/// <summary>
///     Represents a region composed of one or more rectangles, providing methods for union, intersection, exclusion, and
///     complement operations.
/// </summary>
public class Region : IDisposable
{
    private List<Rectangle> _rectangles;

    /// <summary>
    ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Region"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public Region () { _rectangles = new (); }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Region"/> class with the specified rectangle.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="rectangle">The initial rectangle for the region.</param>
    public Region (Rectangle rectangle) { _rectangles = new() { rectangle }; }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Adds the specified rectangle to the region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="rectangle">The rectangle to add to the region.</param>
    public void Union (Rectangle rectangle)
    {
        _rectangles.Add (rectangle);
        _rectangles = MergeRectangles (_rectangles);
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Adds the specified region to this region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="region">The region to add to this region.</param>
    public void Union (Region region)
    {
        _rectangles.AddRange (region._rectangles);
        _rectangles = MergeRectangles (_rectangles);
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Updates the region to be the intersection of itself with the specified rectangle.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="rectangle">The rectangle to intersect with the region.</param>
    public void Intersect (Rectangle rectangle)
    {
        _rectangles = _rectangles.Select (r => Rectangle.Intersect (r, rectangle)).Where (r => !r.IsEmpty).ToList ();
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Updates the region to be the intersection of itself with the specified region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="region">The region to intersect with this region.</param>
    public void Intersect (Region region)
    {
        List<Rectangle> intersections = new List<Rectangle> ();

        foreach (Rectangle rect1 in _rectangles)
        {
            foreach (Rectangle rect2 in region._rectangles)
            {
                Rectangle intersected = Rectangle.Intersect (rect1, rect2);

                if (!intersected.IsEmpty)
                {
                    intersections.Add (intersected);
                }
            }
        }

        _rectangles = intersections;
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Removes the portion of the specified rectangle from the region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="rectangle">The rectangle to exclude from the region.</param>
    public void Exclude (Rectangle rectangle) { _rectangles = _rectangles.SelectMany (r => SubtractRectangle (r, rectangle)).ToList (); }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Removes the portion of the specified region from this region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="region">The region to exclude from this region.</param>
    public void Exclude (Region region)
    {
        foreach (Rectangle rect in region._rectangles)
        {
            _rectangles = _rectangles.SelectMany (r => SubtractRectangle (r, rect)).ToList ();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Updates the region to be the complement of itself within the specified bounds.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="bounds">The bounding rectangle to use for complementing the region.</param>
    public void Complement (Rectangle bounds)
    {
        if (bounds.IsEmpty || _rectangles.Count == 0)
        {
            _rectangles.Clear ();

            return;
        }

        List<Rectangle> complementRectangles = new List<Rectangle> { bounds };

        foreach (Rectangle rect in _rectangles)
        {
            complementRectangles = complementRectangles.SelectMany (r => SubtractRectangle (r, rect)).ToList ();
        }

        _rectangles = complementRectangles;
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Creates an exact copy of the region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>A new <see cref="Region"/> that is a copy of this instance.</returns>
    public Region Clone ()
    {
        var clone = new Region ();
        clone._rectangles = new (_rectangles);

        return clone;
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Gets a bounding rectangle for the entire region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="Rectangle"/> that bounds the region.</returns>
    public Rectangle GetBounds ()
    {
        if (_rectangles.Count == 0)
        {
            return Rectangle.Empty;
        }

        int left = _rectangles.Min (r => r.Left);
        int top = _rectangles.Min (r => r.Top);
        int right = _rectangles.Max (r => r.Right);
        int bottom = _rectangles.Max (r => r.Bottom);

        return new (left, top, right - left, bottom - top);
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Determines whether the region is empty.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the region is empty; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
    public bool IsEmpty () { return !_rectangles.Any (); }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Determines whether the specified point is contained within the region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="x">The x-coordinate of the point.</param>
    /// <param name="y">The y-coordinate of the point.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the point is contained within the region; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
    public bool Contains (int x, int y) { return _rectangles.Any (r => r.Contains (x, y)); }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Determines whether the specified rectangle is contained within the region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="rectangle">The rectangle to check for containment.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the rectangle is contained within the region; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
    public bool Contains (Rectangle rectangle) { return _rectangles.Any (r => r.Contains (rectangle)); }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Returns an array of rectangles that represent the region.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>An array of <see cref="Rectangle"/> objects that make up the region.</returns>
    public Rectangle [] GetRegionScans () { return _rectangles.ToArray (); }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Merges overlapping rectangles into a minimal set of non-overlapping rectangles.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="rectangles">The list of rectangles to merge.</param>
    /// <returns>A list of merged rectangles.</returns>
    private List<Rectangle> MergeRectangles (List<Rectangle> rectangles)
    {
        // Simplified merging logic: this does not handle all edge cases for merging overlapping rectangles.
        // For a full implementation, a plane sweep algorithm or similar would be needed.
        List<Rectangle> merged = new List<Rectangle> (rectangles);
        bool mergedAny;

        do
        {
            mergedAny = false;

            for (var i = 0; i < merged.Count; i++)
            {
                for (int j = i + 1; j < merged.Count; j++)
                {
                    if (merged [i].IntersectsWith (merged [j]))
                    {
                        merged [i] = Rectangle.Union (merged [i], merged [j]);
                        merged.RemoveAt (j);
                        mergedAny = true;

                        break;
                    }
                }

                if (mergedAny)
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        while (mergedAny);

        return merged;
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Subtracts the specified rectangle from the original rectangle, returning the resulting rectangles.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="original">The original rectangle.</param>
    /// <param name="subtract">The rectangle to subtract from the original.</param>
    /// <returns>An enumerable collection of resulting rectangles after subtraction.</returns>
    private IEnumerable<Rectangle> SubtractRectangle (Rectangle original, Rectangle subtract)
    {
        if (!original.IntersectsWith (subtract))
        {
            yield return original;

            yield break;
        }

        // Top segment
        if (original.Top < subtract.Top)
        {
            yield return new (original.Left, original.Top, original.Width, subtract.Top - original.Top);
        }

        // Bottom segment
        if (original.Bottom > subtract.Bottom)
        {
            yield return new (original.Left, subtract.Bottom, original.Width, original.Bottom - subtract.Bottom);
        }

        // Left segment
        if (original.Left < subtract.Left)
        {
            int top = Math.Max (original.Top, subtract.Top);
            int bottom = Math.Min (original.Bottom, subtract.Bottom);

            if (bottom > top)
            {
                yield return new (original.Left, top, subtract.Left - original.Left, bottom - top);
            }
        }

        // Right segment
        if (original.Right > subtract.Right)
        {
            int top = Math.Max (original.Top, subtract.Top);
            int bottom = Math.Min (original.Bottom, subtract.Bottom);

            if (bottom > top)
            {
                yield return new (subtract.Right, top, original.Right - subtract.Right, bottom - top);
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///     Releases all resources used by the <see cref="Region"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public void Dispose () { _rectangles.Clear (); }
}