Bug: Timeouts Lost in Nested Application.Run() Calls

Summary

Timeouts scheduled via IApplication.AddTimeout() do not fire correctly when a nested modal dialog is shown using Application.Run(). This causes demo keys (and other scheduled timeouts) to be lost when MessageBox or other dialogs are displayed.

Environment

Terminal.Gui Version: 2.0 (current main branch)
OS: Windows/Linux/macOS (all platforms affected)
.NET Version: .NET 8

Steps to Reproduce

Minimal Repro Code

using Terminal.Gui;

var app = Application.Create();
app.Init("FakeDriver");

var mainWindow = new Window { Title = "Main Window" };
var dialog = new Dialog { Title = "Dialog", Buttons = [new Button { Text = "Ok" }] };

// Schedule timeout at 100ms to show dialog
app.AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), () =>
{
    Console.WriteLine("Enter timeout - showing dialog");
    app.Run(dialog);  // This blocks in a nested run loop
    Console.WriteLine("Dialog closed");
    return false;
});

// Schedule timeout at 200ms to close dialog (should fire while dialog is running)
app.AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(200), () =>
{
    Console.WriteLine("ESC timeout - closing dialog");
    app.RequestStop(dialog);
    return false;
});

// Stop main window after dialog closes
app.AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(300), () =>
{
    app.RequestStop();
    return false;
});

app.Run(mainWindow);
app.Dispose();

Expected Behavior

At 100ms: First timeout fires, shows dialog
At 200ms: Second timeout fires while dialog is running, closes dialog
At 300ms: Third timeout fires, closes main window
Application exits cleanly

Actual Behavior

At 100ms: First timeout fires, shows dialog
At 200ms: Second timeout NEVER fires - dialog stays open indefinitely
Application hangs waiting for dialog to close

Root Cause

The bug is in TimedEvents.RunTimersImpl():

private void RunTimersImpl()
{
    long now = GetTimestampTicks();
    SortedList<long, Timeout> copy;

    lock (_timeoutsLockToken)
    {
        copy = _timeouts;           // ? Copy ALL timeouts
        _timeouts = new();          // ? Clear the queue
    }

    foreach ((long k, Timeout timeout) in copy)
    {
        if (k < now)
        {
            if (timeout.Callback!())  // ? This can block for a long time
            {
                AddTimeout(timeout.Span, timeout);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            lock (_timeoutsLockToken)
            {
                _timeouts.Add(NudgeToUniqueKey(k), timeout);
            }
        }
    }
}

The Problem

All timeouts are removed from the queue at the start and copied to a local variable
Callbacks are executed sequentially in the foreach loop
When a callback blocks (e.g., app.Run(dialog)), the entire RunTimersImpl() method is paused
Future timeouts are stuck in the local copy variable, inaccessible to the nested run loop
The nested dialog's RunTimers() calls see an empty timeout queue
Timeouts scheduled before the nested run never fire during the nested run

Why `now` is captured only once

Additionally, now = GetTimestampTicks() is captured once at the start. If a callback takes a long time, now becomes stale, and the time evaluation k < now uses outdated information.

Impact

This bug affects:

Example Demo Keys: The ExampleDemoKeyStrokesAttribute feature doesn't work correctly when examples show MessageBox or dialogs. The ESC key to close dialogs is lost.
Any automated testing that uses timeouts to simulate user input with modal dialogs
Application code that schedules timeouts expecting them to fire during nested Application.Run() calls

Real-World Example

The bug was discovered in Examples/Example/Example.cs which has this demo key sequence:

[assembly: ExampleDemoKeyStrokes(
    KeyStrokes = ["a", "d", "m", "i", "n", "Tab", 
                  "p", "a", "s", "s", "w", "o", "r", "d", 
                  "Enter",  // ? Opens MessageBox
                  "Esc"],   // ? Should close MessageBox, but never fires
    Order = 1)]

When "Enter" is pressed, it triggers:

btnLogin.Accepting += (s, e) =>
{
    if (userNameText.Text == "admin" && passwordText.Text == "password")
    {
        MessageBox.Query(App, "Logging In", "Login Successful", "Ok");
        // ? This blocks in a nested Application.Run() call
        // The ESC timeout scheduled for 1600ms never fires
    }
};

Solution

Rewrite TimedEvents.RunTimersImpl() to process timeouts one at a time instead of batching them:

private void RunTimersImpl()
{
    long now = GetTimestampTicks();

    // Process due timeouts one at a time, without blocking the entire queue
    while (true)
    {
        Timeout? timeoutToExecute = null;
        long scheduledTime = 0;

        // Find the next due timeout
        lock (_timeoutsLockToken)
        {
            if (_timeouts.Count == 0)
            {
                break; // No more timeouts
            }

            // Re-evaluate current time for each iteration
            now = GetTimestampTicks();
            
            // Check if the earliest timeout is due
            scheduledTime = _timeouts.Keys[0];
            
            if (scheduledTime >= now)
            {
                // Earliest timeout is not yet due, we're done
                break;
            }

            // This timeout is due - remove it from the queue
            timeoutToExecute = _timeouts.Values[0];
            _timeouts.RemoveAt(0);
        }

        // Execute the callback outside the lock
        // This allows nested Run() calls to access the timeout queue
        if (timeoutToExecute != null)
        {
            bool repeat = timeoutToExecute.Callback!();
            
            if (repeat)
            {
                AddTimeout(timeoutToExecute.Span, timeoutToExecute);
            }
        }
    }
}

Key Changes

Lock ? Check ? Remove ? Unlock ? Execute pattern
Only removes one timeout at a time that is currently due
Executes callbacks outside the lock
Future timeouts remain in the queue, accessible to nested Run() calls
Re-evaluates current time on each iteration to handle long-running callbacks

Verification

The fix can be verified with these unit tests (all pass after fix):

[Fact]
public void Timeout_Fires_In_Nested_Run()
{
    // Tests that a timeout fires during a nested Application.Run() call
}

[Fact]
public void Timeout_Scheduled_Before_Nested_Run_Fires_During_Nested_Run()
{
    // Reproduces the exact ESC key issue scenario
}

[Fact]
public void Multiple_Timeouts_Fire_In_Correct_Order_With_Nested_Run()
{
    // Verifies timeout execution order with nested runs
}

See Tests/UnitTestsParallelizable/Application/NestedRunTimeoutTests.cs for complete test implementations.

Files Changed

Terminal.Gui/App/Timeout/TimedEvents.cs - Fixed RunTimersImpl() method
Tests/UnitTestsParallelizable/Application/NestedRunTimeoutTests.cs - Added comprehensive tests

Additional Notes

This is a critical bug for the Example infrastructure and any code that relies on timeouts working correctly with modal dialogs. The fix is non-breaking - all existing code continues to work, but nested run scenarios now work correctly.

Related Issues

Demo keys not working when MessageBox is shown
Timeouts appearing to "disappear" in complex UI flows
Automated tests hanging when simulating input with dialogs

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