change: move apis to LuaThreadAccess to validate context

sandbox/Benchmark/InterpreterSteps.cs

@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ public class InterpreterSteps
     [Benchmark]
     public async ValueTask RunAsync()
     {
-        await state.MainThread.RunAsync(closure);
-        state.MainThread.Stack.Clear();
+        await state.TopLevelAccess.Call(closure, []);
     }
 }

sandbox/ConsoleApp1/Program.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ using Lua.Standard;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using System;
 using System.IO;
-
+using System.Text;
 var state = LuaState.Create();
 state.OpenStandardLibraries();
 
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ try
 
     Console.WriteLine("Output " + new string('-', 50));
 
-    var count = await state.MainThread.RunAsync(closure);
+    var count = await state.TopLevelAccess.RunAsync(closure);
 
     Console.WriteLine("Result " + new string('-', 50));
-    using var results = state.MainThread.ReadReturnValues(count);
+    using var results = state.TopLevelAccess.ReadReturnValues(count);
     for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
     {
         Console.WriteLine(results[i]);
@@ -46,26 +46,10 @@ catch (Exception ex)
 {
     if (ex is LuaCompileException luaCompileException)
     {
-        var linOffset = luaCompileException.OffSet - luaCompileException.Position.Column + 1;
-        var length = 0;
-        foreach (var c in source.AsSpan(linOffset))
-        {
-            if (c is '\n' or '\r')
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            length++;
-        }
+        
+    
         Console.WriteLine("CompileError " + new string('-', 50));
-        Console.WriteLine(luaCompileException.ChunkName + ":"+luaCompileException.Position.Line + ":" + luaCompileException.Position.Column);
-        var line = source.Substring(linOffset, length);
-        var lineNumString = luaCompileException.Position.Line.ToString();
-        Console.WriteLine(new string(' ', lineNumString.Length) + " |");
-        Console.WriteLine(lineNumString + " | " + line);
-        Console.WriteLine(new string(' ', lineNumString.Length) + " | " + 
-                          new string(' ', luaCompileException.Position.Column - 1) + 
-                          "^ " + luaCompileException.MainMessage);
+        Console.WriteLine(RustLikeExceptionHook.OnCatch(source, luaCompileException)); ;
         Console.WriteLine(new string('-', 55));
     }
 
@@ -128,4 +112,40 @@ static void DebugChunk(Prototype chunk, int id)
         DebugChunk(localChunk, nestedChunkId);
         nestedChunkId++;
     }
+}
+
+public class LuaRustLikeException(string message, Exception? innerException) : LuaException(message, innerException);
+
+class RustLikeExceptionHook //: ILuaCompileHook
+{
+    public static string OnCatch(ReadOnlySpan<char> source, LuaCompileException exception)
+    {
+        var lineOffset = exception.OffSet - exception.Position.Column + 1;
+        var length = 0;
+        if (lineOffset < 0)
+        {
+            lineOffset = 0;
+        }
+        foreach (var c in source[lineOffset..])
+        {
+            if (c is '\n' or '\r')
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+       
+            length++;
+        }
+        var builder = new StringBuilder();
+        builder.AppendLine();
+        builder.AppendLine("[error]: "+exception.MessageWithNearToken);
+        builder.AppendLine("-->"+exception.ChunkName + ":" + exception.Position.Line + ":" + exception.Position.Column);
+        var line = source.Slice(lineOffset, length).ToString();
+        var lineNumString = exception.Position.Line.ToString();
+        builder.AppendLine(new string(' ', lineNumString.Length) + " |");
+        builder.AppendLine(lineNumString + " | " + line);
+        builder.AppendLine(new string(' ', lineNumString.Length) + " | " +
+                           new string(' ', exception.Position.Column - 1) +
+                           "^ " + exception.MainMessage);
+        return builder.ToString();
+    }
 }

sandbox/ConsoleApp2/Program.cs

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ state.OpenStandardLibraries();
 {
     var closure = state.Load("return function (a,b,...)  print('a : '..a..' b :'..'args : ',...) end", "simple");
     using var threadLease = state.MainThread.RentUseThread();
-    var thread = threadLease.Thread;
+    var access = threadLease.Thread.TopLevelAccess;
     {
-        var count = await thread.RunAsync(closure);
-        var results = thread.ReadReturnValues(count);
+        var count = await access.RunAsync(closure,0);
+        var results = access.ReadReturnValues(count);
         for (int i = 0; i < results.Length; i++)
         {
             Console.WriteLine(results[i]);
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ state.OpenStandardLibraries();
 
         var f = results[0].Read<LuaClosure>();
         results.Dispose();
-        thread.Push("hello", "world", 1, 2, 3);
-        count = await thread.RunAsync(f);
-        results = thread.ReadReturnValues(count);
+        access.Push("hello", "world", 1, 2, 3);
+        count = await access.RunAsync(f);
+        results = access.ReadReturnValues(count);
         for (int i = 0; i < results.Length; i++)
         {
             Console.WriteLine(results[i]);

sandbox/JitTest/Program.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ var closure = luaState.Load(File.ReadAllBytes(GetAbsolutePath("test.lua")),"test
 
 for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
 {
-   await luaState.MainThread.RunAsync(closure);
+   await luaState.TopLevelAccess.RunAsync(closure);
    luaState.MainThread.Stack.Clear();
 }
 

src/Lua/InternalVisibleTo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Lua.Tests")]

src/Lua/LuaCoroutine.cs

@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ public sealed class LuaCoroutine : LuaThread, IValueTaskSource<LuaCoroutine.Yiel
         State = parent.State;
         IsProtectedMode = isProtectedMode;
         Function = function;
-        IsRunning = false;
     }
 
     public override LuaThreadStatus GetStatus() => (LuaThreadStatus)status;
@@ -153,8 +152,8 @@ public sealed class LuaCoroutine : LuaThread, IValueTaskSource<LuaCoroutine.Yiel
                 if (isFirstCall)
                 {
                     Stack.PushRange(stack.AsSpan()[^argCount..]);
-                    functionTask = Function.InvokeAsync(new() { Thread = this, ArgumentCount = Stack.Count, ReturnFrameBase = 0 }, cancellationToken);
-
+                    //functionTask = Function.InvokeAsync(new() { Access = this.CurrentAccess, ArgumentCount = Stack.Count, ReturnFrameBase = 0 }, cancellationToken);
+                    functionTask =CurrentAccess.RunAsync(Function,Stack.Count, cancellationToken);
                     Volatile.Write(ref isFirstCall, false);
                     if (!functionTask.IsCompleted)
                     {

src/Lua/LuaFunction.cs

@@ -10,33 +10,4 @@ public class LuaFunction(string name, Func<LuaFunctionExecutionContext, Cancella
     public LuaFunction(Func<LuaFunctionExecutionContext, CancellationToken, ValueTask<int>> func) : this("anonymous", func)
     {
     }
-
-    public async ValueTask<int> InvokeAsync(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-    {
-        var varArgumentCount = this.GetVariableArgumentCount(context.ArgumentCount);
-        if (varArgumentCount != 0)
-        {
-            LuaVirtualMachine.PrepareVariableArgument(context.Thread.Stack, context.ArgumentCount, varArgumentCount);
-            context = context with { ArgumentCount = context.ArgumentCount - varArgumentCount };
-        }
-
-        var callStackFrameCount = context.Thread.CallStackFrameCount;
-        try
-        {
-            var frame = new CallStackFrame { Base = context.FrameBase, VariableArgumentCount = varArgumentCount, Function = this, ReturnBase = context.ReturnFrameBase };
-            context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
-
-            if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
-            {
-                return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteCallHook(context, cancellationToken);
-            }
-
-            var r = await Func(context, cancellationToken);
-            return r;
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            context.Thread.PopCallStackFrameUntil(callStackFrameCount);
-        }
-    }
 }

src/Lua/LuaFunctionExecutionContext.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ namespace Lua;
 public readonly record struct LuaFunctionExecutionContext
 {
     public LuaState State => Thread.State;
-    public required LuaThread Thread { get; init; }
+    public required LuaThreadAccess Access { get; init; }
+    public LuaThread Thread => Access.Thread;
     public required int ArgumentCount { get; init; }
     public int FrameBase => Thread.Stack.Count - ArgumentCount;
     public required int ReturnFrameBase { get; init; }

src/Lua/LuaFunctionExtensions.cs

@@ -1,41 +1,43 @@
-using Lua.Runtime;
-
-namespace Lua;
-
-public static class LuaFunctionExtensions
-{
-    public static async ValueTask<int> InvokeAsync(this LuaFunction function, LuaThread thread, int argumentCount, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var varArgumentCount = function.GetVariableArgumentCount(argumentCount);
-        if (varArgumentCount != 0)
-        {
-            if (varArgumentCount < 0)
-            {
-                thread.Stack.SetTop(thread.Stack.Count - varArgumentCount);
-                argumentCount -= varArgumentCount;
-                varArgumentCount = 0;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                LuaVirtualMachine.PrepareVariableArgument(thread.Stack, argumentCount, varArgumentCount);
-            }
-        }
-
-        LuaFunctionExecutionContext context = new() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = argumentCount - varArgumentCount, ReturnFrameBase = thread.Stack.Count, };
-        var frame = new CallStackFrame { Base = context.FrameBase, VariableArgumentCount = varArgumentCount, Function = function, ReturnBase = context.ReturnFrameBase };
-        context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
-        try
-        {
-            if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
-            {
-                return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteCallHook(context, cancellationToken);
-            }
-
-            return await function.Func(context, cancellationToken);
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            context.Thread.PopCallStackFrame();
-        }
-    }
-}
+// using Lua.Runtime;
+//
+// namespace Lua;
+//
+// public static class LuaFunctionExtensions
+// {
+//     
+//     public static async ValueTask<int> InvokeAsync(this LuaFunction function, LuaThread thread, int argumentCount, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+//     {
+//         var returnFrameBase = thread.Stack.Count-argumentCount;
+//         var varArgumentCount = function.GetVariableArgumentCount(argumentCount);
+//         if (varArgumentCount != 0)
+//         {
+//             if (varArgumentCount < 0)
+//             {
+//                 thread.Stack.SetTop(thread.Stack.Count - varArgumentCount);
+//                 argumentCount -= varArgumentCount;
+//                 varArgumentCount = 0;
+//             }
+//             else
+//             {
+//                 LuaVirtualMachine.PrepareVariableArgument(thread.Stack, argumentCount, varArgumentCount);
+//             }
+//         }
+//
+//         LuaFunctionExecutionContext context = new() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = argumentCount , ReturnFrameBase = returnFrameBase, };
+//         var frame = new CallStackFrame { Base = context.FrameBase, VariableArgumentCount = varArgumentCount, Function = function, ReturnBase = context.ReturnFrameBase };
+//         context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+//         try
+//         {
+//             if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
+//             {
+//                 return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteCallHook(context, cancellationToken);
+//             }
+//
+//             return await function.Func(context, cancellationToken);
+//         }
+//         finally
+//         {
+//             context.Thread.PopCallStackFrame();
+//         }
+//     }
+// }

src/Lua/LuaState.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ public sealed class LuaState
     public LuaTable LoadedModules => packages;
     public LuaMainThread MainThread => mainThread;
 
+    public LuaThreadAccess TopLevelAccess => new (mainThread, 0);
+
     public ILuaModuleLoader ModuleLoader { get; set; } = FileModuleLoader.Instance;
 
     // metatables

src/Lua/LuaStateExtensions.cs

@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
+using Lua.Runtime;
+
 namespace Lua;
 
 public static class LuaStateExtensions
 {
     public static ValueTask<int> DoStringAsync(this LuaState state, string source, Memory<LuaValue> buffer, string? chunkName = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
     {
-        return state.MainThread.DoStringAsync(source, buffer, chunkName, cancellationToken);
+        return state.TopLevelAccess.DoStringAsync(source, buffer, chunkName, cancellationToken);
     }
 
     public static ValueTask<LuaValue[]> DoStringAsync(this LuaState state, string source, string? chunkName = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
     {
-        return state.MainThread.DoStringAsync(source, chunkName, cancellationToken);
+        return state.TopLevelAccess.DoStringAsync(source, chunkName, cancellationToken);
     }
 
     public static ValueTask<int> DoFileAsync(this LuaState state, string path, Memory<LuaValue> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
     {
-        return state.MainThread.DoFileAsync(path, buffer, cancellationToken);
+        return state.TopLevelAccess.DoFileAsync(path, buffer, cancellationToken);
     }
 
     public static ValueTask<LuaValue[]> DoFileAsync(this LuaState state, string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
     {
-        return state.MainThread.DoFileAsync(path, cancellationToken);
+        return state.TopLevelAccess.DoFileAsync(path, cancellationToken);
     }
 }

src/Lua/LuaThread.cs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public abstract class LuaThread
     protected class ThreadCoreData : IPoolNode<ThreadCoreData>
     {
         //internal  LuaCoroutineData? coroutineData;
-        internal LuaStack Stack = new();
+        internal readonly LuaStack Stack = new();
         internal FastStackCore<CallStackFrame> CallStack;
 
         public void Clear()
@@ -67,10 +67,13 @@ public abstract class LuaThread
     internal int BaseHookCount;
     internal int LastPc;
 
+    internal int LastVersion;
+    internal int CurrentVersion;
+
     internal LuaRuntimeException? CurrentException;
     internal readonly ReversedStack<CallStackFrame> ExceptionTrace = new();
 
-    public bool IsRunning { get; protected set; }
+    public bool IsRunning => CallStackFrameCount != 0;
     internal LuaFunction? Hook { get; set; }
     public LuaStack Stack => CoreData!.Stack;
 
@@ -99,25 +102,10 @@ public abstract class LuaThread
         set => CallOrReturnHookMask.Flag1 = value;
     }
 
-    public async ValueTask<int> RunAsync(LuaClosure closure, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        ThrowIfRunning();
-
-        IsRunning = true;
-        try
-        {
-            await closure.InvokeAsync(new() { Thread = this, ArgumentCount = Stack.Count, ReturnFrameBase = 0, }, cancellationToken);
-
-            return Stack.Count;
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            PopCallStackFrameUntil(0);
-            IsRunning = false;
-        }
-    }
-
     public int CallStackFrameCount => CoreData == null ? 0 : CoreData!.CallStack.Count;
+    
+    internal LuaThreadAccess CurrentAccess => new(this, CurrentVersion);
+    public LuaThreadAccess TopLevelAccess => new(this, 0);
 
     public ref readonly CallStackFrame GetCurrentFrame()
     {
@@ -134,33 +122,45 @@ public abstract class LuaThread
         return CoreData == null ? default : CoreData!.CallStack.AsSpan();
     }
 
+    void UpdateCurrentVersion(ref FastStackCore<CallStackFrame> callStack)
+    {
+        CurrentVersion = callStack.Count == 0 ? 0 : callStack.PeekRef().Version;
+    }
+
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    internal void PushCallStackFrame(in CallStackFrame frame)
+    internal LuaThreadAccess PushCallStackFrame(in CallStackFrame frame)
     {
         CurrentException?.Build();
         CurrentException = null;
-        CoreData!.CallStack.Push(frame);
+        ref var callStack = ref CoreData!.CallStack;
+        callStack.Push(frame);
+        callStack.PeekRef().Version = CurrentVersion = ++LastVersion;
+        return new LuaThreadAccess(this, CurrentVersion);
     }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     internal void PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop()
     {
         var coreData = CoreData!;
-        var popFrame = coreData.CallStack.Pop();
+        ref var callStack = ref coreData.CallStack;
+        var popFrame = callStack.Pop();
+        UpdateCurrentVersion(ref callStack);
         if (CurrentException != null)
         {
             ExceptionTrace.Push(popFrame);
         }
 
-        coreData.Stack.PopUntil(popFrame.Base);
+        coreData.Stack.PopUntil(popFrame.ReturnBase);
     }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     internal void PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop(int frameBase)
     {
         var coreData = CoreData!;
-        var popFrame = coreData.CallStack.Pop();
+        ref var callStack = ref coreData.CallStack;
+        var popFrame = callStack.Pop();
+        UpdateCurrentVersion(ref callStack);
         if (CurrentException != null)
         {
             ExceptionTrace.Push(popFrame);
@@ -175,7 +175,9 @@ public abstract class LuaThread
     internal void PopCallStackFrame()
     {
         var coreData = CoreData!;
-        var popFrame = coreData.CallStack.Pop();
+        ref var callStack = ref coreData.CallStack;
+        var popFrame = callStack.Pop();
+        UpdateCurrentVersion(ref callStack);
         if (CurrentException != null)
         {
             ExceptionTrace.Push(popFrame);
@@ -193,6 +195,7 @@ public abstract class LuaThread
         }
 
         callStack.PopUntil(top);
+        UpdateCurrentVersion(ref callStack);
     }
 
     internal void DumpStackValues()
@@ -208,12 +211,4 @@ public abstract class LuaThread
     {
         return new(State, GetCallStackFrames());
     }
-
-    protected void ThrowIfRunning()
-    {
-        if (IsRunning)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("the lua state is currently running");
-        }
-    }
 }

src/Lua/LuaThreadExtensions.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Lua.Runtime;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Lua;
 
@@ -14,241 +13,4 @@ public static class LuaThreadExtensions
     {
         return new(LuaCoroutine.Create(thread, function, isProtectedMode));
     }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<int> DoStringAsync(this LuaThread thread, string source, Memory<LuaValue> buffer, string? chunkName = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var closure = thread.State.Load(source, chunkName ?? source);
-        var count = await thread.RunAsync(closure, cancellationToken);
-        using var results = thread.ReadReturnValues(count);
-        results.AsSpan()[..Math.Min(buffer.Length, count)].CopyTo(buffer.Span);
-        return count;
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue[]> DoStringAsync(this LuaThread thread, string source, string? chunkName = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var closure = thread.State.Load(source, chunkName ?? source);
-        var count = await thread.RunAsync(closure, cancellationToken);
-        using var results = thread.ReadReturnValues(count);
-        return results.AsSpan().ToArray();
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<int> DoFileAsync(this LuaThread thread, string path, Memory<LuaValue> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(path, cancellationToken);
-        var fileName = "@" + path;
-        var closure = thread.State.Load(bytes, fileName);
-        var count = await thread.RunAsync(closure, cancellationToken);
-        using var results = thread.ReadReturnValues(count);
-        results.AsSpan()[..Math.Min(buffer.Length, results.Length)].CopyTo(buffer.Span);
-        return results.Count;
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue[]> DoFileAsync(this LuaThread thread, string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(path, cancellationToken);
-        var fileName = "@" + path;
-        var closure = thread.State.Load(bytes, fileName);
-        var count = await thread.RunAsync(closure, cancellationToken);
-        using var results = thread.ReadReturnValues(count);
-        return results.AsSpan().ToArray();
-    }
-
-    public static void Push(this LuaThread thread, LuaValue value)
-    {
-        thread.Stack.Push(value);
-    }
-
-    public static void Push(this LuaThread thread, params ReadOnlySpan<LuaValue> span)
-    {
-        thread.Stack.PushRange(span);
-    }
-
-    public static void Pop(this LuaThread thread, int count)
-    {
-        thread.Stack.Pop(count);
-    }
-
-    public static LuaValue Pop(this LuaThread thread)
-    {
-        return thread.Stack.Pop();
-    }
-
-    public static LuaReturnValuesReader ReadReturnValues(this LuaThread thread, int argumentCount)
-    {
-        var stack = thread.Stack;
-        return new LuaReturnValuesReader(stack, stack.Count - argumentCount);
-    }
-
-
-    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> Arithmetic(this LuaThread thread, LuaValue x, LuaValue y, OpCode opCode, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
-        static double Mod(double a, double b)
-        {
-            var mod = a % b;
-            if ((b > 0 && mod < 0) || (b < 0 && mod > 0))
-            {
-                mod += b;
-            }
-
-            return mod;
-        }
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        static double ArithmeticOperation(OpCode code, double a, double b)
-        {
-            return code switch
-            {
-                OpCode.Add => a + b,
-                OpCode.Sub => a - b,
-                OpCode.Mul => a * b,
-                OpCode.Div => a / b,
-                OpCode.Mod => Mod(a, b),
-                OpCode.Pow => Math.Pow(a, b),
-                _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported arithmetic operation: {code}"),
-            };
-        }
-
-
-        if (x.TryReadDouble(out var numX) && y.TryReadDouble(out var numY))
-        {
-            return ArithmeticOperation(opCode, numX, numY);
-        }
-
-
-        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteBinaryOperationMetaMethod(thread, x, y, opCode, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> Unary(this LuaThread thread, LuaValue value, OpCode opCode, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        if (opCode == OpCode.Unm)
-        {
-            if (value.TryReadDouble(out var numB))
-            {
-                return -numB;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (opCode == OpCode.Len)
-        {
-            if (value.TryReadString(out var str))
-            {
-                return str.Length;
-            }
-
-            if (value.TryReadTable(out var table))
-            {
-                return table.ArrayLength;
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported unary operation: {opCode}");
-        }
-
-
-        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteUnaryOperationMetaMethod(thread, value, opCode, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-
-    public static async ValueTask<bool> Compare(this LuaThread thread, LuaValue x, LuaValue y, OpCode opCode, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        if (opCode is not (OpCode.Eq or OpCode.Lt or OpCode.Le))
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported compare operation: {opCode}");
-        }
-
-        if (opCode == OpCode.Eq)
-        {
-            if (x == y)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            if (x.TryReadNumber(out var numX) && y.TryReadNumber(out var numY))
-            {
-                return opCode == OpCode.Lt ? numX < numY : numX <= numY;
-            }
-
-            if (x.TryReadString(out var strX) && y.TryReadString(out var strY))
-            {
-                var c = StringComparer.Ordinal.Compare(strX, strY);
-                return opCode == OpCode.Lt ? c < 0 : c <= 0;
-            }
-        }
-
-
-        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteCompareOperationMetaMethod(thread, x, y, opCode, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> GetTable(this LuaThread thread, LuaValue table, LuaValue key, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        if (table.TryReadTable(out var luaTable))
-        {
-            if (luaTable.TryGetValue(key, out var value))
-            {
-                return new(value);
-            }
-        }
-
-
-        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteGetTableSlowPath(thread, table, key, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask SetTable(this LuaThread thread, LuaValue table, LuaValue key, LuaValue value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        if (key.TryReadNumber(out var numB))
-        {
-            if (double.IsNaN(numB))
-            {
-                throw new LuaRuntimeException(thread, "table index is NaN");
-            }
-        }
-
-
-        if (table.TryReadTable(out var luaTable))
-        {
-            ref var valueRef = ref luaTable.FindValue(key);
-            if (!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref valueRef) && valueRef.Type != LuaValueType.Nil)
-            {
-                valueRef = value;
-                return;
-            }
-        }
-
-        await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteSetTableSlowPath(thread, table, key, value, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    public static ValueTask<LuaValue> Concat(this LuaThread thread, ReadOnlySpan<LuaValue> values, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        thread.Stack.PushRange(values);
-        return Concat(thread, values.Length, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> Concat(this LuaThread thread, int concatCount, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        return await LuaVirtualMachine.Concat(thread, concatCount, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    public static async ValueTask<int> Call(this LuaThread thread, int funcIndex, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        return await LuaVirtualMachine.Call(thread, funcIndex, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    public static ValueTask<LuaValue[]> Call(this LuaThread thread, LuaValue function, ReadOnlySpan<LuaValue> arguments, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var funcIndex = thread.Stack.Count;
-        thread.Stack.Push(function);
-        thread.Stack.PushRange(arguments);
-        return Impl(thread, funcIndex, cancellationToken);
-
-        static async ValueTask<LuaValue[]> Impl(LuaThread thread, int funcIndex, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            await LuaVirtualMachine.Call(thread, funcIndex, cancellationToken);
-            var count = thread.Stack.Count - funcIndex;
-            using var results = thread.ReadReturnValues(count);
-            return results.AsSpan().ToArray();
-        }
-    }
 }

src/Lua/LuaValue.cs

@@ -594,15 +594,10 @@ public readonly struct LuaValue : IEquatable<LuaValue>
     {
         if (this.TryGetMetamethod(context.State, Metamethods.ToString, out var metamethod))
         {
-            if (!metamethod.TryReadFunction(out var func))
-            {
-                LuaRuntimeException.AttemptInvalidOperation(context.Thread, "call", metamethod);
-            }
-
             var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
+            stack.Push(metamethod);
             stack.Push(this);
-
-            return func.InvokeAsync(context with { ArgumentCount = 1, ReturnFrameBase = stack.Count - 1, }, cancellationToken);
+            return LuaVirtualMachine.Call(context.Thread,stack.Count-2, stack.Count - 2, cancellationToken);
         }
         else
         {

src/Lua/Runtime/CallStackFrame.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ public record struct CallStackFrame
     public int CallerInstructionIndex;
     internal CallStackFrameFlags Flags;
     internal bool IsTailCall => (Flags & CallStackFrameFlags.TailCall) == CallStackFrameFlags.TailCall;
+    public int Version;
 }
 
 [Flags]

src/Lua/Runtime/LuaThreadAccess.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace Lua.Runtime;
+
+public readonly struct LuaThreadAccess
+{
+    internal LuaThreadAccess(LuaThread thread, int version)
+    {
+        Thread = thread;
+        Version = version;
+    }
+
+    public readonly LuaThread Thread;
+    public readonly int Version;
+
+    public bool IsValid => Version == Thread.CurrentVersion;
+
+    public LuaState State
+    {
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        get
+        {
+            ThrowIfInvalid();
+            return Thread.State;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public LuaStack Stack
+    {
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        get
+        {
+            ThrowIfInvalid();
+            return Thread.Stack;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ValueTask<int> RunAsync(LuaFunction function, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        return RunAsync(function, 0, Thread.Stack.Count, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public ValueTask<int> RunAsync(LuaFunction function, int argumentCount, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        return RunAsync(function, argumentCount, Thread.Stack.Count - argumentCount, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public async ValueTask<int> RunAsync(LuaFunction function, int argumentCount, int returnBase, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        ThrowIfInvalid();
+        if (function == null)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(function));
+        }
+
+        var thread = Thread;
+        var varArgumentCount = function.GetVariableArgumentCount(argumentCount);
+        if (varArgumentCount != 0)
+        {
+            if (varArgumentCount < 0)
+            {
+                thread.Stack.SetTop(thread.Stack.Count - varArgumentCount);
+                varArgumentCount = 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                LuaVirtualMachine.PrepareVariableArgument(thread.Stack, argumentCount, varArgumentCount);
+            }
+
+            argumentCount -= varArgumentCount;
+        }
+
+        var frame = new CallStackFrame { Base = thread.Stack.Count - argumentCount, VariableArgumentCount = varArgumentCount, Function = function, ReturnBase = returnBase };
+        if (thread.IsInHook)
+        {
+            frame.Flags |= CallStackFrameFlags.InHook;
+        }
+
+        var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+        LuaFunctionExecutionContext context = new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argumentCount, ReturnFrameBase = returnBase, };
+
+        try
+        {
+            if (this.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !this.Thread.IsInHook)
+            {
+                return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteCallHook(context, cancellationToken);
+            }
+
+            return await function.Func(context, cancellationToken);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            this.Thread.PopCallStackFrame();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    internal CallStackFrame CreateCallStackFrame(LuaFunction function, int argumentCount, int returnBase, int callerInstructionIndex)
+    {
+        var thread = Thread;
+        var varArgumentCount = function.GetVariableArgumentCount(argumentCount);
+        if (varArgumentCount != 0)
+        {
+            if (varArgumentCount < 0)
+            {
+                thread.Stack.SetTop(thread.Stack.Count - varArgumentCount);
+                argumentCount -= varArgumentCount;
+                varArgumentCount = 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                LuaVirtualMachine.PrepareVariableArgument(thread.Stack, argumentCount, varArgumentCount);
+            }
+        }
+
+        var frame = new CallStackFrame
+        {
+            Base = thread.Stack.Count - argumentCount,
+            VariableArgumentCount = varArgumentCount,
+            Function = function,
+            ReturnBase = returnBase,
+            CallerInstructionIndex = callerInstructionIndex
+        };
+
+        if (thread.IsInHook)
+        {
+            frame.Flags |= CallStackFrameFlags.InHook;
+        }
+
+        return frame;
+    }
+
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public void ThrowIfInvalid()
+    {
+        if (Version != Thread.CurrentVersion)
+        {
+            ThrowInvalid();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void ThrowInvalid()
+    {
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Thread access is invalid.");
+    }
+}

src/Lua/Runtime/LuaThreadAccessExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace Lua.Runtime;
+
+public static class LuaThreadAccessAccessExtensions
+{
+    public static async ValueTask<int> DoStringAsync(this LuaThreadAccess access, string source, Memory<LuaValue> buffer, string? chunkName = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        var closure = access.State.Load(source, chunkName ?? source);
+        var count = await access.RunAsync(closure, 0, cancellationToken);
+        using var results = access.ReadReturnValues(count);
+        results.AsSpan()[..Math.Min(buffer.Length, count)].CopyTo(buffer.Span);
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue[]> DoStringAsync(this LuaThreadAccess access, string source, string? chunkName = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        var closure = access.State.Load(source, chunkName ?? source);
+        var count = await access.RunAsync(closure, 0, cancellationToken);
+        using var results = access.ReadReturnValues(count);
+        return results.AsSpan().ToArray();
+    }
+
+    public static async ValueTask<int> DoFileAsync(this LuaThreadAccess access, string path, Memory<LuaValue> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(path, cancellationToken);
+        var fileName = "@" + path;
+        var closure = access.State.Load(bytes, fileName);
+        var count = await access.RunAsync(closure, 0, cancellationToken);
+        using var results = access.ReadReturnValues(count);
+        results.AsSpan()[..Math.Min(buffer.Length, results.Length)].CopyTo(buffer.Span);
+        return results.Count;
+    }
+
+    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue[]> DoFileAsync(this LuaThreadAccess access, string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(path, cancellationToken);
+        var fileName = "@" + path;
+        var closure = access.State.Load(bytes, fileName);
+        var count = await access.RunAsync(closure, 0, cancellationToken);
+        using var results = access.ReadReturnValues(count);
+        return results.AsSpan().ToArray();
+    }
+
+    public static void Push(this LuaThreadAccess access, LuaValue value)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        access.Stack.Push(value);
+    }
+
+    public static void Push(this LuaThreadAccess access, params ReadOnlySpan<LuaValue> span)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        access.Stack.PushRange(span);
+    }
+
+    public static void Pop(this LuaThreadAccess access, int count)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        access.Stack.Pop(count);
+    }
+
+    public static LuaValue Pop(this LuaThreadAccess access)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        return access.Stack.Pop();
+    }
+
+    public static LuaReturnValuesReader ReadReturnValues(this LuaThreadAccess access, int argumentCount)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        var stack = access.Stack;
+        return new LuaReturnValuesReader(stack, stack.Count - argumentCount);
+    }
+
+
+    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> Arithmetic(this LuaThreadAccess access, LuaValue x, LuaValue y, OpCode opCode, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
+        static double Mod(double a, double b)
+        {
+            var mod = a % b;
+            if ((b > 0 && mod < 0) || (b < 0 && mod > 0))
+            {
+                mod += b;
+            }
+
+            return mod;
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        static double ArithmeticOperation(OpCode code, double a, double b)
+        {
+            return code switch
+            {
+                OpCode.Add => a + b,
+                OpCode.Sub => a - b,
+                OpCode.Mul => a * b,
+                OpCode.Div => a / b,
+                OpCode.Mod => Mod(a, b),
+                OpCode.Pow => Math.Pow(a, b),
+                _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported arithmetic operation: {code}"),
+            };
+        }
+
+
+        if (x.TryReadDouble(out var numX) && y.TryReadDouble(out var numY))
+        {
+            return ArithmeticOperation(opCode, numX, numY);
+        }
+
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteBinaryOperationMetaMethod(access.Thread, x, y, opCode, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> Unary(this LuaThreadAccess access, LuaValue value, OpCode opCode, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (opCode == OpCode.Unm)
+        {
+            if (value.TryReadDouble(out var numB))
+            {
+                return -numB;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (opCode == OpCode.Len)
+        {
+            if (value.TryReadString(out var str))
+            {
+                return str.Length;
+            }
+
+            if (value.TryReadTable(out var table))
+            {
+                return table.ArrayLength;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported unary operation: {opCode}");
+        }
+
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteUnaryOperationMetaMethod(access.Thread, value, opCode, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+
+    public static async ValueTask<bool> Compare(this LuaThreadAccess access, LuaValue x, LuaValue y, OpCode opCode, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (opCode is not (OpCode.Eq or OpCode.Lt or OpCode.Le))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unsupported compare operation: {opCode}");
+        }
+
+        if (opCode == OpCode.Eq)
+        {
+            if (x == y)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (x.TryReadNumber(out var numX) && y.TryReadNumber(out var numY))
+            {
+                return opCode == OpCode.Lt ? numX < numY : numX <= numY;
+            }
+
+            if (x.TryReadString(out var strX) && y.TryReadString(out var strY))
+            {
+                var c = StringComparer.Ordinal.Compare(strX, strY);
+                return opCode == OpCode.Lt ? c < 0 : c <= 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteCompareOperationMetaMethod(access.Thread, x, y, opCode, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> GetTable(this LuaThreadAccess access, LuaValue table, LuaValue key, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (table.TryReadTable(out var luaTable))
+        {
+            if (luaTable.TryGetValue(key, out var value))
+            {
+                return new(value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        return await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteGetTableSlowPath(access.Thread, table, key, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public static async ValueTask SetTable(this LuaThreadAccess access, LuaValue table, LuaValue key, LuaValue value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+
+        if (key.TryReadNumber(out var numB))
+        {
+            if (double.IsNaN(numB))
+            {
+                throw new LuaRuntimeException(access.Thread, "table index is NaN");
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        if (table.TryReadTable(out var luaTable))
+        {
+            ref var valueRef = ref luaTable.FindValue(key);
+            if (!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref valueRef) && valueRef.Type != LuaValueType.Nil)
+            {
+                valueRef = value;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        await LuaVirtualMachine.ExecuteSetTableSlowPath(access.Thread, table, key, value, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public static ValueTask<LuaValue> Concat(this LuaThreadAccess access, ReadOnlySpan<LuaValue> values, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        access.Stack.PushRange(values);
+        return Concat(access, values.Length, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public static async ValueTask<LuaValue> Concat(this LuaThreadAccess access, int concatCount, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        return await LuaVirtualMachine.Concat(access.Thread, concatCount, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public static ValueTask<int> Call(this LuaThreadAccess access, int funcIndex, int returnBase, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        return LuaVirtualMachine.Call(access.Thread, funcIndex, returnBase, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public static ValueTask<LuaValue[]> Call(this LuaThreadAccess access, LuaValue function, ReadOnlySpan<LuaValue> arguments, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        access.ThrowIfInvalid();
+        var thread = access.Thread;
+        var funcIndex = thread.Stack.Count;
+        thread.Stack.Push(function);
+        thread.Stack.PushRange(arguments);
+        return Impl(access, funcIndex, cancellationToken);
+
+        static async ValueTask<LuaValue[]> Impl(LuaThreadAccess access, int funcIndex, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            await LuaVirtualMachine.Call(access.Thread, funcIndex, funcIndex, cancellationToken);
+            var count = access.Stack.Count - funcIndex;
+            using var results = access.ReadReturnValues(count);
+            return results.AsSpan().ToArray();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Lua/Runtime/LuaVirtualMachine.Debug.cs

@@ -32,25 +32,18 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
                 context.Thread.HookCount = context.Thread.BaseHookCount;
 
                 var hook = context.Thread.Hook!;
+
                 var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
+                var top = stack.Count;
                 stack.Push("count");
                 stack.Push(LuaValue.Nil);
-                var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = context.Thread.Stack.Count - 2, };
-                var frame = new CallStackFrame
-                {
-                    Base = funcContext.FrameBase,
-                    ReturnBase = funcContext.ReturnFrameBase,
-                    VariableArgumentCount = hook.GetVariableArgumentCount(funcContext.ArgumentCount),
-                    Function = hook,
-                    CallerInstructionIndex = context.Pc,
-                };
-                frame.Flags |= CallStackFrameFlags.InHook;
                 context.Thread.IsInHook = true;
-                context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+                var frame = context.Thread.CurrentAccess.CreateCallStackFrame(hook, 2, top, context.Pc);
+                var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+                var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Access = access, ArgumentCount = stack.Count - frame.Base, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase };
                 await hook.Func(funcContext, context.CancellationToken);
                 context.Thread.IsInHook = false;
 
-
                 countHookIsDone = true;
             }
 
@@ -70,22 +63,22 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
 
                     var hook = context.Thread.Hook!;
                     var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
+                    var top = stack.Count;
                     stack.Push("line");
                     stack.Push(line);
-                    var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = context.Thread.Stack.Count - 2, };
-                    var frame = new CallStackFrame
-                    {
-                        Base = funcContext.FrameBase,
-                        ReturnBase = funcContext.ReturnFrameBase,
-                        VariableArgumentCount = hook.GetVariableArgumentCount(funcContext.ArgumentCount),
-                        Function = hook,
-                        CallerInstructionIndex = pc,
-                    };
-                    frame.Flags |= CallStackFrameFlags.InHook;
                     context.Thread.IsInHook = true;
-                    context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
-                    await hook.Func(funcContext, context.CancellationToken);
-                    context.Thread.IsInHook = false;
+                    var frame = context.Thread.CurrentAccess.CreateCallStackFrame(hook, 2, top, pc);
+                    var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+                    var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Access = access, ArgumentCount = stack.Count - frame.Base, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase };
+                    try
+                    {
+                        await hook.Func(funcContext, context.CancellationToken);
+                    }
+                    finally
+                    {
+                        context.Thread.IsInHook = false;
+                    }
+
                     context.Thread.LastPc = pc;
                     return 0;
                 }
@@ -105,69 +98,51 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
     static ValueTask<int> ExecuteCallHook(VirtualMachineExecutionContext context, in CallStackFrame frame, int arguments, bool isTailCall = false)
     {
-        return ExecuteCallHook(new()
-        {
-            Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = arguments, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase
-        },context.CancellationToken, isTailCall);
+        return ExecuteCallHook(new() { Access = context.Thread.CurrentAccess, ArgumentCount = arguments, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase }, context.CancellationToken, isTailCall);
     }
 
-    internal static async ValueTask<int> ExecuteCallHook(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context,  CancellationToken cancellationToken, bool isTailCall = false)
+    internal static async ValueTask<int> ExecuteCallHook(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken, bool isTailCall = false)
     {
         var argCount = context.ArgumentCount;
         var hook = context.Thread.Hook!;
         var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
         if (context.Thread.IsCallHookEnabled)
         {
+            var top = stack.Count;
             stack.Push((isTailCall ? "tail call" : "call"));
 
             stack.Push(LuaValue.Nil);
-            var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = context.Thread.Stack.Count - 2, };
-            CallStackFrame frame = new()
-            {
-                Base = funcContext.FrameBase,
-                ReturnBase = funcContext.ReturnFrameBase,
-                VariableArgumentCount = hook.GetVariableArgumentCount(2),
-                Function = hook,
-                CallerInstructionIndex = 0,
-                Flags = CallStackFrameFlags.InHook
-            };
-
-            context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+            context.Thread.IsInHook = true;
+            var frame = context.Thread.CurrentAccess.CreateCallStackFrame(hook, 2, top, context.Thread.GetCurrentFrame().CallerInstructionIndex);
+            var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+            var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Access = access, ArgumentCount = stack.Count - frame.Base, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase };
             try
             {
-                context.Thread.IsInHook = true;
                 await hook.Func(funcContext, cancellationToken);
-                context.Thread.PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop();
             }
             finally
             {
                 context.Thread.IsInHook = false;
+                context.Thread.PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop();
             }
         }
 
         {
-            ref readonly var frame = ref context.Thread.GetCurrentFrame();
-            var task = frame.Function.Func(new() { Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase, }, cancellationToken);
+            var frame = context.Thread.GetCurrentFrame();
+            var task = frame.Function.Func(new() { Access = context.Thread.CurrentAccess, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase, }, cancellationToken);
             var r = await task;
             if (isTailCall || !context.Thread.IsReturnHookEnabled)
             {
                 return r;
             }
 
+            var top = stack.Count;
             stack.Push("return");
             stack.Push(LuaValue.Nil);
-            var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = context.Thread.Stack.Count - 2, };
-
-
-            context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(new()
-            {
-                Base = funcContext.FrameBase,
-                ReturnBase = funcContext.ReturnFrameBase,
-                VariableArgumentCount = hook.GetVariableArgumentCount(2),
-                Function = hook,
-                CallerInstructionIndex = 0,
-                Flags = CallStackFrameFlags.InHook
-            });
+            context.Thread.IsInHook = true;
+            frame = context.Thread.CurrentAccess.CreateCallStackFrame(hook, 2, top, 0);
+            var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+            var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Access = access, ArgumentCount = stack.Count - frame.Base, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase };
             try
             {
                 context.Thread.IsInHook = true;
@@ -176,9 +151,9 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             finally
             {
                 context.Thread.IsInHook = false;
+                context.Thread.PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop();
             }
 
-            context.Thread.PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop();
             return r;
         }
     }

src/Lua/Runtime/LuaVirtualMachine.cs

@@ -1028,24 +1028,27 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             var varArgCount = func.GetVariableArgumentCount(argCount);
 
             var newFrame = func.CreateNewFrame(context, stack.Count - argCount + varArgCount, target, varArgCount);
-
-            context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+            var thread = context.Thread;
+            var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
             try
             {
-                if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
+                var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = target };
+                if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !thread.IsInHook)
                 {
-                    await ExecuteCallHook(context, newFrame, argCount);
+                    await ExecuteCallHook(functionContext, context.CancellationToken);
+                    stack.PopUntil(target + 1);
+                    context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.DontPop;
+                    return;
                 }
 
-
-                await func.Invoke(context, newFrame, argCount);
+                await func.Func(functionContext, context.CancellationToken);
                 stack.PopUntil(target + 1);
                 context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.DontPop;
                 return;
             }
             finally
             {
-                context.Thread.PopCallStackFrame();
+                thread.PopCallStackFrame();
             }
         }
 
@@ -1082,7 +1085,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
 
         var newFrame = func.CreateNewFrame(context, newBase, RA, variableArgumentCount);
 
-        thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
         if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
         {
             context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.Call;
@@ -1099,14 +1102,15 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
         }
 
         doRestart = false;
-        return FuncCall(context, in newFrame, func, newBase, argumentCount);
+        return FuncCall(context, access, func, argumentCount, newFrame.ReturnBase);
 
-        static bool FuncCall(VirtualMachineExecutionContext context, in CallStackFrame newFrame, LuaFunction func, int newBase, int argumentCount)
+        static bool FuncCall(VirtualMachineExecutionContext context, LuaThreadAccess access, LuaFunction func, int argumentCount, int returnBase)
         {
-            var task = func.Invoke(context, newFrame, argumentCount);
+            var task = func.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argumentCount, ReturnFrameBase = returnBase }, context.CancellationToken);
 
             if (!task.IsCompleted)
             {
+                context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.Call;
                 context.Task = task;
                 return false;
             }
@@ -1132,7 +1136,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
         }
     }
 
-    internal static async ValueTask<int> Call(LuaThread thread, int funcIndex, CancellationToken ct)
+    internal static async ValueTask<int> Call(LuaThread thread, int funcIndex, int returnBase, CancellationToken ct)
     {
         var stack = thread.Stack;
         var newBase = funcIndex + 1;
@@ -1152,12 +1156,12 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
 
         var (argCount, variableArgumentCount) = PrepareForFunctionCall(thread, func, newBase);
         newBase += variableArgumentCount;
-        var newFrame = new CallStackFrame() { Base = newBase, VariableArgumentCount = variableArgumentCount, Function = func, ReturnBase = funcIndex };
+        var newFrame = new CallStackFrame() { Base = newBase, VariableArgumentCount = variableArgumentCount, Function = func, ReturnBase = returnBase };
 
-        thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
         try
         {
-            var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = funcIndex };
+            var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = returnBase };
             if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !thread.IsInHook)
             {
                 await ExecuteCallHook(functionContext, ct);
@@ -1218,12 +1222,13 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
         var (argumentCount, variableArgumentCount) = PrepareForFunctionTailCall(thread, func, instruction, newBase, isMetamethod);
         newBase = context.FrameBase + variableArgumentCount;
         stack.PopUntil(newBase + argumentCount);
-        var lastPc = thread.GetCurrentFrame().CallerInstructionIndex;
+        var lastFrame = thread.GetCurrentFrame();
         context.Thread.PopCallStackFrame();
         var newFrame = func.CreateNewTailCallFrame(context, newBase, context.CurrentReturnFrameBase, variableArgumentCount);
 
-        newFrame.CallerInstructionIndex = lastPc;
-        thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        newFrame.CallerInstructionIndex = lastFrame.CallerInstructionIndex;
+        newFrame.Version = lastFrame.Version;
+        var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
 
         if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
         {
@@ -1242,7 +1247,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
         }
 
         doRestart = false;
-        var task = func.Invoke(context, newFrame, argumentCount);
+        var task = func.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argumentCount, ReturnFrameBase = context.CurrentReturnFrameBase }, context.CancellationToken);
 
         if (!task.IsCompleted)
         {
@@ -1310,11 +1315,11 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
         stack.PopUntil(newBase + argumentCount);
 
         var newFrame = iterator.CreateNewFrame(context, newBase, RA + 3, variableArgumentCount);
-        context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
         if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
         {
             context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.TForCall;
-            context.Task = ExecuteCallHook(context, newFrame, 2);
+            context.Task = ExecuteCallHook(context, newFrame, stack.Count - newBase);
             doRestart = false;
             return false;
         }
@@ -1326,7 +1331,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             return true;
         }
 
-        var task = iterator.Invoke(context, newFrame, 2);
+        var task = iterator.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = stack.Count - newBase, ReturnFrameBase = newFrame.ReturnBase }, context.CancellationToken);
         if (!task.IsCompleted)
         {
             context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.TForCall;
@@ -1450,7 +1455,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
         stack.Push(key);
         var newFrame = indexTable.CreateNewFrame(context, stack.Count - 2);
 
-        context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
         if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
         {
             context.PostOperation = context.Instruction.OpCode == OpCode.GetTable ? PostOperationType.SetResult : PostOperationType.Self;
@@ -1468,7 +1473,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             return true;
         }
 
-        var task = indexTable.Invoke(context, newFrame, 2);
+        var task = indexTable.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = newFrame.ReturnBase }, context.CancellationToken);
 
         if (!task.IsCompleted)
         {
@@ -1539,8 +1544,8 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
 
         var newFrame = new CallStackFrame() { Base = thread.Stack.Count - 2 + varArgCount, VariableArgumentCount = varArgCount, Function = indexTable, ReturnBase = top };
 
-        thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
-        var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = top };
+        var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = top };
         if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !thread.IsInHook)
         {
             await ExecuteCallHook(functionContext, ct);
@@ -1620,7 +1625,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
         stack.Push(value);
         var newFrame = newIndexFunction.CreateNewFrame(context, stack.Count - 3);
 
-        context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
         if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
         {
             context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.Nop;
@@ -1636,7 +1641,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             return true;
         }
 
-        var task = newIndexFunction.Invoke(context, newFrame, 3);
+        var task = newIndexFunction.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = 3, ReturnFrameBase = newFrame.ReturnBase }, context.CancellationToken);
         if (!task.IsCompleted)
         {
             context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.Nop;
@@ -1712,8 +1717,8 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
 
         var newFrame = new CallStackFrame() { Base = thread.Stack.Count - 3 + varArgCount, VariableArgumentCount = varArgCount, Function = newIndexFunction, ReturnBase = top };
 
-        thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
-        var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = 3, ReturnFrameBase = top };
+        var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+        var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = 3, ReturnFrameBase = top };
         if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !thread.IsInHook)
         {
             await ExecuteCallHook(functionContext, ct);
@@ -1756,7 +1761,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             newBase += variableArgumentCount;
             var newFrame = func.CreateNewFrame(context, newBase, context.FrameBase + context.Instruction.A, variableArgumentCount);
 
-            context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+            var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
             if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
             {
                 context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.SetResult;
@@ -1773,7 +1778,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             }
 
 
-            var task = func.Invoke(context, newFrame, argCount);
+            var task = func.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newFrame.ReturnBase }, context.CancellationToken);
 
             if (!task.IsCompleted)
             {
@@ -1828,10 +1833,10 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
 
             var newFrame = new CallStackFrame() { Base = newBase, VariableArgumentCount = variableArgumentCount, Function = func, ReturnBase = newBase };
 
-            thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+            var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
             try
             {
-                var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newBase };
+                var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newBase };
                 if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !thread.IsInHook)
                 {
                     await ExecuteCallHook(functionContext, ct);
@@ -1886,7 +1891,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
 
             var newFrame = func.CreateNewFrame(context, newBase, context.FrameBase + context.Instruction.A, variableArgumentCount);
 
-            context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+            var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
             if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
             {
                 context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.SetResult;
@@ -1903,7 +1908,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             }
 
 
-            var task = func.Invoke(context, newFrame, argCount);
+            var task = func.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newFrame.ReturnBase }, context.CancellationToken);
 
             if (!task.IsCompleted)
             {
@@ -1960,10 +1965,10 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             newBase += variableArgumentCount;
             var newFrame = new CallStackFrame() { Base = newBase, VariableArgumentCount = variableArgumentCount, Function = func, ReturnBase = newBase };
 
-            thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+            var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
             try
             {
-                var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newBase };
+                var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newBase };
                 if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !thread.IsInHook)
                 {
                     await ExecuteCallHook(functionContext, ct);
@@ -2019,7 +2024,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             var varArgCount = func.GetVariableArgumentCount(argCount);
             var newFrame = func.CreateNewFrame(context, stack.Count - argCount + varArgCount);
             if (reverseLe) newFrame.Flags |= CallStackFrameFlags.ReversedLe;
-            context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+            var access = context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
             if (context.Thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !context.Thread.IsInHook)
             {
                 context.PostOperation = PostOperationType.Compare;
@@ -2035,7 +2040,7 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
                 return true;
             }
 
-            var task = func.Invoke(context, newFrame, argCount);
+            var task = func.Func(new() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newFrame.ReturnBase }, context.CancellationToken);
 
             if (!task.IsCompleted)
             {
@@ -2117,10 +2122,10 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             newBase += variableArgumentCount;
             var newFrame = new CallStackFrame() { Base = newBase, VariableArgumentCount = variableArgumentCount, Function = func, ReturnBase = newBase };
 
-            thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
+            var access = thread.PushCallStackFrame(newFrame);
             try
             {
-                var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Thread = thread, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newBase };
+                var functionContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext() { Access = access, ArgumentCount = argCount, ReturnFrameBase = newBase };
                 if (thread.CallOrReturnHookMask.Value != 0 && !thread.IsInHook)
                 {
                     await ExecuteCallHook(functionContext, ct);
@@ -2349,11 +2354,4 @@ public static partial class LuaVirtualMachine
             Flags = CallStackFrameFlags.TailCall
         };
     }
-
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    static ValueTask<int> Invoke(this LuaFunction function, VirtualMachineExecutionContext context, in CallStackFrame frame, int arguments)
-    {
-        return function.Func(new() { Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = arguments, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase, }, context.CancellationToken);
-    }
 }

src/Lua/Standard/BasicLibrary.cs

@@ -86,12 +86,13 @@ public sealed class BasicLibrary
     public async ValueTask<int> DoFile(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var arg0 = context.GetArgument<string>(0);
+        context.Thread.Stack.PopUntil(context.ReturnFrameBase);
 
         // do not use LuaState.DoFileAsync as it uses the newExecutionContext
-        var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(arg0, cancellationToken);
+        var bytes =   File.ReadAllBytes(arg0);
         var fileName = "@" + arg0;
-
-        return await context.State.Load(bytes, fileName).InvokeAsync(context with { ArgumentCount = context.ArgumentCount - 1 }, cancellationToken);
+        var closure = context.State.Load(bytes, fileName);
+        return await context.Access.RunAsync(closure,cancellationToken);
     }
 
     public ValueTask<int> Error(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
@@ -126,22 +127,24 @@ public sealed class BasicLibrary
         return default;
     }
 
-    public ValueTask<int> IPairs(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    public async ValueTask<int> IPairs(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var arg0 = context.GetArgument<LuaTable>(0);
 
         // If table has a metamethod __ipairs, calls it with table as argument and returns the first three results from the call.
         if (arg0.Metatable != null && arg0.Metatable.TryGetValue(Metamethods.IPairs, out var metamethod))
         {
-            if (!metamethod.TryRead<LuaFunction>(out var function))
-            {
-                LuaRuntimeException.AttemptInvalidOperation(context.Thread, "call", metamethod);
-            }
+            var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
+            var top = stack.Count;
+            stack.Push(metamethod);
+            stack.Push(arg0);
 
-            return function.InvokeAsync(context, cancellationToken);
+            await LuaVirtualMachine.Call(context.Access.Thread,top,context.ReturnFrameBase,cancellationToken);
+            stack.SetTop(context.ReturnFrameBase+3);
+            return 3;
         }
 
-        return new(context.Return(IPairsIterator, arg0, 0));
+        return context.Return(IPairsIterator, arg0, 0);
     }
 
     public async ValueTask<int> LoadFile(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
@@ -223,31 +226,33 @@ public sealed class BasicLibrary
         }
     }
 
-    public ValueTask<int> Pairs(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    public async ValueTask<int> Pairs(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var arg0 = context.GetArgument<LuaTable>(0);
 
         // If table has a metamethod __pairs, calls it with table as argument and returns the first three results from the call.
         if (arg0.Metatable != null && arg0.Metatable.TryGetValue(Metamethods.Pairs, out var metamethod))
         {
-            if (!metamethod.TryRead<LuaFunction>(out var function))
-            {
-                LuaRuntimeException.AttemptInvalidOperation(context.Thread, "call", metamethod);
-            }
+            var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
+            var top = stack.Count;
+            stack.Push(metamethod);
+            stack.Push(arg0);
 
-            return function.InvokeAsync(context, cancellationToken);
+            await LuaVirtualMachine.Call(context.Access.Thread,top,context.ReturnFrameBase,cancellationToken);
+            stack.SetTop(context.ReturnFrameBase+3);
+            return 3;
+            
         }
 
-        return new(context.Return(PairsIterator, arg0, LuaValue.Nil));
+        return (context.Return(PairsIterator, arg0, LuaValue.Nil));
     }
 
     public async ValueTask<int> PCall(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var frameCount = context.Thread.CallStackFrameCount;
-        var arg0 = context.GetArgument<LuaFunction>(0);
         try
         {
-            var count = await arg0.InvokeAsync(context with { ArgumentCount = context.ArgumentCount - 1, ReturnFrameBase = context.ReturnFrameBase + 1 }, cancellationToken);
+            var count =  await LuaVirtualMachine.Call(context.Access.Thread,context.FrameBase,context.ReturnFrameBase+1,cancellationToken);
 
             context.Thread.Stack.Get(context.ReturnFrameBase) = true;
             return count + 1;
@@ -545,32 +550,37 @@ public sealed class BasicLibrary
     public async ValueTask<int> XPCall(LuaFunctionExecutionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var frameCount = context.Thread.CallStackFrameCount;
-        var arg0 = context.GetArgument<LuaFunction>(0);
+        var arg0 = context.GetArgument(0);
         var arg1 = context.GetArgument<LuaFunction>(1);
 
         try
         {
-            var count = await arg0.InvokeAsync(context with { ArgumentCount = context.ArgumentCount - 2, ReturnFrameBase = context.ReturnFrameBase + 1 }, cancellationToken);
+            var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
+            stack.Get(context.FrameBase+1) = arg0;
+            var count =  await LuaVirtualMachine.Call(context.Access.Thread,context.FrameBase + 1,context.ReturnFrameBase+1,cancellationToken);
 
             context.Thread.Stack.Get(context.ReturnFrameBase) = true;
             return count + 1;
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            context.Thread.PopCallStackFrameUntil(frameCount);
+            var thread = context.Thread;
+            thread.PopCallStackFrameUntil(frameCount);
+            
+            var access = thread.CurrentAccess;
             if (ex is LuaRuntimeException luaEx)
             {
                 luaEx.Forget();
-                context.Thread.Push(luaEx.ErrorObject);
+                access.Push(luaEx.ErrorObject);
             }
             else
             {
-                context.Thread.Push(ex.Message);
+                access.Push(ex.Message);
             }
 
 
             // invoke error handler
-            var count = await arg1.InvokeAsync(context with { ArgumentCount = 1, ReturnFrameBase = context.ReturnFrameBase + 1 }, cancellationToken);
+            var count = await access.RunAsync(arg1, 1,context.ReturnFrameBase+1, cancellationToken);
             context.Thread.Stack.Get(context.ReturnFrameBase) = false;
             return count + 1;
         }

src/Lua/Standard/DebugLibrary.cs

@@ -456,26 +456,22 @@ public class DebugLibrary
         if (thread.IsReturnHookEnabled && context.Thread == thread)
         {
             var stack = thread.Stack;
+            var top = stack.Count;
             stack.Push("return");
             stack.Push(LuaValue.Nil);
-            var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Thread = context.Thread, ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = stack.Count - 2, };
-            var frame = new CallStackFrame
-            {
-                Base = funcContext.FrameBase, ReturnBase = funcContext.ReturnFrameBase, VariableArgumentCount = hook.GetVariableArgumentCount(2), Function = hook,
-            };
-            frame.Flags |= CallStackFrameFlags.InHook;
-            thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+            context.Thread.IsInHook = true;
+            var frame = context.Thread.CurrentAccess.CreateCallStackFrame(hook, 2, top, 0);
+            var access= context.Thread.PushCallStackFrame(frame);
+            var funcContext = new LuaFunctionExecutionContext { Access =access, ArgumentCount = stack.Count-frame.Base, ReturnFrameBase = frame.ReturnBase };
             try
             {
-                thread.IsInHook = true;
                 await hook.Func(funcContext, cancellationToken);
             }
             finally
             {
-                thread.IsInHook = false;
+                context.Thread.IsInHook = false;
+                context.Thread.PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop();
             }
-
-            thread.PopCallStackFrameWithStackPop();
         }
 
         return 0;

src/Lua/Standard/Internal/IOHelper.cs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ internal static class IOHelper
         try
         {
             var stream = File.Open(fileName, fileMode, fileAccess);
-            thread.Push(new LuaValue(new FileHandle(stream)));
+            thread.Stack.Push(new LuaValue(new FileHandle(stream)));
             return 1;
         }
         catch (IOException ex)
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ internal static class IOHelper
                 throw;
             }
 
-            thread.Push(LuaValue.Nil);
-            thread.Push(ex.Message);
-            thread.Push(ex.HResult);
+            thread.Stack.Push(LuaValue.Nil);
+            thread.Stack.Push(ex.Message);
+            thread.Stack.Push(ex.HResult);
             return 3;
         }
     }

src/Lua/Standard/ModuleLibrary.cs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public sealed class ModuleLibrary
                     ? context.State.Load(module.ReadBytes(), module.Name)
                     : context.State.Load(module.ReadText(), module.Name);
             }
-            await closure.InvokeAsync(context, cancellationToken);
+            await context.Access.RunAsync(closure, 0, cancellationToken);
             loadedTable = context.Thread.Stack.Get(context.ReturnFrameBase);
             loaded[arg0] = loadedTable;
         }

src/Lua/Standard/StringLibrary.cs

@@ -507,13 +507,13 @@ public sealed class StringLibrary
             }
             else if (repl.TryRead<LuaFunction>(out var func))
             {
+                var stack = context.Thread.Stack;
                 for (int k = 1; k <= match.Groups.Count; k++)
                 {
-                    context.Thread.Push(match.Groups[k].Value);
+                    stack.Push(match.Groups[k].Value);
                 }
 
-
-                await func.InvokeAsync(context with { ArgumentCount = match.Groups.Count }, cancellationToken);
+                await context.Access.RunAsync(func,match.Groups.Count,cancellationToken);
 
                 result = context.Thread.Stack.Get(context.ReturnFrameBase);
             }

src/Lua/Standard/TableLibrary.cs

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ public sealed class TableLibrary
             var top = stack.Count;
             stack.Push(memory.Span[j]);
             stack.Push(pivot);
-            await comparer.InvokeAsync(context with { ArgumentCount = 2, ReturnFrameBase = top }, cancellationToken);
+            await context.Access.RunAsync(comparer, 2,cancellationToken);
 
             if (context.Thread.Stack.Get(top).ToBoolean())
             {

tests/Lua.Tests/AsyncTests.cs

@@ -12,25 +12,41 @@ public class AsyncTests
         state = LuaState.Create();
         state.OpenStandardLibraries();
         var assert = state.Environment["assert"].Read<LuaFunction>();
-        state.Environment["assert"] = new LuaFunction("wait",
-            async (c, ct) =>
+        state.Environment["assert"] = new LuaFunction("assert_with_wait",
+            async (context, ct) =>
             {
                 await Task.Delay(1, ct);
-                return await assert.InvokeAsync(c, ct);
+                var arg0 = context.GetArgument(0);
+
+                if (!arg0.ToBoolean())
+                {
+                    var message = "assertion failed!";
+                    if (context.HasArgument(1))
+                    {
+                        message = context.GetArgument<string>(1);
+                    }
+
+                    throw new LuaAssertionException(context.Thread, message);
+                }
+
+                return (context.Return(context.Arguments));
             });
     }
 
     [Test]
-    public async Task Test_Async()
+    [TestCase("tests-lua/coroutine.lua")]
+    [TestCase("tests-lua/db.lua")]
+    [TestCase("tests-lua/vararg.lua")]
+    public async Task Test_Async(string file)
     {
-        var path = FileHelper.GetAbsolutePath("tests-lua/coroutine.lua");
+        var path = FileHelper.GetAbsolutePath(file);
         try
         {
             await state.DoFileAsync(path);
         }
         catch (LuaRuntimeException e)
         {
-            var line = e.LuaTraceback.LastLine;
+            var line = e.LuaTraceback!.LastLine;
             throw new Exception($"{path}:line {line}\n{e.InnerException}\n {e}");
         }
     }

tests/Lua.Tests/LuaApiTests.cs

@@ -34,11 +34,12 @@ public class LuaApiTests
                      setmetatable(a, metatable)
                      return a, b
                      """;
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
         var a = result[0].Read<LuaTable>();
         var b = result[1].Read<LuaTable>();
 
-        var c = await state.MainThread.Arithmetic(a, b, OpCode.Add);
+        var c = await access.Arithmetic(a, b, OpCode.Add);
         var table = c.Read<LuaTable>();
         Assert.Multiple(() =>
         {
@@ -67,10 +68,11 @@ public class LuaApiTests
                      setmetatable(a, metatable)
                      return a
                      """;
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
-        var a = result[0].Read<LuaTable>();
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
 
-        var c = await state.MainThread.Unary(a, OpCode.Unm);
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var a = result[0].Read<LuaTable>();
+        var c = await access.Unary(a, OpCode.Unm);
         var table = c.Read<LuaTable>();
         Assert.Multiple(() =>
         {
@@ -104,13 +106,14 @@ public class LuaApiTests
                      setmetatable(a, metatable)
                      return a, b, c
                      """;
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
         var a = result[0].Read<LuaTable>();
         var b = result[1].Read<LuaTable>();
         var c = result[2].Read<LuaTable>();
-        var ab = await state.MainThread.Compare(a, b, OpCode.Eq);
+        var ab = await access.Compare(a, b, OpCode.Eq);
         Assert.False(ab);
-        var ac = await state.MainThread.Compare(a, c, OpCode.Eq);
+        var ac = await access.Compare(a, c, OpCode.Eq);
         Assert.True(ac);
     }
 
@@ -126,11 +129,12 @@ public class LuaApiTests
                      setmetatable(a, metatable)
                      return a
                      """;
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
         var a = result[0].Read<LuaTable>();
-        Assert.That(await state.MainThread.GetTable(a, "x"), Is.EqualTo(new LuaValue(1)));
+        Assert.That(await access.GetTable(a, "x"), Is.EqualTo(new LuaValue(1)));
         a.Metatable!["__index"] = state.DoStringAsync("return function(a,b) return b end").Result[0];
-        Assert.That(await state.MainThread.GetTable(a, "x"), Is.EqualTo(new LuaValue("x")));
+        Assert.That(await access.GetTable(a, "x"), Is.EqualTo(new LuaValue("x")));
     }
 
     [Test]
@@ -146,9 +150,10 @@ public class LuaApiTests
                      setmetatable(a, metatable)
                      return a
                      """;
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
         var a = result[0].Read<LuaTable>();
-        await state.MainThread.SetTable(a, "a", "b");
+        await access.SetTable(a, "a", "b");
         var b = a.Metatable!["__newindex"].Read<LuaTable>()["a"];
         Assert.True(b.Read<string>() == "b");
     }
@@ -178,14 +183,14 @@ setmetatable(c, metatable)
 
 return a,b,c
 ";
-
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
         Assert.That(result, Has.Length.EqualTo(3));
 
         var a = result[0];
         var b = result[1];
         var c = result[2];
-        var d = await state.MainThread.Concat([a, b, c]);
+        var d = await access.Concat([a, b, c]);
 
         var table = d.Read<LuaTable>();
         Assert.That(table.ArrayLength, Is.EqualTo(9));
@@ -224,21 +229,22 @@ return a,b,c
                      local c ={name ="c"}
                      return a,b,c
                      """;
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
         var a = result[0];
         var b = result[1];
         var c = result[2];
-        var d = await state.MainThread.Arithmetic(b, c, OpCode.Add);
+        var d = await access.Arithmetic(b, c, OpCode.Add);
         Assert.True(d.TryRead(out string s));
         Assert.That(s, Is.EqualTo("abc"));
-        d = await state.MainThread.Unary(b, OpCode.Unm);
+        d = await access.Unary(b, OpCode.Unm);
         Assert.True(d.TryRead(out s));
         Assert.That(s, Is.EqualTo("abb"));
-        d = await state.MainThread.Concat([c, b]);
+        d = await access.Concat([c, b]);
         Assert.True(d.TryRead(out s));
         Assert.That(s, Is.EqualTo("acb"));
 
-        var aResult = await state.MainThread.Call(a, [b, c]);
+        var aResult = await access.Call(a, [b, c]);
         Assert.That(aResult, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
         Assert.That(aResult[0].Read<string>(), Is.EqualTo("abc"));
     }
@@ -266,21 +272,22 @@ return a,b,c
                      local c ={name ="c"}
                      return a,b,c
                      """;
-        var result = await state.DoStringAsync(source);
+        var access = state.TopLevelAccess;
+        var result = await access.DoStringAsync(source);
         var a = result[0];
         var b = result[1];
         var c = result[2];
-        var d = await state.MainThread.Arithmetic(b, c, OpCode.Add);
+        var d = await access.Arithmetic(b, c, OpCode.Add);
         Assert.True(d.TryRead(out string s));
         Assert.That(s, Is.EqualTo("abc"));
-        d = await state.MainThread.Unary(b, OpCode.Unm);
+        d = await access.Unary(b, OpCode.Unm);
         Assert.True(d.TryRead(out s));
         Assert.That(s, Is.EqualTo("abb"));
-        d = await state.MainThread.Concat([c, b]);
+        d = await access.Concat([c, b]);
         Assert.True(d.TryRead(out s));
         Assert.That(s, Is.EqualTo("acb"));
 
-        var aResult = await state.MainThread.Call(a, [b, c]);
+        var aResult = await access.Call(a, [b, c]);
         Assert.That(aResult, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
         Assert.That(aResult[0].Read<string>(), Is.EqualTo("abc"));
     }

tests/Lua.Tests/ValidationTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+using Lua.Runtime;
+using Lua.Standard;
+
+namespace Lua.Tests;
+
+public class ValidationTests
+{
+    [Test]
+    public async Task Test_Simple()
+    {
+       var state = LuaState.Create();
+        state.OpenStandardLibraries();
+        LuaThreadAccess innerAccess = default!;
+        state.Environment["wait"] = new LuaFunction("wait",
+            async (context, ct) =>
+            {
+                innerAccess = context.Access;
+                await Task.Delay((int)(context.GetArgument<double>(0) * 1000), ct);
+                return context.Return(context.Arguments);
+            });
+         
+        var task=state.DoStringAsync("wait(0.5)");
+         
+        await Task.Delay(100);
+        Assert.That(task.IsCompleted, Is.False);
+        Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>( async () =>
+        {
+            await state.DoStringAsync("print('hello')");
+        });
+        await task;
+        
+        Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>( async () =>
+        {
+            await innerAccess.DoStringAsync("print('hello')");
+        });
+        Assert.DoesNotThrowAsync(async () =>
+        {
+            await state.DoStringAsync("wait(0.5)");
+        });
+    }
+    
+    [Test]
+    public async Task Test_Recursive()
+    {
+        var state = LuaState.Create();
+        state.OpenStandardLibraries();
+        state.Environment["dostring"] = new LuaFunction("dostring",
+            async (context, ct) => context.Return(await context.Access.DoStringAsync(context.GetArgument<string>(0), null, ct)));
+         
+        var result=await state.DoStringAsync("""return dostring("return 1")""");
+         
+        Assert.That(result.Length, Is.EqualTo(1));
+        Assert.That(result[0].Read<double>(), Is.EqualTo(1));
+    }
+    
+}