();
  publish_loc = @1;
  publish_nest_level++;
  current_scope->set_current_vis(V_published);
}
        | KW_END_PUBLISH
{
  if (publish_nest_level != 1) {
    yyerror("Unmatched __end_publish", @1);
  } else {
    current_scope->set_current_vis(publish_previous);
  }
  publish_nest_level = 0;
}
        | KW_PUBLISHED ':'
{
  current_scope->set_current_vis(V_published);
}
        | KW_PUBLIC ':'
{
  if (publish_nest_level > 0) {
    current_scope->set_current_vis(V_published);
  } else {
    current_scope->set_current_vis(V_public);
  }
}
        | KW_PROTECTED ':'
{
  current_scope->set_current_vis(V_protected);
}
        | KW_PRIVATE ':'
{
  current_scope->set_current_vis(V_private);
}
        | KW_MAKE_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER maybe_comma_identifier ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
  } else {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_normal, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();

    if ($6 != nullptr) {
      CPPDeclaration *setter = $6->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
      if (setter == nullptr || setter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
        yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid setter: " + $6->get_fully_scoped_name(), @6);
      } else {
        make_property->_set_function = setter->as_function_group();
      }
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);

  } else {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_normal, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *setter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (setter == nullptr || setter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid setter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);
    } else {
      make_property->_set_function = setter->as_function_group();
    }

    CPPDeclaration *deleter = $9->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (deleter == nullptr || deleter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid delete method: " + $9->get_fully_scoped_name(), @9);
    } else {
      make_property->_del_function = deleter->as_function_group();
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_SEQ_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *length_getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (length_getter == nullptr || length_getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid length method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    length_getter = nullptr;
  }

  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);
    getter = nullptr;
  }

  if (getter != nullptr && length_getter != nullptr) {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_sequence, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();
    make_property->_length_function = length_getter->as_function_group();
    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_SEQ_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *length_getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (length_getter == nullptr || length_getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid length method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    length_getter = nullptr;
  }

  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);
    getter = nullptr;
  }

  if (getter != nullptr && length_getter != nullptr) {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_sequence, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();
    make_property->_length_function = length_getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *setter = $9->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (setter == nullptr || setter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid setter: " + $9->get_fully_scoped_name(), @9);
    } else {
      make_property->_set_function = setter->as_function_group();
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_SEQ_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *length_getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (length_getter == nullptr || length_getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid length method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    length_getter = nullptr;
  }

  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);
    getter = nullptr;
  }

  if (getter != nullptr && length_getter != nullptr) {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_sequence, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();
    make_property->_length_function = length_getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *setter = $9->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (setter == nullptr || setter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid setter: " + $9->get_fully_scoped_name(), @9);
    } else {
      make_property->_set_function = setter->as_function_group();
    }

    CPPDeclaration *deleter = $11->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (deleter == nullptr || deleter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid delete method: " + $11->get_fully_scoped_name(), @11);
    } else {
      make_property->_del_function = deleter->as_function_group();
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_SEQ_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *length_getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (length_getter == nullptr || length_getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid length method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    length_getter = nullptr;
  }

  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);
    getter = nullptr;
  }

  if (getter != nullptr && length_getter != nullptr) {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_sequence, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();
    make_property->_length_function = length_getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *setter = $9->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (setter == nullptr || setter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid setter: " + $9->get_fully_scoped_name(), @9);
    } else {
      make_property->_set_function = setter->as_function_group();
    }

    CPPDeclaration *deleter = $11->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (deleter == nullptr || deleter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid delete method: " + $11->get_fully_scoped_name(), @11);
    } else {
      make_property->_del_function = deleter->as_function_group();
    }

    CPPDeclaration *inserter = $13->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (inserter == nullptr || inserter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid append method: " + $13->get_fully_scoped_name(), @13);
    } else {
      make_property->_insert_function = inserter->as_function_group();
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_MAP_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid item getter method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);

  } else {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_mapping, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();
    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_MAP_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);

  } else {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property;
    make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_mapping, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *hasser = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (hasser == nullptr || hasser->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid has/find method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    } else {
      make_property->_has_function = hasser->as_function_group();
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_MAP_PROPERTY '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER maybe_comma_identifier ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);

  } else {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_mapping, current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *hasser = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (hasser == nullptr || hasser->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid has/find method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    } else {
      make_property->_has_function = hasser->as_function_group();
    }

    CPPDeclaration *setter = $9->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (setter == nullptr || setter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid setter: " + $9->get_fully_scoped_name(), @9);
    } else {
      make_property->_set_function = setter->as_function_group();
    }

    if ($10 != nullptr) {
      CPPDeclaration *deleter = $10->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
      if (deleter == nullptr || deleter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
        yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid delete method: " + $10->get_fully_scoped_name(), @10);
      } else {
        make_property->_del_function = deleter->as_function_group();
      }
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_MAP_KEYS_SEQ '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *length_getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (length_getter == nullptr || length_getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid length method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    length_getter = nullptr;
  }

  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);
    getter = nullptr;
  }

  if (getter != nullptr && length_getter != nullptr) {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property = nullptr;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < current_scope->_declarations.size(); ++i) {
      make_property = current_scope->_declarations[i]->as_make_property();
      if (make_property != nullptr) {
        if (make_property->get_fully_scoped_name() == $3->get_fully_scoped_name()) {
          break;
        } else {
          make_property = nullptr;
        }
      }
    }
    if (make_property != nullptr) {
      make_property->_get_key_function = getter->as_function_group();
      make_property->_length_function = length_getter->as_function_group();
    } else {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent MAKE_MAP_PROPERTY: " + $3->get_fully_scoped_name(), @3);
    }
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_PROPERTY2 '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);

  } else {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property;
    make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_normal,
                                        current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *hasser = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (hasser == nullptr || hasser->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid has/find method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    } else {
      make_property->_has_function = hasser->as_function_group();
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_PROPERTY2 '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (getter == nullptr || getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("Reference to non-existent or invalid getter: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @7);

  } else {
    CPPMakeProperty *make_property;
    make_property = new CPPMakeProperty($3, CPPMakeProperty::T_normal,
                                        current_scope, @1.file);
    make_property->_get_function = getter->as_function_group();

    CPPDeclaration *hasser = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (hasser == nullptr || hasser->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid has/find method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    } else {
      make_property->_has_function = hasser->as_function_group();
    }

    CPPDeclaration *setter = $9->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (setter == nullptr || setter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid setter: " + $9->get_fully_scoped_name(), @9);
    } else {
      make_property->_set_function = setter->as_function_group();
    }

    CPPDeclaration *clearer = $11->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (clearer == nullptr || clearer->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
      yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid clear method: " + $11->get_fully_scoped_name(), @11);
    } else {
      make_property->_clear_function = clearer->as_function_group();
    }

    current_scope->add_declaration(make_property, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_MAKE_SEQ '(' name ',' IDENTIFIER ',' IDENTIFIER ')' ';'
{
  CPPDeclaration *length_getter = $5->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (length_getter == nullptr || length_getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid length method: " + $5->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    length_getter = nullptr;
  }

  CPPDeclaration *element_getter = $7->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (element_getter == nullptr || element_getter->get_subtype() != CPPDeclaration::ST_function_group) {
    yyerror("reference to non-existent or invalid element method: " + $7->get_fully_scoped_name(), @5);
    element_getter = nullptr;
  }

  if (length_getter != nullptr && element_getter != nullptr) {
    CPPMakeSeq *make_seq = new CPPMakeSeq($3,
                                          length_getter->as_function_group(),
                                          element_getter->as_function_group(),
                                          current_scope, @1.file);
    current_scope->add_declaration(make_seq, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  }
}
        | KW_STATIC_ASSERT '(' const_expr ',' string_literal ')' ';'
{
  CPPExpression::Result result = $3->evaluate();
  if (result._type == CPPExpression::RT_error) {
    yywarning("static_assert requires a constant expression", @3);
  } else if (!result.as_boolean()) {
    stringstream str;
    str << *$5;
    yywarning("static_assert failed: " + str.str(), @3);
  }
}
        | KW_STATIC_ASSERT '(' const_expr ')' ';'
{
  // This alternative version of static_assert was introduced in C++17.
  CPPExpression::Result result = $3->evaluate();
  if (result._type == CPPExpression::RT_error) {
    yywarning("static_assert requires a constant expression", @3);
  } else if (!result.as_boolean()) {
    yywarning("static_assert failed", @3);
  }
}
        ;

friend_declaration:
        KW_FRIEND
{
  CPPScope *new_scope = new CPPScope(current_scope, CPPNameComponent("temp"),
                                     V_public);
  push_scope(new_scope);
}
        declaration
{
  delete current_scope;
  pop_scope();
}
        ;


storage_class:
        empty
{
  $$ = 0;
}
        | KW_CONST storage_class
{
  // This isn't really a storage class, but it helps with parsing.
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_const;
}
        | KW_EXTERN storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_extern;
}
        | KW_EXTERN SIMPLE_STRING storage_class
{
  $$ = $3 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_extern;
  if ($2 == "C") {
    $$ |= (int)CPPInstance::SC_c_binding;
  } else if ($2 == "C++") {
    $$ &= ~(int)CPPInstance::SC_c_binding;
  } else {
    yywarning("Ignoring unknown linkage type \"" + $2 + "\"", @2);
  }
}
        | KW_STATIC storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_static;
}
        | KW_INLINE storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_inline;
}
        | KW_VIRTUAL storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_virtual;
}
        | KW_EXPLICIT storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_explicit;
}
        | KW_REGISTER storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_register;
}
        | KW_VOLATILE storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_volatile;
}
        | KW_MUTABLE storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_mutable;
}
        | KW_CONSTEXPR storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_constexpr;
}
        | KW_BLOCKING storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_blocking;
}
        | KW_EXTENSION storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_extension;
}
        | KW_THREAD_LOCAL storage_class
{
  $$ = $2 | (int)CPPInstance::SC_thread_local;
}
        | ATTR_LEFT attribute_specifiers ATTR_RIGHT storage_class
{
  // Ignore attribute specifiers for now.
  $$ = $4;
}
        | KW_ALIGNAS '(' const_expr ')' storage_class
{
  $$ = $5;
}
        | KW_ALIGNAS '(' type_decl ')' storage_class
{
  $$ = $5;
}
        ;

optional_attributes:
        empty
        | ATTR_LEFT attribute_specifiers ATTR_RIGHT optional_attributes
        | KW_ALIGNAS '(' const_expr ')' optional_attributes
        | KW_ALIGNAS '(' type_decl ')' optional_attributes
        ;

attribute_specifiers:
        attribute_specifier
        | attribute_specifier ',' attribute_specifiers
        ;

attribute_specifier:
        name
        | name '(' formal_parameter_list ')'
        | KW_USING name ':' attribute_specifier
        ;

type_like_declaration:
        storage_class var_type_decl
{
  // We don't need to push/pop type, because we can't nest
  // type_like_declaration.
  if ($2->as_type_declaration()) {
    current_type = $2->as_type_declaration()->_type;
  } else {
    current_type = $2->as_type();
  }
  push_storage_class($1);
}
        multiple_instance_identifiers
{
  pop_storage_class();
}

        | storage_class type_decl ';'
{
  // We don't really care about the storage class here.  In fact, it's
  // not actually legal to define a class or struct using a particular
  // storage class, but we require it just to help yacc out in its
  // parsing.

  current_scope->add_declaration($2, global_scope, current_lexer, @2);
}
        | storage_class constructor_prototype
{
  if ($2 != nullptr) {
    // Push the scope so that the initializers can make use of things defined
    // in the class body.
    push_scope($2->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope));
    $2->_storage_class |= (current_storage_class | $1);
  }
}
        maybe_initialize_or_constructor_body
{
  if ($2 != nullptr) {
    pop_scope();
    current_scope->add_declaration($2, global_scope, current_lexer, @2);
    $2->set_initializer($4);
  }
}
        | storage_class function_prototype maybe_initialize_or_function_body
{
  if ($2 != nullptr) {
    $2->_storage_class |= (current_storage_class | $1);
    current_scope->add_declaration($2, global_scope, current_lexer, @2);
    $2->set_initializer($3);
  }
}
        | using_declaration

        /* We don't need to include a rule for variables that point to
           functions, because we get those from the function_prototype
           definition. */
        ;

multiple_instance_identifiers:
        instance_identifier_and_maybe_trailing_return_type maybe_initialize_or_function_body
{
  if (current_storage_class & CPPInstance::SC_const) {
    $1->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  }
  CPPInstance *inst = new CPPInstance(current_type, $1,
                                      current_storage_class,
                                      @1.file);
  inst->set_initializer($2);
  current_scope->add_declaration(inst, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
}
        | instance_identifier_and_maybe_trailing_return_type maybe_initialize ',' multiple_instance_identifiers
{
  if (current_storage_class & CPPInstance::SC_const) {
    $1->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  }
  CPPInstance *inst = new CPPInstance(current_type, $1,
                                      current_storage_class,
                                      @1.file);
  inst->set_initializer($2);
  current_scope->add_declaration(inst, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
}
        ;


typedef_declaration:
        storage_class var_type_decl
{
  // We don't need to push/pop type, because we can't nest
  // multiple_var_declarations.
  if ($2->as_type_declaration()) {
    current_type = $2->as_type_declaration()->_type;
  } else {
    current_type = $2->as_type();
  }
  push_storage_class($1);
}
        typedef_instance_identifiers
{
  pop_storage_class();
}
        | storage_class function_prototype maybe_initialize_or_function_body
{
  if ($2 != nullptr) {
    CPPInstance *inst = $2->as_instance();
    if (inst != nullptr) {
      inst->_storage_class |= (current_storage_class | $1);
      current_scope->add_declaration(inst, global_scope, current_lexer, @2);
      CPPTypedefType *typedef_type = new CPPTypedefType(inst->_type, inst->_ident, current_scope);
      current_scope->add_declaration(CPPType::new_type(typedef_type), global_scope, current_lexer, @2);
    }
  }
}
        ;

typedef_instance_identifiers:
        instance_identifier_and_maybe_trailing_return_type maybe_initialize_or_function_body
{
  if (current_storage_class & CPPInstance::SC_const) {
    $1->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  }
  CPPType *target_type = current_type;
  CPPTypedefType *typedef_type = new CPPTypedefType(target_type, $1, current_scope, @1.file);
  current_scope->add_declaration(CPPType::new_type(typedef_type), global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
}
        | instance_identifier_and_maybe_trailing_return_type maybe_initialize ',' typedef_instance_identifiers
{
  if (current_storage_class & CPPInstance::SC_const) {
    $1->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  }
  CPPType *target_type = current_type;
  CPPTypedefType *typedef_type = new CPPTypedefType(target_type, $1, current_scope, @1.file);
  current_scope->add_declaration(CPPType::new_type(typedef_type), global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
}
        ;

constructor_prototype:

/* Functions with implicit return types, and constructors */
        IDENTIFIER '('
{
  // Create a scope for this function.
  CPPScope *scope = new CPPScope($1->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope),
                                 $1->_names.back(), V_private);

  // It still needs to be able to pick up any template arguments, if this is
  // a definition for a method template.  Add a fake "using" declaration to
  // accomplish this.
  scope->_using.insert(current_scope);

  push_scope(scope);
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  CPPScope *scope = $1->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
  CPPType *type;
  std::string simple_name = $1->get_simple_name();
  if (!simple_name.empty() && simple_name[0] == '~') {
    // A destructor has no return type.
    type = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_void);
  } else if (scope != nullptr && simple_name == scope->get_simple_name()) {
    // Neither does a constructor.
    type = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_void);
  } else {
    // This isn't a constructor, so it has an implicit return type of
    // int.
    yywarning("function has no return type, assuming int", @1);
    type = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int);
  }
  pop_scope();

  CPPInstanceIdentifier *ii = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($1);
  ii->add_func_modifier($4, $6);

  $$ = new CPPInstance(type, ii, 0, @1.file);
}
/* This is a hack to support functions with the identifier enveloped by a
   pair of parentheses. */
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER '(' IDENTIFIER ')' '('
{
  // Create a scope for this function.
  CPPScope *scope = new CPPScope($3->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope),
                                 $3->_names.back(), V_private);

  // It still needs to be able to pick up any template arguments, if this is
  // a definition for a method template.  Add a fake "using" declaration to
  // accomplish this.
  scope->_using.insert(current_scope);

  push_scope(scope);
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  pop_scope();
  CPPType *type = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert(type != nullptr);

  CPPInstanceIdentifier *ii = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($3);
  ii->add_func_modifier($7, $9);

  $$ = new CPPInstance(type, ii, 0, @1.file);
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER '('
{
  // Create a scope for this function.
  CPPScope *scope = new CPPScope($1->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope),
                                 $1->_names.back(), V_private);

  // It still needs to be able to pick up any template arguments, if this is
  // a definition for a method template.  Add a fake "using" declaration to
  // accomplish this.
  scope->_using.insert(current_scope);

  push_scope(scope);
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  pop_scope();
  CPPType *type;
  if ($1->get_simple_name() == current_scope->get_simple_name()) {
    // This is a constructor, and has no return.
    type = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_void);
  } else {
    // This isn't a constructor, so it has an implicit return type of
    // int.
    type = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int);
  }

  CPPInstanceIdentifier *ii = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($1);
  ii->add_func_modifier($4, $6);

  $$ = new CPPInstance(type, ii, 0, @1.file);
}
        ;

function_prototype:

/* Destructors */
        '~' name '('
{
  push_scope($2->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope));
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  pop_scope();
  if ($2->is_scoped()) {
    yyerror("Invalid destructor name: ~" + $2->get_fully_scoped_name(), @2);
  } else {
    CPPIdentifier *ident =
      new CPPIdentifier("~" + $2->get_simple_name(), @2);
    delete $2;

    CPPType *type;
    type = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_void);

    CPPInstanceIdentifier *ii = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(ident);
    ii->add_func_modifier($5, $7);

    $$ = new CPPInstance(type, ii, 0, @2.file);
  }
}

/* This is a special case: a function pointer declaration that looks
   at first a lot like a constructor declaration.  This is provided to
   help yacc sort out the differences.  It isn't an ideal solution,
   because it doesn't catch a lot of subtle variants on this form--but
   this will get at least the 99% most common uses. */

        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER '(' '*' instance_identifier ')' '('
{
  push_scope($4->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope));
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type
{
  pop_scope();
  CPPType *type = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert(type != nullptr);

  CPPInstanceIdentifier *ii = $4;
  ii->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
  ii->add_func_modifier($8, $10);
  $$ = new CPPInstance(type, ii, 0, @1.file);
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER '(' SCOPING '*' instance_identifier ')' '('
{
  push_scope($5->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope));
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type
{
  pop_scope();
  CPPType *type = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert(type != nullptr);

  CPPInstanceIdentifier *ii = $5;
  ii->add_scoped_pointer_modifier($3);
  ii->add_func_modifier($9, $11);
  $$ = new CPPInstance(type, ii, 0, @1.file);
}

/* Typecast operators */
        | KW_OPERATOR type not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier '('
{
  if ($1 != nullptr) {
    push_scope($1->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope));
  }
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  if ($1 != nullptr) {
    pop_scope();
  }

  // We use formal_parameter_identifier, because that can match a type
  // name with or without an identifier, but especially without, which
  // is what follows the keyword "operator" in a typecast function.
  // As an added bonus, the type of the formal_parameter will be the
  // typecast type, i.e. the return type of the typecast function.

  // We give typecast operators the name "operator typecast <name>",
  // where <name> is a simple name of the type to be typecast.  Use
  // the method's return type to determine the full type description.
  string name = "operator typecast " + $2->get_simple_name();
  CPPIdentifier *ident = $1;
  if (ident == nullptr) {
    ident = new CPPIdentifier(name, @2);
  } else {
    ident->add_name(name);
  }
  $$ = CPPInstance::make_typecast_function
    (new CPPInstance($2, $3, 0, @3.file), ident, $6, $8);
}
        | KW_OPERATOR KW_CONST type not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier '('
{
  if ($1 != nullptr) {
    push_scope($1->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope));
  }
}
        function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  if ($1 != nullptr) {
    pop_scope();
  }

  CPPIdentifier *ident = $1;
  if (ident == nullptr) {
    ident = new CPPIdentifier("operator typecast", @4);
  } else {
    ident->add_name("operator typecast");
  }
  $4->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = CPPInstance::make_typecast_function
    (new CPPInstance($3, $4, 0, @4.file), ident, $7, $9);
}

/* Not actually a function prototype, but maybe a template
   instantiation.  Just included here (instead of somewhere else) to
   avoid shift/reduce conflicts. */
        | IDENTIFIER
{
  CPPDeclaration *decl =
    $1->find_symbol(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (decl != nullptr) {
    $$ = decl->as_instance();
  } else {
    $$ = nullptr;
  }
}
        ;

function_post:
        empty
{
  $$ = 0;
}
        | function_post KW_CONST
{
  $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_const_method;
}
        | function_post KW_VOLATILE
{
  $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_volatile_method;
}
        | function_post KW_NOEXCEPT
{
  $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_noexcept;
}
/*        | function_post KW_NOEXCEPT '(' const_expr ')'
{
  CPPExpression::Result result = $4->evaluate();
  if (result._type == CPPExpression::RT_error) {
    yywarning("noexcept requires a constant expression", @4);
  } else if (result.as_boolean()) {
    $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_noexcept;
  }
}*/
        | function_post KW_FINAL
{
  $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_final;
}
        | function_post KW_OVERRIDE
{
  $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_override;
}
        | function_post '&'
{
  $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_lvalue_method;
}
        | function_post ANDAND
{
  $$ = $1 | (int)CPPFunctionType::F_rvalue_method;
}
        | function_post KW_MUTABLE
{
  // Used for lambdas, currently ignored.
  $$ = $1;
}
        | function_post KW_CONSTEXPR
{
  // Used for lambdas in C++17, currently ignored.
  $$ = $1;
}
        | function_post KW_THROW '(' ')'
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | function_post KW_THROW '(' name ')'
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | function_post KW_THROW '(' name ELLIPSIS ')'
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | function_post ATTR_LEFT attribute_specifiers ATTR_RIGHT
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        ;

function_operator:
        '!'
{
  $$ = "!";
}
        | '~'
{
  $$ = "~";
}
        | '*'
{
  $$ = "*";
}
        | '/'
{
  $$ = "/";
}
        | '%'
{
  $$ = "%";
}
        | '+'
{
  $$ = "+";
}
        | '-'
{
  $$ = "-";
}
        | '|'
{
  $$ = "|";
}
        | '&'
{
  $$ = "&";
}
        | '^'
{
  $$ = "^";
}
        | OROR
{
  $$ = "||";
}
        | ANDAND
{
  $$ = "&&";
}
        | EQCOMPARE
{
  $$ = "==";
}
        | NECOMPARE
{
  $$ = "!=";
}
        | LECOMPARE
{
  $$ = "<=";
}
        | GECOMPARE
{
  $$ = ">=";
}
        | '<'
{
  $$ = "<";
}
        | '>'
{
  $$ = ">";
}
        | LSHIFT
{
  $$ = "<<";
}
        | RSHIFT
{
  $$ = ">>";
}
        | '='
{
  $$ = "=";
}
        | ','
{
  $$ = ",";
}
        | PLUSPLUS
{
  $$ = "++";
}
        | MINUSMINUS
{
  $$ = "--";
}
        | TIMESEQUAL
{
  $$ = "*=";
}
        | DIVIDEEQUAL
{
  $$ = "/=";
}
        | MODEQUAL
{
  $$ = "%=";
}
        | PLUSEQUAL
{
  $$ = "+=";
}
        | MINUSEQUAL
{
  $$ = "-=";
}
        | OREQUAL
{
  $$ = "|=";
}
        | ANDEQUAL
{
  $$ = "&=";
}
        | XOREQUAL
{
  $$ = "^=";
}
        | LSHIFTEQUAL
{
  $$ = "<<=";
}
        | RSHIFTEQUAL
{
  $$ = ">>=";
}
        | POINTSAT
{
  $$ = "->";
}
        | '[' ']'
{
  $$ = "[]";
}
        | '(' ')'
{
  $$ = "()";
}
        | KW_NEW
{
  $$ = "new";
}
        | KW_DELETE
{
  $$ = "delete";
}
        ;

more_template_declaration:
        type_like_declaration
        | template_declaration
        | friend_declaration
        ;

template_declaration:
        KW_EXTERN template_declaration
        | KW_TEMPLATE
{
  push_scope(new CPPTemplateScope(current_scope));
}
        '<' template_formal_parameters '>' more_template_declaration
{
  pop_scope();
}
        | KW_TEMPLATE type_like_declaration
        | KW_TEMPLATE friend_declaration
        ;

template_formal_parameters:
        empty
        | template_nonempty_formal_parameters
        ;

template_nonempty_formal_parameters:
        template_formal_parameter
{
  CPPTemplateScope *ts = current_scope->as_template_scope();
  assert(ts != nullptr);
  ts->add_template_parameter($1);
}
        | template_nonempty_formal_parameters ',' template_formal_parameter
{
  CPPTemplateScope *ts = current_scope->as_template_scope();
  assert(ts != nullptr);
  ts->add_template_parameter($3);
}
        ;

typename_keyword:
        KW_CLASS
        | KW_TYPENAME
        ;

template_formal_parameter:
        typename_keyword
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPClassTemplateParameter(nullptr));
}
        | typename_keyword name
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPClassTemplateParameter($2));
}
        | typename_keyword name '=' full_type
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPClassTemplateParameter($2, $4));
}
        | typename_keyword ELLIPSIS
{
  CPPClassTemplateParameter *ctp = new CPPClassTemplateParameter(nullptr);
  ctp->_packed = true;
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(ctp);
}
        | typename_keyword ELLIPSIS name
{
  CPPClassTemplateParameter *ctp = new CPPClassTemplateParameter($3);
  ctp->_packed = true;
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(ctp);
}
        | template_formal_parameter_type formal_parameter_identifier template_parameter_maybe_initialize
{
  CPPInstance *inst = new CPPInstance($1, $2, 0, @2.file);
  inst->set_initializer($3);
  $$ = inst;
}
        | KW_CONST template_formal_parameter_type formal_parameter_identifier template_parameter_maybe_initialize
{
  $3->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  CPPInstance *inst = new CPPInstance($2, $3, 0, @3.file);
  inst->set_initializer($4);
  $$ = inst;
}
        | template_formal_parameter_type parameter_pack_identifier
{
  CPPInstance *inst = new CPPInstance($1, $2, 0, @2.file);
  $$ = inst;
}
        | KW_CONST template_formal_parameter_type parameter_pack_identifier
{
  $3->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  CPPInstance *inst = new CPPInstance($2, $3, 0, @3.file);
  $$ = inst;
}
        ;

template_formal_parameter_type:
        simple_type
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | IDENTIFIER
{
  yywarning("Not a type: " + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_unknown));
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert($$ != nullptr);
}
        | TYPEPACK_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert($$ != nullptr);
}
        ;


instance_identifier:
        name_no_final optional_attributes
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($1);
}
        | KW_OPERATOR function_operator optional_attributes
{
  // For an operator function.  We implement this simply by building a
  // ficticious name for the function; in other respects it's just
  // like a regular function.
  CPPIdentifier *ident = $1;
  if (ident == nullptr) {
    ident = new CPPIdentifier("operator "+$2, @2);
  } else {
    ident->_names.push_back("operator "+$2);
  }

  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(ident);
}
        | KW_OPERATOR SIMPLE_STRING IDENTIFIER optional_attributes
{
  // A C++11 literal operator.
  if (!$2.empty()) {
    yyerror("expected empty string", @2);
  }
  CPPIdentifier *ident = $1;
  if (ident == nullptr) {
    ident = new CPPIdentifier("operator \"\" "+$3->get_simple_name(), @3);
  } else {
    ident->_names.push_back("operator \"\" "+$3->get_simple_name());
  }

  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(ident);
}
        | KW_CONST instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_const);
}
        | KW_VOLATILE instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_volatile);
}
        | '*' optional_attributes instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
}
        | '&' optional_attributes instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_reference);
}
        | ANDAND optional_attributes instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_rvalue_reference);
}
        | SCOPING '*' optional_attributes instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_scoped_pointer_modifier($1);
}
        | instance_identifier '[' optional_const_expr ']' optional_attributes
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->add_array_modifier($3);
}
        | '(' instance_identifier ')'
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
}
        | instance_identifier '('
{
  // Create a scope for this function (in case it is a function)
  CPPScope *scope = new CPPScope($1->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope),
                                 CPPNameComponent(""), V_private);

  // It still needs to be able to pick up any template arguments, if this is
  // a definition for a method template.  Add a fake "using" declaration to
  // accomplish this.
  scope->_using.insert(current_scope);

  push_scope(scope);
}
        formal_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  pop_scope();
  $$ = $1;
  if ($4->is_parameter_expr() && $6 == 0) {
    // Oops, this must have been an instance declaration with a
    // parameter list, not a function prototype.
    $$->add_initializer_modifier($4);

  } else {
    // This was (probably) a function prototype.
    $$->add_func_modifier($4, $6);
  }
}
        ;


instance_identifier_and_maybe_trailing_return_type:
        instance_identifier maybe_trailing_return_type
{
  // This is handled a bit awkwardly right now.  Ideally it'd be wrapped
  // up in the instance_identifier rule, but then more needs to happen in
  // order to avoid shift/reduce conflicts.
  if ($2 != nullptr) {
    $1->add_trailing_return_type($2);
  }
  $$ = $1;
}
        | instance_identifier ':' const_expr
{
  // Bitfield definition.
  $1->_bit_width = $3;
  $$ = $1;
}
        ;


maybe_trailing_return_type:
        empty
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | POINTSAT predefined_type empty_instance_identifier
{
  $$ = $3->unroll_type($2);
}
        | POINTSAT KW_CONST predefined_type empty_instance_identifier
{
  $4->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = $4->unroll_type($3);
}
        ;


maybe_comma_identifier:
        empty
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | ',' IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        ;


function_parameter_list:
        empty
{
  $$ = new CPPParameterList;
}
        | ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = new CPPParameterList;
  $$->_includes_ellipsis = true;
}
        | function_parameters
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | function_parameters ',' ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->_includes_ellipsis = true;
}
        | function_parameters ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->_includes_ellipsis = true;
}
        ;

function_parameters:
        function_parameter
{
  $$ = new CPPParameterList;
  $$->_parameters.push_back($1);
}
        | function_parameters ',' function_parameter
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->_parameters.push_back($3);
}
        ;

formal_parameter_list:
        empty
{
  $$ = new CPPParameterList;
}
        | ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = new CPPParameterList;
  $$->_includes_ellipsis = true;
}
        | formal_parameters
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | formal_parameters ',' ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->_includes_ellipsis = true;
}
        | formal_parameters ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->_includes_ellipsis = true;
}
        ;

formal_parameters:
        formal_parameter
{
  $$ = new CPPParameterList;
  $$->_parameters.push_back($1);
}
        | formal_parameters ',' formal_parameter
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->_parameters.push_back($3);
}
        ;

template_parameter_maybe_initialize:
        empty
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | '=' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        ;

maybe_initialize:
        empty
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | '=' const_expr
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        ;

maybe_initialize_or_constructor_body:
        ';'
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | '{' code '}'
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | ':' constructor_inits '{' code '}'
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | '=' KW_DEFAULT ';'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::get_default());
}
        | '=' KW_DELETE ';'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::get_delete());
}
        ;

maybe_initialize_or_function_body:
        ';'
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | '{' code '}'
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | '=' const_expr ';'
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        | '=' KW_DEFAULT ';'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::get_default());
}
        | '=' KW_DELETE ';'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::get_delete());
}
        | '=' '{' structure_init '}'
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        ;

structure_init:
        empty
        | structure_init_body
        | structure_init_body ','
        ;

structure_init_body:
        const_expr
{
}
        | '{' structure_init '}'
        | structure_init_body ',' const_expr
        | structure_init_body ',' '{' structure_init '}'
        ;

function_parameter:
        type formal_parameter_identifier maybe_initialize
{
  $$ = new CPPInstance($1, $2, 0, @2.file);
  $$->set_initializer($3);
}
        | KW_CONST type formal_parameter_identifier maybe_initialize
{
  $3->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = new CPPInstance($2, $3, 0, @3.file);
  $$->set_initializer($4);
}
        | KW_CONST KW_REGISTER type formal_parameter_identifier maybe_initialize
{
  $4->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = new CPPInstance($3, $4, 0, @3.file);
  $$->set_initializer($5);
}
        | type_pack parameter_pack_identifier maybe_initialize
{
  $$ = new CPPInstance($1, $2, 0, @2.file);
  $$->set_initializer($3);
}
        | KW_CONST type_pack parameter_pack_identifier maybe_initialize
{
  $3->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = new CPPInstance($2, $3, 0, @3.file);
  $$->set_initializer($4);
}
        | KW_CONST KW_REGISTER type_pack parameter_pack_identifier maybe_initialize
{
  $4->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = new CPPInstance($3, $4, 0, @3.file);
  $$->set_initializer($5);
}
        | KW_REGISTER function_parameter
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        | ATTR_LEFT attribute_specifiers ATTR_RIGHT function_parameter
{
  $$ = $4;
}
        ;

/* A "formal parameter" is like a function parameter, except that it parses
 * instance declarations (that look like functions declaration) as well, and
 * as such accepts constexpr parameters.
 */
formal_parameter:
        function_parameter
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | formal_const_expr
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_parameter));
  $$ = new CPPInstance(type, "expr");
  $$->set_initializer($1);
}
        ;

not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier:
        empty
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
}
        | name_no_final optional_attributes
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($1);
}
        | KW_CONST not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_const);
}
        | KW_VOLATILE not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_volatile);
}
        | '*' optional_attributes not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
}
        | '&' optional_attributes not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_reference);
}
        | ANDAND optional_attributes not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_rvalue_reference);
}
        | SCOPING '*' optional_attributes not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_scoped_pointer_modifier($1);
}
        | not_paren_formal_parameter_identifier '[' optional_const_expr ']' optional_attributes
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->add_array_modifier($3);
}
        ;

formal_parameter_identifier:
        empty
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
}
        | name_no_final optional_attributes
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($1);
}
        | KW_CONST formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_const);
}
        | KW_VOLATILE formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_volatile);
}
        | '*' optional_attributes formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
}
        | '&' optional_attributes formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_reference);
}
        | ANDAND optional_attributes formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_rvalue_reference);
}
        | SCOPING '*' optional_attributes formal_parameter_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_scoped_pointer_modifier($1);
}
        | formal_parameter_identifier '[' optional_const_expr ']' optional_attributes
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->add_array_modifier($3);
}
        | '(' formal_parameter_identifier ')' '(' function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
  $$->add_func_modifier($5, $7);
}
        | '(' formal_parameter_identifier ')'
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
}
        ;

parameter_pack_identifier:
        ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
  $$->_packed = true;
}
        | ELLIPSIS name optional_attributes
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($2);
  $$->_packed = true;
}
        | KW_CONST parameter_pack_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_const);
}
        | KW_VOLATILE parameter_pack_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_volatile);
}
        | '*' optional_attributes parameter_pack_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
}
        | '&' optional_attributes parameter_pack_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_reference);
}
        | ANDAND optional_attributes parameter_pack_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_rvalue_reference);
}
        | SCOPING '*' optional_attributes parameter_pack_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_scoped_pointer_modifier($1);
}
        | parameter_pack_identifier '[' optional_const_expr ']' optional_attributes
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->add_array_modifier($3);
}
        | '(' parameter_pack_identifier ')' '(' function_parameter_list ')' function_post
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
  $$->add_func_modifier($5, $7);
}
        | '(' parameter_pack_identifier ')'
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
}
        ;

not_paren_empty_instance_identifier:
        empty
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
}
        | ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
  $$->_packed = true;
}
        | ELLIPSIS name optional_attributes
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($2);
  $$->_packed = true;
}
        | KW_CONST not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_const);
}
        | KW_VOLATILE not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_volatile);
}
        | '*' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
}
        | '&' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_reference);
}
        | ANDAND optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_rvalue_reference);
}
        | SCOPING '*' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_scoped_pointer_modifier($1);
}
        | not_paren_empty_instance_identifier '[' optional_const_expr ']' optional_attributes
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->add_array_modifier($3);
}
        ;

empty_instance_identifier:
        empty
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
}
        | ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
  $$->_packed = true;
}
        | ELLIPSIS name optional_attributes
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier($2);
  $$->_packed = true;
}
        | KW_CONST empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_const);
}
        | KW_VOLATILE empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_volatile);
}
        | '*' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
}
        | '&' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_reference);
}
        | ANDAND optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $3;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_rvalue_reference);
}
        | SCOPING '*' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier  %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_scoped_pointer_modifier($1);
}
        | not_paren_empty_instance_identifier '[' optional_const_expr ']' optional_attributes
{
  $$ = $1;
  $$->add_array_modifier($3);
}
        | '(' function_parameter_list ')' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type
{
  $$ = new CPPInstanceIdentifier(nullptr);
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
  $$->add_func_modifier($2, $4, $5);
}
        | '(' '*' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier ')' '(' function_parameter_list ')' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_pointer);
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
  $$->add_func_modifier($7, $9, $10);
}
        | '(' '&' optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier ')' '(' function_parameter_list ')' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_reference);
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
  $$->add_func_modifier($7, $9, $10);
}
        | '(' ANDAND optional_attributes not_paren_empty_instance_identifier ')' '(' function_parameter_list ')' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type
{
  $$ = $4;
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_rvalue_reference);
  $$->add_modifier(IIT_paren);
  $$->add_func_modifier($7, $9, $10);
}
        ;

type:
        simple_type
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert($$ != nullptr);
}
        | KW_TYPENAME name
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPTBDType($2));
}
        | anonymous_struct
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | named_struct
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | enum
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | struct_keyword struct_attributes name
{
  CPPType *type = $3->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type != nullptr) {
    $$ = type;
  } else {
    CPPExtensionType *et =
      CPPType::new_type(new CPPExtensionType($1, $3, current_scope, @1.file))
      ->as_extension_type();
    CPPScope *scope = $3->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
    if (scope != nullptr) {
      scope->define_extension_type(et);
    }
    $$ = et;
  }
}
        | enum_keyword name_no_final ':' enum_element_type
{
  CPPType *type = $2->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type != nullptr) {
    $$ = type;
  } else {
    CPPExtensionType *et =
      CPPType::new_type(new CPPExtensionType($1, $2, current_scope, @1.file))
      ->as_extension_type();
    CPPScope *scope = $2->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
    if (scope != nullptr) {
      scope->define_extension_type(et);
    }
    $$ = et;
  }
}
        | KW_DECLTYPE '(' const_expr ')'
{
  $$ = $3->determine_type();
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    stringstream str;
    str << *$3;
    yyerror("could not determine type of " + str.str(), @3);
  }
}
        | KW_DECLTYPE '(' KW_AUTO ')'
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_auto));
}
        | KW_UNDERLYING_TYPE '(' full_type ')'
{
  CPPEnumType *enum_type = $3->as_enum_type();
  if (enum_type == nullptr) {
    yyerror("an enumeration type is required", @3);
    $$ = $3;
  } else {
    $$ = enum_type->get_underlying_type();
  }
}
        | KW_AUTO
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_auto));
}
        ;

type_pack:
        TYPEPACK_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert($$ != nullptr);
}
        ;

type_decl:
        simple_type
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert($$ != nullptr);
}
        | KW_TYPENAME name
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPTBDType($2));
}
        | anonymous_struct
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | named_struct
{
  $$ = new CPPTypeDeclaration(CPPType::new_type($1));
}
        | enum
{
  $$ = new CPPTypeDeclaration(CPPType::new_type($1));
}
        | struct_keyword struct_attributes name
{
  CPPType *type = $3->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type != nullptr) {
    $$ = type;
  } else {
    CPPExtensionType *et =
      CPPType::new_type(new CPPExtensionType($1, $3, current_scope, @1.file))
      ->as_extension_type();
    CPPScope *scope = $3->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
    if (scope != nullptr) {
      scope->define_extension_type(et);
    }
    $$ = et;
  }
}
        | enum_keyword name_no_final ':' enum_element_type
{
  CPPType *type = $2->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type != nullptr) {
    $$ = type;
  } else {
    CPPExtensionType *et =
      CPPType::new_type(new CPPExtensionType($1, $2, current_scope, @1.file))
      ->as_extension_type();
    CPPScope *scope = $2->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
    if (scope != nullptr) {
      scope->define_extension_type(et);
    }
    $$ = et;
  }
}
        | enum_keyword name
{
  yywarning(string("C++ does not permit forward declaration of untyped enum ") + $2->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);

  CPPType *type = $2->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type != nullptr) {
    $$ = type;
  } else {
    CPPExtensionType *et =
      CPPType::new_type(new CPPExtensionType($1, $2, current_scope, @1.file))
      ->as_extension_type();
    CPPScope *scope = $2->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
    if (scope != nullptr) {
      scope->define_extension_type(et);
    }
    $$ = et;
  }
}
        | KW_DECLTYPE '(' const_expr ')'
{
  $$ = $3->determine_type();
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    stringstream str;
    str << *$3;
    yyerror("could not determine type of " + str.str(), @3);
  }
}
        | KW_DECLTYPE '(' KW_AUTO ')'
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_auto));
}
        | KW_UNDERLYING_TYPE '(' full_type ')'
{
  CPPEnumType *enum_type = $3->as_enum_type();
  if (enum_type == nullptr) {
    yyerror("an enumeration type is required", @3);
    $$ = $3;
  } else {
    $$ = enum_type->get_underlying_type();
  }
}
        | KW_AUTO
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_auto));
}
        ;

predefined_type:
        simple_type
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert($$ != nullptr);
}
        | KW_TYPENAME name
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPTBDType($2));
}
        | struct_keyword struct_attributes name
{
  CPPType *type = $3->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type != nullptr) {
    $$ = type;
  } else {
    CPPExtensionType *et =
      CPPType::new_type(new CPPExtensionType($1, $3, current_scope, @1.file))
      ->as_extension_type();
    CPPScope *scope = $3->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
    if (scope != nullptr) {
      scope->define_extension_type(et);
    }
    $$ = et;
  }
}
        | enum_keyword name
{
  CPPType *type = $2->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type != nullptr) {
    $$ = type;
  } else {
    CPPExtensionType *et =
      CPPType::new_type(new CPPExtensionType($1, $2, current_scope, @1.file))
      ->as_extension_type();
    CPPScope *scope = $2->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope);
    if (scope != nullptr) {
      scope->define_extension_type(et);
    }
    $$ = et;
  }
}
        | KW_DECLTYPE '(' const_expr ')'
{
  $$ = $3->determine_type();
  if ($$ == nullptr) {
    stringstream str;
    str << *$3;
    yyerror("could not determine type of " + str.str(), @3);
  }
}
        | KW_UNDERLYING_TYPE '(' full_type ')'
{
  CPPEnumType *enum_type = $3->as_enum_type();
  if (enum_type == nullptr) {
    yyerror("an enumeration type is required", @3);
    $$ = $3;
  } else {
    $$ = enum_type->get_underlying_type();
  }
}
        | KW_AUTO
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_auto));
}
        ;

var_type_decl:
        type_decl
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | IDENTIFIER
{
  yyerror(string("unknown type '") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name() + "'", @1);

  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_unknown));
}

full_type:
        type empty_instance_identifier
{
  $$ = $2->unroll_type($1);
}
        | KW_CONST type empty_instance_identifier
{
  $3->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = $3->unroll_type($2);
}
        | type_pack empty_instance_identifier
{
  $$ = $2->unroll_type($1);
}
        | KW_CONST type_pack empty_instance_identifier
{
  $3->add_modifier(IIT_const);
  $$ = $3->unroll_type($2);
}
        ;

struct_attributes:
        empty
        | struct_attributes ATTR_LEFT attribute_specifiers ATTR_RIGHT
        | struct_attributes KW_ALIGNAS '(' const_expr ')'
        | struct_attributes KW_ALIGNAS '(' type_decl ')'
        ;

anonymous_struct:
        struct_keyword struct_attributes '{'
{
  CPPVisibility starting_vis =
  ($1 == CPPExtensionType::T_class) ? V_private : V_public;

  CPPScope *new_scope = new CPPScope(current_scope, CPPNameComponent("anon"),
                                     starting_vis);
  CPPStructType *st = new CPPStructType($1, nullptr, current_scope,
                                        new_scope, @1.file);
  new_scope->set_struct_type(st);

  push_scope(new_scope);
  push_struct(st);
}
        cpp '}'
{
  $$ = current_struct;
  current_struct->_incomplete = false;
  pop_struct();
  pop_scope();
}
        ;

named_struct:
        struct_keyword struct_attributes name_no_final
{
  CPPVisibility starting_vis =
  ($1 == CPPExtensionType::T_class) ? V_private : V_public;

  CPPScope *scope = $3->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (scope == nullptr) {
    scope = current_scope;
  }
  CPPScope *new_scope = new CPPScope(scope, $3->_names.back(),
                                     starting_vis);

  CPPStructType *st = new CPPStructType($1, $3, current_scope,
                                        new_scope, @1.file);
  new_scope->set_struct_type(st);
  current_scope->define_extension_type(st);

  push_scope(new_scope);
  push_struct(st);
}
        maybe_final maybe_class_derivation '{' cpp '}'
{
  $$ = current_struct;
  current_struct->_incomplete = false;
  pop_struct();
  pop_scope();
}
        ;

maybe_final:
        empty
        | KW_FINAL
{
  current_struct->_final = true;
}
        ;

maybe_class_derivation:
        empty
        | class_derivation
        ;

class_derivation:
        ':' base_specification
        | class_derivation ',' base_specification
        ;

base_specification:
        class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($1, V_unknown, false);
}
        | KW_PUBLIC class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($2, V_public, false);
}
        | KW_PROTECTED class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($2, V_protected, false);
}
        | KW_PRIVATE class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($2, V_private, false);
}
        | KW_VIRTUAL KW_PUBLIC class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($3, V_public, true);
}
        | KW_VIRTUAL KW_PROTECTED class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($3, V_protected, true);
}
        | KW_VIRTUAL KW_PRIVATE class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($3, V_private, true);
}
        | KW_PUBLIC KW_VIRTUAL class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($3, V_public, true);
}
        | KW_PROTECTED KW_VIRTUAL class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($3, V_protected, true);
}
        | KW_PRIVATE KW_VIRTUAL class_derivation_name
{
  current_struct->append_derivation($3, V_private, true);
}
        ;

enum:
        enum_decl '{' enum_body '}'
{
  $$ = current_enum;
  current_enum = nullptr;
}
        ;

enum_decl:
        enum_keyword ':' enum_element_type
{
  current_enum = new CPPEnumType($1, nullptr, $3, current_scope, nullptr, @1.file);
}
        | enum_keyword
{
  current_enum = new CPPEnumType($1, nullptr, current_scope, nullptr, @1.file);
}
        | enum_keyword name_no_final ':' enum_element_type
{
  CPPScope *new_scope = new CPPScope(current_scope, $2->_names.back(), V_public);
  current_enum = new CPPEnumType($1, $2, $4, current_scope, new_scope, @1.file);
}
        | enum_keyword name_no_final
{
  CPPScope *new_scope = new CPPScope(current_scope, $2->_names.back(), V_public);
  current_enum = new CPPEnumType($1, $2, current_scope, new_scope, @1.file);
}
        ;

enum_element_type:
        simple_int_type
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type($1);
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
}
        ;

enum_body_trailing_comma:
        empty
        | enum_body_trailing_comma name ','
{
  assert(current_enum != nullptr);
  current_enum->add_element($2->get_simple_name(), nullptr, current_lexer, @2);
}
        | enum_body_trailing_comma name '=' const_expr ','
{
  assert(current_enum != nullptr);
  current_enum->add_element($2->get_simple_name(), $4, current_lexer, @2);
};

enum_body:
        enum_body_trailing_comma
        | enum_body_trailing_comma name
{
  assert(current_enum != nullptr);
  current_enum->add_element($2->get_simple_name(), nullptr, current_lexer, @2);
}
        | enum_body_trailing_comma name '=' const_expr
{
  assert(current_enum != nullptr);
  current_enum->add_element($2->get_simple_name(), $4, current_lexer, @2);
}
        ;

enum_keyword:
        KW_ENUM
{
  $$ = CPPExtensionType::T_enum;
}
        | KW_ENUM KW_CLASS
{
  $$ = CPPExtensionType::T_enum_class;
}
        | KW_ENUM KW_STRUCT
{
  $$ = CPPExtensionType::T_enum_struct;
}
        ;

struct_keyword:
        KW_CLASS
{
  $$ = CPPExtensionType::T_class;
}
        | KW_STRUCT
{
  $$ = CPPExtensionType::T_struct;
}
        | KW_UNION
{
  $$ = CPPExtensionType::T_union;
}
        ;

namespace_declaration:
        KW_NAMESPACE name '{'
{
  CPPScope *scope = $2->find_scope(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (scope == nullptr) {
    // This must be a new namespace declaration.
    CPPScope *parent_scope =
      $2->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (parent_scope == nullptr) {
      parent_scope = current_scope;
    }
    scope = new CPPScope(parent_scope, $2->_names.back(), V_public);
  }

  CPPNamespace *nspace = new CPPNamespace($2, scope, @1.file);
  current_scope->add_declaration(nspace, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  current_scope->define_namespace(nspace);
  push_scope(scope);
}
        cpp '}'
{
  pop_scope();
}
        | KW_INLINE KW_NAMESPACE name '{'
{
  CPPScope *scope = $3->find_scope(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
  if (scope == nullptr) {
    // This must be a new namespace declaration.
    CPPScope *parent_scope =
      $3->get_scope(current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
    if (parent_scope == nullptr) {
      parent_scope = current_scope;
    }
    scope = new CPPScope(parent_scope, $3->_names.back(), V_public);
  }

  CPPNamespace *nspace = new CPPNamespace($3, scope, @2.file);
  nspace->_is_inline = true;
  current_scope->add_declaration(nspace, global_scope, current_lexer, @2);
  current_scope->define_namespace(nspace);
  push_scope(scope);
}
        cpp '}'
{
  pop_scope();
}
        | KW_NAMESPACE '{' cpp '}'
        | KW_INLINE KW_NAMESPACE '{' cpp '}'
        ;

using_declaration:
        KW_USING name ';'
{
  CPPUsing *using_decl = new CPPUsing($2, false, @1.file);
  current_scope->add_declaration(using_decl, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  current_scope->add_using(using_decl, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        | KW_USING name '=' full_type ';'
{
  // This is really just an alternative way to declare a typedef.
  CPPTypedefType *typedef_type = new CPPTypedefType($4, $2, current_scope);
  typedef_type->_using = true;
  current_scope->add_declaration(CPPType::new_type(typedef_type), global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
}
        | KW_USING KW_NAMESPACE name ';'
{
  CPPUsing *using_decl = new CPPUsing($3, true, @1.file);
  current_scope->add_declaration(using_decl, global_scope, current_lexer, @1);
  current_scope->add_using(using_decl, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        ;

simple_type:
        simple_int_type
        | simple_float_type
        | simple_void_type
        ;

simple_int_type:
        KW_BOOL
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_bool);
}
        | KW_CHAR
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_char);
}
        | KW_WCHAR_T
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_wchar_t);
}
        | KW_CHAR16_T
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_char16_t);
}
        | KW_CHAR32_T
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_char32_t);
}
        | KW_SHORT
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                         CPPSimpleType::F_short);
}
        | KW_LONG
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                         CPPSimpleType::F_long);
}
        | KW_UNSIGNED
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                         CPPSimpleType::F_unsigned);
}
        | KW_SIGNED
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                         CPPSimpleType::F_signed);
}
        | KW_INT
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int);
}
        | KW_SHORT simple_int_type
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->_flags |= CPPSimpleType::F_short;
}
        | KW_LONG simple_int_type
{
  $$ = $2;
  if ($$->_flags & CPPSimpleType::F_long) {
    $$->_flags |= CPPSimpleType::F_longlong;
  } else {
    $$->_flags |= CPPSimpleType::F_long;
  }
}
        | KW_UNSIGNED simple_int_type
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->_flags |= CPPSimpleType::F_unsigned;
}
        | KW_SIGNED simple_int_type
{
  $$ = $2;
  $$->_flags |= CPPSimpleType::F_signed;
}
        ;

simple_float_type:
        KW_FLOAT
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_float);
}
        | KW_DOUBLE
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_double);
}
        | KW_LONG KW_DOUBLE
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_double,
                         CPPSimpleType::F_long);
}
        ;

simple_void_type:
        KW_VOID
{
  $$ = new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_void);
}
        ;

/* We don't care what the code is.  We just want to be sure we match
   up opening and closing braces properly.  For anything else, we'll
   accept just token salad. */
code:
{
  current_lexer->_resolve_identifiers = false;
}
        code_block
{
  current_lexer->_resolve_identifiers = true;
}
        ;

code_block:
        empty
        | code_block element
        ;

element:
        REAL
        | INTEGER
        | SIMPLE_STRING
        | STRING_LITERAL
        | CUSTOM_LITERAL
        | CHAR_TOK
        | IDENTIFIER
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
        | TYPEPACK_IDENTIFIER
        | SCOPING
        | SIMPLE_IDENTIFIER
        | ELLIPSIS | OROR | ANDAND
        | EQCOMPARE | NECOMPARE | LECOMPARE | GECOMPARE
        | LSHIFT | RSHIFT | POINTSAT_STAR | DOT_STAR | POINTSAT
        | SCOPE | PLUSPLUS | MINUSMINUS
        | TIMESEQUAL | DIVIDEEQUAL | MODEQUAL | PLUSEQUAL | MINUSEQUAL
        | OREQUAL | ANDEQUAL | XOREQUAL | LSHIFTEQUAL | RSHIFTEQUAL
        | ATTR_LEFT | ATTR_RIGHT
        | KW_ALIGNAS | KW_ALIGNOF | KW_AUTO | KW_BOOL | KW_CATCH
        | KW_CHAR | KW_CHAR16_T | KW_CHAR32_T | KW_CLASS | KW_CONST
        | KW_CONSTEXPR | KW_CONST_CAST | KW_DECLTYPE | KW_DEFAULT
        | KW_DELETE | KW_DOUBLE | KW_DYNAMIC_CAST | KW_ELSE | KW_ENUM
        | KW_EXTERN | KW_EXPLICIT | KW_FALSE | KW_FINAL | KW_FLOAT
        | KW_FRIEND | KW_FOR | KW_GOTO | KW_IF | KW_INLINE | KW_INT
        | KW_LONG | KW_MUTABLE | KW_NAMESPACE | KW_NEW | KW_NULLPTR
        | KW_OPERATOR | KW_OVERRIDE | KW_PRIVATE | KW_PROTECTED
        | KW_PUBLIC | KW_PUBLISHED | KW_REGISTER | KW_REINTERPRET_CAST
        | KW_RETURN | KW_SHORT | KW_SIGNED | KW_SIZEOF | KW_STATIC
        | KW_STATIC_ASSERT | KW_STATIC_CAST | KW_STRUCT | KW_TEMPLATE
        | KW_THREAD_LOCAL | KW_THROW | KW_TRUE | KW_TRY | KW_TYPEDEF
        | KW_TYPEID | KW_TYPENAME | KW_UNDERLYING_TYPE | KW_UNION
        | KW_UNSIGNED | KW_USING | KW_VIRTUAL | KW_VOID | KW_VOLATILE
        | KW_WCHAR_T | KW_WHILE
{
}
        | '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | '&' | '|' | '^' | '!' | '~' | '=' | '%'
        | '<' | '>' | '(' | ')' | '.' | ',' | ';' | ':' | '[' | ']'
        | '?' | '{' code_block '}'
        ;

optional_const_expr:
        empty
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | const_expr
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        ;

optional_const_expr_comma:
        empty
{
  $$ = nullptr;
}
        | const_expr_comma
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        ;

const_expr_comma:
        const_expr
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | const_expr_comma ',' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(',', $1, $3);
}
        ;

no_angle_bracket_const_expr:
        const_operand
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | '(' full_type ')' no_angle_bracket_const_expr %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($2, $4));
}
        | KW_STATIC_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_static_cast));
}
        | KW_DYNAMIC_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_dynamic_cast));
}
        | KW_CONST_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_const_cast));
}
        | KW_REINTERPRET_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_reinterpret_cast));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF '(' full_type ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_func($3));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF no_angle_bracket_const_expr %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_func($2));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF ELLIPSIS '(' name ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_ellipsis_func($4));
}
        | KW_ALIGNOF '(' full_type ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::alignof_func($3));
}
        | '!' no_angle_bracket_const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_NOT, $2);
}
        | '~' no_angle_bracket_const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_NEGATE, $2);
}
        | '-' no_angle_bracket_const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_MINUS, $2);
}
        | '+' no_angle_bracket_const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_PLUS, $2);
}
        | '*' no_angle_bracket_const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_STAR, $2);
}
        | '&' no_angle_bracket_const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_REF, $2);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '*' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('*', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '/' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('/', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '%' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('%', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '+' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('+', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '-' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('-', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '|' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('|', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '^' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('^', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '&' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('&', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr OROR no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(OROR, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr ANDAND no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(ANDAND, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr EQCOMPARE no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(EQCOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr NECOMPARE no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(NECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr LECOMPARE no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(LECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr GECOMPARE no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(GECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr LSHIFT no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(LSHIFT, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr RSHIFT no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(RSHIFT, $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '?' no_angle_bracket_const_expr ':' no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('?', $1, $3, $5);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '[' const_expr ']'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('[', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('f', $1, $3);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '(' ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('f', $1);
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr '.' name
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('.', $1, new CPPExpression($3, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer));
}
        | no_angle_bracket_const_expr POINTSAT no_angle_bracket_const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(POINTSAT, $1, $3);
}
        | '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        ;


const_expr:
        const_operand
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | '(' full_type ')' const_expr %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($2, $4));
}
        | KW_STATIC_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_static_cast));
}
        | KW_DYNAMIC_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_dynamic_cast));
}
        | KW_CONST_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_const_cast));
}
        | KW_REINTERPRET_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_reinterpret_cast));
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  // A constructor call.
  CPPType *type = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert(type != nullptr);
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER '{' optional_const_expr_comma '}'
{
  // Aggregate initialization.
  CPPType *type = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type == nullptr) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert(type != nullptr);
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::aggregate_init_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_INT '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_CHAR '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_char));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_WCHAR_T '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_wchar_t));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_CHAR16_T '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_char16_t));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_CHAR32_T '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_char32_t));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_BOOL '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_bool));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_SHORT '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                                        CPPSimpleType::F_short));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_LONG '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                                        CPPSimpleType::F_long));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_UNSIGNED '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                                        CPPSimpleType::F_unsigned));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_SIGNED '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_int,
                                        CPPSimpleType::F_signed));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_FLOAT '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_float));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_DOUBLE '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')'
{
  CPPType *type =
    CPPType::new_type(new CPPSimpleType(CPPSimpleType::T_double));
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::construct_op(type, $3));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF '(' full_type ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_func($3));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF const_expr %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_func($2));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF ELLIPSIS '(' name ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_ellipsis_func($4));
}
        | KW_ALIGNOF '(' full_type ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::alignof_func($3));
}
        | KW_NEW predefined_type %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::new_op($2));
}
        | KW_NEW predefined_type '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::new_op($2, $4));
}
        | KW_TYPEID '(' full_type ')'
{
  CPPIdentifier ident("");
  ident.add_name("std");
  ident.add_name("type_info");
  CPPType *std_type_info = ident.find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (!std_type_info) {
    yywarning("cannot use typeid before including <typeinfo>", @1);
  }
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typeid_op($3, std_type_info));
}
        | KW_TYPEID '(' const_expr ')'
{
  CPPIdentifier ident("");
  ident.add_name("std");
  ident.add_name("type_info");
  CPPType *std_type_info = ident.find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (!std_type_info) {
    yywarning("cannot use typeid before including <typeinfo>", @1);
  }
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typeid_op($3, std_type_info));
}
        | '!' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_NOT, $2);
}
        | '~' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_NEGATE, $2);
}
        | '-' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_MINUS, $2);
}
        | '+' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_PLUS, $2);
}
        | '*' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_STAR, $2);
}
        | '&' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_REF, $2);
}
        | const_expr '*' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('*', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '/' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('/', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '%' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('%', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '+' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('+', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '-' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('-', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '|' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('|', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '^' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('^', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '&' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('&', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr OROR const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(OROR, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr ANDAND const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(ANDAND, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr EQCOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(EQCOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr NECOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(NECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr LECOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(LECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr GECOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(GECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '<' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('<', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '>' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('>', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr LSHIFT const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(LSHIFT, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr RSHIFT const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(RSHIFT, $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '?' const_expr ':' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('?', $1, $3, $5);
}
        | const_expr '[' const_expr ']'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('[', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('f', $1, $3);
}
        | const_expr '(' ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('f', $1);
}
        | const_expr '.' name
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('.', $1, new CPPExpression($3, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer));
}
        | const_expr POINTSAT const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(POINTSAT, $1, $3);
}
        | '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        ;

const_operand:
        INTEGER
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1);
}
        | KW_TRUE
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(true);
}
        | KW_FALSE
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(false);
}
        | CHAR_TOK
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1);
}
        | REAL
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1);
}
        | string_literal
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | CUSTOM_LITERAL
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        | KW_FINAL
{
  // A variable named "final".  C++11 explicitly permits this.
  CPPIdentifier *ident = new CPPIdentifier("final", @1);
  $$ = new CPPExpression(ident, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        | KW_OVERRIDE
{
  // A variable named "override".  C++11 explicitly permits this.
  CPPIdentifier *ident = new CPPIdentifier("override", @1);
  $$ = new CPPExpression(ident, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        | KW_NULLPTR
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::get_nullptr());
}
        | '[' capture_list ']' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type '{' code '}'
{
  $2->_flags = $4;
  $2->_return_type = $5;
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::lambda($2));
}
        | '[' capture_list ']' '(' function_parameter_list ')' function_post maybe_trailing_return_type '{' code '}'
{
  $2->_parameters = $5;
  $2->_flags = $7;
  $2->_return_type = $8;
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::lambda($2));
}
        | KW_HAS_VIRTUAL_DESTRUCTOR '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_HAS_VIRTUAL_DESTRUCTOR, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_ABSTRACT '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_ABSTRACT, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_BASE_OF '(' full_type ',' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_CLASS, $3, $5));
}
        | KW_IS_CLASS '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_CLASS, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE '(' full_type ',' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE, $3, $5));
}
        | KW_IS_CONVERTIBLE_TO '(' full_type ',' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_CONVERTIBLE_TO, $3, $5));
}
        | KW_IS_DESTRUCTIBLE '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_DESTRUCTIBLE, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_EMPTY '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_EMPTY, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_ENUM '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_ENUM, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_FINAL '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_FINAL, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_FUNDAMENTAL '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_FUNDAMENTAL, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_POD '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_POD, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_POLYMORPHIC '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_POLYMORPHIC, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_STANDARD_LAYOUT '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_STANDARD_LAYOUT, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_TRIVIAL '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_TRIVIAL, $3));
}
        | KW_IS_UNION '(' full_type ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::type_trait(KW_IS_UNION, $3));
}
        ;

/* This is used for a const_expr as a "formal parameter", which really
   means an instance declaration using a parameter list (which looks a
   lot like a function prototype).  It differs from const_expr mainly
   in that it forbids some expressions unless they are parenthesized,
   to avoid shift/reduce conflicts with the actual formal parameter
   definition. */

formal_const_expr:
        formal_const_operand
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | '(' full_type ')' const_expr %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($2, $4));
}
        | KW_STATIC_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_static_cast));
}
        | KW_DYNAMIC_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_dynamic_cast));
}
        | KW_CONST_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_const_cast));
}
        | KW_REINTERPRET_CAST '<' full_type '>' '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typecast_op($3, $6, CPPExpression::T_reinterpret_cast));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF '(' full_type ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_func($3));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF formal_const_expr %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_func($2));
}
        | KW_SIZEOF ELLIPSIS '(' name ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::sizeof_ellipsis_func($4));
}
        | KW_ALIGNOF '(' full_type ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::alignof_func($3));
}
        | KW_NEW predefined_type %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::new_op($2));
}
        | KW_NEW predefined_type '(' optional_const_expr_comma ')' %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::new_op($2, $4));
}
        | KW_TYPEID '(' full_type ')'
{
  CPPIdentifier ident("");
  ident.add_name("std");
  ident.add_name("type_info");
  CPPType *std_type_info = ident.find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (!std_type_info) {
    yywarning("cannot use typeid before including <typeinfo>", @1);
  }
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typeid_op($3, std_type_info));
}
        | KW_TYPEID '(' const_expr ')'
{
  CPPIdentifier ident("");
  ident.add_name("std");
  ident.add_name("type_info");
  CPPType *std_type_info = ident.find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (!std_type_info) {
    yywarning("cannot use typeid before including <typeinfo>", @1);
  }
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::typeid_op($3, std_type_info));
}
        | '!' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_NOT, $2);
}
        | '~' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_NEGATE, $2);
}
        | '-' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_MINUS, $2);
}
        | '+' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_PLUS, $2);
}
        | '&' const_expr    %prec UNARY
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(UNARY_REF, $2);
}
        | formal_const_expr '*' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('*', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '/' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('/', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '%' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('%', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '+' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('+', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '-' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('-', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '|' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('|', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '^' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('^', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '&' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('&', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr OROR const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(OROR, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr ANDAND const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(ANDAND, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr EQCOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(EQCOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr NECOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(NECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr LECOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(LECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr GECOMPARE const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(GECOMPARE, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '<' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('<', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '>' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('>', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr LSHIFT const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(LSHIFT, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr RSHIFT const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(RSHIFT, $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '?' const_expr ':' const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('?', $1, $3, $5);
}
        | formal_const_expr '[' const_expr ']'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('[', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('f', $1, $3);
}
        | formal_const_expr '(' ')'
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('f', $1);
}
        | formal_const_expr '.' name
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression('.', $1, new CPPExpression($3, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer));
}
        | formal_const_expr POINTSAT const_expr
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(POINTSAT, $1, $3);
}
        | '(' const_expr_comma ')'
{
  $$ = $2;
}
        ;

formal_const_operand:
        INTEGER
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1);
}
        | KW_TRUE
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(true);
}
        | KW_FALSE
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(false);
}
        | CHAR_TOK
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1);
}
        | REAL
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1);
}
        | string_literal
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | CUSTOM_LITERAL
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        | KW_FINAL
{
  // A variable named "final".  C++11 explicitly permits this.
  CPPIdentifier *ident = new CPPIdentifier("final", @1);
  $$ = new CPPExpression(ident, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        | KW_OVERRIDE
{
  // A variable named "override".  C++11 explicitly permits this.
  CPPIdentifier *ident = new CPPIdentifier("override", @1);
  $$ = new CPPExpression(ident, current_scope, global_scope, current_lexer);
}
        | KW_NULLPTR
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression(CPPExpression::get_nullptr());
}
        ;

/* The contents of the [] list preceding a lambda expression. */
capture_list:
        empty
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType();
}
        | '='
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType(CPPClosureType::CT_by_value);
}
        | '&'
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType(CPPClosureType::CT_by_reference);
}
        | capture maybe_initialize
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType();
  $1->_initializer = $2;
  $$->_captures.push_back(*$1);
  delete $1;
}
        | capture_list ',' capture maybe_initialize
{
  $$ = $1;
  $3->_initializer = $4;
  $$->_captures.push_back(*$3);
  delete $3;
}
        ;

capture:
        '&' name
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType::Capture;
  $$->_name = $2->get_simple_name();
  $$->_type = CPPClosureType::CT_by_reference;
}
        | '&' name ELLIPSIS
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType::Capture;
  $$->_name = $2->get_simple_name();
  $$->_type = CPPClosureType::CT_by_reference;
}
        | name
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType::Capture;
  $$->_name = $1->get_simple_name();
  if ($$->_name == "this") {
    $$->_type = CPPClosureType::CT_by_reference;
  } else {
    $$->_type = CPPClosureType::CT_by_value;
  }
}
        | '*' name
{
  $$ = new CPPClosureType::Capture;
  $$->_name = $2->get_simple_name();
  $$->_type = CPPClosureType::CT_by_value;
  if ($$->_name != "this") {
    yywarning("only capture name 'this' may be preceded by an asterisk", @2);
  }
}
        ;

class_derivation_name:
        name
{
  CPPType *type = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, true);
  if (type == nullptr) {
    type = CPPType::new_type(new CPPTBDType($1));
  }
  $$ = type;
}
        | KW_TYPENAME name
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPTBDType($2));
}
        | name ELLIPSIS
{
  CPPClassTemplateParameter *ctp = new CPPClassTemplateParameter($1);
  ctp->_packed = true;
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(ctp);
}
        ;

/*
typedefname:
        TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  CPPType *type = $1->find_type(current_scope, global_scope, false, current_lexer);
  if (type == NULL) {
    yyerror(string("internal error resolving type ") + $1->get_fully_scoped_name(), @1);
  }
  assert(type != NULL);
  $$ = type;
}
        | KW_TYPENAME name
{
  $$ = CPPType::new_type(new CPPTBDType($2));
}
        ;
*/


/* Note that we should also accept "final" and "override" as valid names,
 * according to C++11. */
name:
        IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | TYPEPACK_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | KW_FINAL
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("final", @1);
}
        | KW_OVERRIDE
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("override", @1);
}
        | KW_SIGNED
{
  // This is not a keyword in Python, so it is useful to be able to use this
  // in MAKE_PROPERTY definitions, etc.
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("signed", @1);
}
        | KW_FLOAT
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("float", @1);
}
        | KW_PUBLIC
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("public", @1);
}
        | KW_PRIVATE
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("private", @1);
}
        | KW_STATIC
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("static", @1);
}
        | KW_DEFAULT
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("default", @1);
}
        ;


/* A variant on name that's used for structs, where we disallow final
 * to disambiguate the case of struct A final {};
 */
name_no_final:
        IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | TYPENAME_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | TYPEPACK_IDENTIFIER
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | KW_OVERRIDE
{
  $$ = new CPPIdentifier("override", @1);
}
        ;


string_literal:
        SIMPLE_STRING
{
  $$ = new CPPExpression($1);
}
        | STRING_LITERAL
{
  $$ = $1;
}
        | string_literal SIMPLE_STRING
{
  // The right string takes on the literal type of the left.
  $$ = $1;
  $$->_str += $2;
}
        | string_literal STRING_LITERAL
{
  // We have to check that the two literal types match up.
  $$ = $1;
  if ($2->_type != CPPExpression::T_string && $2->_type != $1->_type) {
    yywarning("cannot concatenate two string literals of different types", @$);
  }
  $$->_str += $2->_str;
}
        ;

empty:
        ;