sebastienros.jint/Jint/Native/String/StringPrototype.cs

#pragma warning disable CA1859 // Use concrete types when possible for improved performance -- most of prototype methods return JsValue

using System.Globalization;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;
using Jint.Collections;
using Jint.Native.Json;
using Jint.Native.Object;
using Jint.Native.RegExp;
using Jint.Native.Symbol;
using Jint.Runtime;
using Jint.Runtime.Descriptors;
using Jint.Runtime.Descriptors.Specialized;
using Jint.Runtime.Interop;

namespace Jint.Native.String
{
    /// <summary>
    /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-properties-of-the-string-prototype-object
    /// </summary>
    internal sealed class StringPrototype : StringInstance
    {
        private readonly Realm _realm;
        private readonly StringConstructor _constructor;
        internal ClrFunction? _originalIteratorFunction;

        internal StringPrototype(
            Engine engine,
            Realm realm,
            StringConstructor constructor,
            ObjectPrototype objectPrototype)
            : base(engine, JsString.Empty)
        {
            _prototype = objectPrototype;
            _length = PropertyDescriptor.AllForbiddenDescriptor.NumberZero;
            _realm = realm;
            _constructor = constructor;
        }

        protected override void Initialize()
        {
            const PropertyFlag lengthFlags = PropertyFlag.Configurable;
            const PropertyFlag propertyFlags = lengthFlags | PropertyFlag.Writable;

            var trimStart = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "trimStart", prototype.TrimStart, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags);
            var trimEnd = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "trimEnd", prototype.TrimEnd, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags);
            var properties = new PropertyDictionary(37, checkExistingKeys: false)
            {
                ["constructor"] = new PropertyDescriptor(_constructor, PropertyFlag.NonEnumerable),
                ["toString"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "toString", prototype.ToStringString, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["valueOf"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "valueOf", prototype.ValueOf, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["charAt"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "charAt", prototype.CharAt, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["charCodeAt"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "charCodeAt", prototype.CharCodeAt, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["codePointAt"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "codePointAt", prototype.CodePointAt, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["concat"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "concat", prototype.Concat, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["indexOf"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "indexOf", prototype.IndexOf, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["endsWith"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "endsWith", prototype.EndsWith, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["startsWith"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "startsWith", prototype.StartsWith, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["lastIndexOf"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "lastIndexOf", prototype.LastIndexOf, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["localeCompare"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "localeCompare", prototype.LocaleCompare, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["match"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "match", prototype.Match, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["matchAll"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "matchAll", prototype.MatchAll, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["replace"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "replace", prototype.Replace, 2, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["replaceAll"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "replaceAll", prototype.ReplaceAll, 2, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["search"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "search", prototype.Search, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["slice"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "slice", prototype.Slice, 2, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["split"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "split", prototype.Split, 2, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["substr"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "substr", Substr, 2), propertyFlags),
                ["substring"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "substring", prototype.Substring, 2, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["toLowerCase"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "toLowerCase", prototype.ToLowerCase, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["toLocaleLowerCase"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "toLocaleLowerCase", prototype.ToLocaleLowerCase, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["toUpperCase"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "toUpperCase", prototype.ToUpperCase, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["toLocaleUpperCase"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "toLocaleUpperCase", prototype.ToLocaleUpperCase, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["trim"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "trim", prototype.Trim, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["trimStart"] = trimStart,
                ["trimEnd"] = trimEnd,
                ["trimLeft"] = trimStart,
                ["trimRight"] = trimEnd,
                ["padStart"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "padStart", prototype.PadStart, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["padEnd"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "padEnd", prototype.PadEnd, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["includes"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "includes", prototype.Includes, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["normalize"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "normalize", prototype.Normalize, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["repeat"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "repeat", prototype.Repeat, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["at"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "at", prototype.At, 1, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["isWellFormed"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "isWellFormed", prototype.IsWellFormed, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
                ["toWellFormed"] = new LazyPropertyDescriptor<StringPrototype>(this, static prototype => new ClrFunction(prototype._engine, "toWellFormed", prototype.ToWellFormed, 0, lengthFlags), propertyFlags),
            };
            SetProperties(properties);

            _originalIteratorFunction = new ClrFunction(_engine, "[Symbol.iterator]", Iterator, 0, lengthFlags);
            var symbols = new SymbolDictionary(1)
            {
                [GlobalSymbolRegistry.Iterator] = new PropertyDescriptor(_originalIteratorFunction, propertyFlags)
            };
            SetSymbols(symbols);
        }

        internal override bool HasOriginalIterator => ReferenceEquals(Get(GlobalSymbolRegistry.Iterator), _originalIteratorFunction);

        private ObjectInstance Iterator(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var str = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            return _realm.Intrinsics.StringIteratorPrototype.Construct(str);
        }

        private JsValue ToStringString(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            if (thisObject.IsString())
            {
                return thisObject;
            }

            var s = TypeConverter.ToObject(_realm, thisObject) as StringInstance;
            if (s is null)
            {
                ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(_realm);
            }

            return s.StringData;
        }

        // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.char.iswhitespace(v=vs.110).aspx
        // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark
        const char BOM_CHAR = '\uFEFF';

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        private static bool IsWhiteSpaceEx(char c)
        {
            return char.IsWhiteSpace(c) || c == BOM_CHAR;
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        private static string TrimEndEx(string s)
        {
            if (s.Length == 0)
                return string.Empty;

            if (!IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[s.Length - 1]))
                return s;

            return TrimEnd(s);
        }

        private static string TrimEnd(string s)
        {
            var i = s.Length - 1;
            while (i >= 0)
            {
                if (IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[i]))
                    i--;
                else
                    break;
            }

            return i >= 0 ? s.Substring(0, i + 1) : string.Empty;
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal static string TrimStartEx(string s)
        {
            if (s.Length == 0)
                return string.Empty;

            if (!IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[0]))
                return s;

            return TrimStart(s);
        }

        private static string TrimStart(string s)
        {
            var i = 0;
            while (i < s.Length)
            {
                if (IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[i]))
                    i++;
                else
                    break;
            }

            return i >= s.Length ? string.Empty : s.Substring(i);
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal static string TrimEx(string s)
        {
            return TrimEndEx(TrimStartEx(s));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trim
        /// </summary>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        private JsValue Trim(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            if (s.Length == 0 || (!IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[0]) && !IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[s.Length - 1])))
            {
                return s;
            }
            return TrimEx(s.ToString());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimstart
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue TrimStart(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            if (s.Length == 0 || !IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[0]))
            {
                return s;
            }
            return TrimStartEx(s.ToString());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.trimend
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue TrimEnd(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            if (s.Length == 0 || !IsWhiteSpaceEx(s[s.Length - 1]))
            {
                return s;
            }
            return TrimEndEx(s.ToString());
        }

        private JsValue ToLocaleUpperCase(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            var culture = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture;
            if (arguments.Length > 0 && arguments[0].IsString())
            {
                try
                {
                    var cultureArgument = arguments[0].ToString();
                    culture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo(cultureArgument);
                }
                catch (CultureNotFoundException)
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowRangeError(_realm, "Incorrect culture information provided");
                }
            }
            if (string.Equals("lt", culture.Name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                s = StringInlHelper.LithuanianStringProcessor(s);
#if NET462
                // Code specific to .NET Framework 4.6.2.
                // For no good reason this verison does not upper case these characters correctly.
                return new JsString(s.ToUpper(culture)
                    .Replace("ϳ", "Ϳ")
                    .Replace("ʝ", "Ʝ"));
#endif
            }

            return new JsString(s.ToUpper(culture));
        }

        private JsValue ToUpperCase(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            return new JsString(s.ToUpperInvariant());
        }

        private JsValue ToLocaleLowerCase(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            return new JsString(s.ToLower(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        private JsValue ToLowerCase(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            return s.ToLowerInvariant();
        }

        private static int ToIntegerSupportInfinity(JsValue numberVal)
        {
            return numberVal._type == InternalTypes.Integer
                ? numberVal.AsInteger()
                : ToIntegerSupportInfinityUnlikely(numberVal);
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
        private static int ToIntegerSupportInfinityUnlikely(JsValue numberVal)
        {
            var doubleVal = TypeConverter.ToInteger(numberVal);
            int intVal;
            if (double.IsPositiveInfinity(doubleVal))
                intVal = int.MaxValue;
            else if (double.IsNegativeInfinity(doubleVal))
                intVal = int.MinValue;
            else
                intVal = (int) doubleVal;
            return intVal;
        }

        private JsValue Substring(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            var start = TypeConverter.ToNumber(arguments.At(0));
            var end = TypeConverter.ToNumber(arguments.At(1));

            if (double.IsNaN(start) || start < 0)
            {
                start = 0;
            }

            if (double.IsNaN(end) || end < 0)
            {
                end = 0;
            }

            var len = s.Length;
            var intStart = ToIntegerSupportInfinity(start);

            var intEnd = arguments.At(1).IsUndefined() ? len : ToIntegerSupportInfinity(end);
            var finalStart = System.Math.Min(len, System.Math.Max(intStart, 0));
            var finalEnd = System.Math.Min(len, System.Math.Max(intEnd, 0));
            // Swap value if finalStart < finalEnd
            var from = System.Math.Min(finalStart, finalEnd);
            var to = System.Math.Max(finalStart, finalEnd);
            var length = to - from;

            if (length == 0)
            {
                return JsString.Empty;
            }

            if (length == 1)
            {
                return JsString.Create(s[from]);
            }

            return new JsString(s.Substring(from, length));
        }

        private static JsValue Substr(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            var start = TypeConverter.ToInteger(arguments.At(0));
            var length = arguments.At(1).IsUndefined()
                ? double.PositiveInfinity
                : TypeConverter.ToInteger(arguments.At(1));

            start = start >= 0 ? start : System.Math.Max(s.Length + start, 0);
            length = System.Math.Min(System.Math.Max(length, 0), s.Length - start);
            if (length <= 0)
            {
                return JsString.Empty;
            }

            var startIndex = TypeConverter.ToInt32(start);
            var l = TypeConverter.ToInt32(length);
            if (l == 1)
            {
                return TypeConverter.ToString(s[startIndex]);
            }
            return s.Substring(startIndex, l);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.split
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue Split(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var separator = arguments.At(0);
            var limit = arguments.At(1);

            // fast path for empty regexp
            if (separator is JsRegExp R && string.Equals(R.Source, JsRegExp.regExpForMatchingAllCharacters, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                separator = JsString.Empty;
            }

            if (separator is ObjectInstance oi)
            {
                var splitter = GetMethod(_realm, oi, GlobalSymbolRegistry.Split);
                if (splitter != null)
                {
                    return splitter.Call(separator, new[] { thisObject, limit });
                }
            }

            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);

            // Coerce into a number, true will become 1
            var lim = limit.IsUndefined() ? uint.MaxValue : TypeConverter.ToUint32(limit);

            if (separator.IsNull())
            {
                separator = "null";
            }
            else if (!separator.IsUndefined())
            {
                if (!separator.IsRegExp())
                {
                    separator = TypeConverter.ToJsString(separator); // Coerce into a string, for an object call toString()
                }
            }

            if (lim == 0)
            {
                return _realm.Intrinsics.Array.ArrayCreate(0);
            }

            if (separator.IsUndefined())
            {
                var arrayInstance = _realm.Intrinsics.Array.ArrayCreate(1);
                arrayInstance.SetIndexValue(0, s, updateLength: false);
                return arrayInstance;
            }

            return SplitWithStringSeparator(_realm, separator, s, lim);
        }

        internal static JsValue SplitWithStringSeparator(Realm realm, JsValue separator, string s, uint lim)
        {
            var segments = StringExecutionContext.Current.SplitSegmentList;
            segments.Clear();
            var sep = TypeConverter.ToString(separator);

            if (sep == string.Empty)
            {
                if (s.Length > segments.Capacity)
                {
                    segments.Capacity = s.Length;
                }

                for (var i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
                {
                    segments.Add(TypeConverter.ToString(s[i]));
                }
            }
            else
            {
                var array = StringExecutionContext.Current.SplitArray1;
                array[0] = sep;
                segments.AddRange(s.Split(array, StringSplitOptions.None));
            }

            var length = (uint) System.Math.Min(segments.Count, lim);
            var a = realm.Intrinsics.Array.ArrayCreate(length);
            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
            {
                a.SetIndexValue((uint) i, segments[i], updateLength: false);
            }

            a.SetLength(length);
            return a;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/proposal-relative-indexing-method/#sec-string-prototype-additions
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue At(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var start = arguments.At(0);

            var o = thisObject.ToString();
            long len = o.Length;

            var relativeIndex = TypeConverter.ToInteger(start);
            int k;

            if (relativeIndex < 0)
            {
                k = (int) (len + relativeIndex);
            }
            else
            {
                k = (int) relativeIndex;
            }

            if (k < 0 || k >= len)
            {
                return Undefined;
            }

            return o[k];
        }

        private JsValue Slice(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var start = TypeConverter.ToNumber(arguments.At(0));
            if (double.IsNegativeInfinity(start))
            {
                start = 0;
            }
            if (double.IsPositiveInfinity(start))
            {
                return JsString.Empty;
            }

            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var end = TypeConverter.ToNumber(arguments.At(1));
            if (double.IsPositiveInfinity(end))
            {
                end = s.Length;
            }

            var len = s.Length;
            var intStart = (int) start;
            var intEnd = arguments.At(1).IsUndefined() ? len : (int) TypeConverter.ToInteger(end);
            var from = intStart < 0 ? System.Math.Max(len + intStart, 0) : System.Math.Min(intStart, len);
            var to = intEnd < 0 ? System.Math.Max(len + intEnd, 0) : System.Math.Min(intEnd, len);
            var span = System.Math.Max(to - from, 0);

            if (span == 0)
            {
                return JsString.Empty;
            }

            if (span == 1)
            {
                return JsString.Create(s[from]);
            }

            return s.Substring(from, span);
        }

        private JsValue Search(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var regex = arguments.At(0);

            if (regex is ObjectInstance oi)
            {
                var searcher = GetMethod(_realm, oi, GlobalSymbolRegistry.Search);
                if (searcher != null)
                {
                    return searcher.Call(regex, new[] { thisObject });
                }
            }

            var rx = (JsRegExp) _realm.Intrinsics.RegExp.Construct(new[] {regex});
            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            return _engine.Invoke(rx, GlobalSymbolRegistry.Search, new JsValue[] { s });
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.replace
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue Replace(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var searchValue = arguments.At(0);
            var replaceValue = arguments.At(1);

            if (!searchValue.IsNullOrUndefined())
            {
                var replacer = GetMethod(_realm, searchValue, GlobalSymbolRegistry.Replace);
                if (replacer != null)
                {
                    return replacer.Call(searchValue, thisObject, replaceValue);
                }
            }

            var thisString = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var searchString = TypeConverter.ToString(searchValue);
            var functionalReplace = replaceValue is ICallable;

            if (!functionalReplace)
            {
                replaceValue = TypeConverter.ToJsString(replaceValue);
            }

            var position = thisString.IndexOf(searchString);
            if (position < 0)
            {
                return thisString;
            }

            string replStr;
            if (functionalReplace)
            {
                var replValue = ((ICallable) replaceValue).Call(Undefined, searchString, position, thisString);
                replStr = TypeConverter.ToString(replValue);
            }
            else
            {
                var captures = System.Array.Empty<string>();
                replStr =  RegExpPrototype.GetSubstitution(searchString, thisString.ToString(), position, captures, Undefined, TypeConverter.ToString(replaceValue));
            }

            var tailPos = position + searchString.Length;
            var newString = thisString.Substring(0, position) + replStr + thisString.Substring(tailPos);

            return newString;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.replaceall
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue ReplaceAll(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var searchValue = arguments.At(0);
            var replaceValue = arguments.At(1);

            if (!searchValue.IsNullOrUndefined())
            {
                if (searchValue.IsRegExp())
                {
                    var flags = searchValue.Get(RegExpPrototype.PropertyFlags);
                    TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, flags);
                    if (!TypeConverter.ToString(flags).Contains('g'))
                    {
                        ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(_realm, "String.prototype.replaceAll called with a non-global RegExp argument");
                    }
                }

                var replacer = GetMethod(_realm, searchValue, GlobalSymbolRegistry.Replace);
                if (replacer != null)
                {
                    return replacer.Call(searchValue, thisObject, replaceValue);
                }
            }

            var thisString = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            var searchString = TypeConverter.ToString(searchValue);

            var functionalReplace = replaceValue is ICallable;

            if (!functionalReplace)
            {
                replaceValue = TypeConverter.ToJsString(replaceValue);

                // check fast case
                var newValue = replaceValue.ToString();
                if (!newValue.Contains('$') && searchString.Length > 0)
                {
                    // just plain old string replace
                    return thisString.Replace(searchString, newValue);
                }
            }

            // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-stringindexof
            static int StringIndexOf(string s, string search, int fromIndex)
            {
                if (search.Length == 0 && fromIndex <= s.Length)
                {
                    return fromIndex;
                }

                return fromIndex < s.Length
                    ? s.IndexOf(search, fromIndex, StringComparison.Ordinal)
                    : -1;
            }

            var searchLength = searchString.Length;
            var advanceBy = System.Math.Max(1, searchLength);

            var endOfLastMatch = 0;
            using var result = new ValueStringBuilder();

            var position = StringIndexOf(thisString, searchString, 0);
            while (position != -1)
            {
                string replacement;
                var preserved = thisString.Substring(endOfLastMatch, position - endOfLastMatch);
                if (functionalReplace)
                {
                    var replValue = ((ICallable) replaceValue).Call(Undefined, searchString, position, thisString);
                    replacement = TypeConverter.ToString(replValue);
                }
                else
                {
                    var captures = System.Array.Empty<string>();
                    replacement =  RegExpPrototype.GetSubstitution(searchString, thisString, position, captures, Undefined, TypeConverter.ToString(replaceValue));
                }

                result.Append(preserved);
                result.Append(replacement);

                endOfLastMatch = position + searchLength;

                position = StringIndexOf(thisString, searchString, position + advanceBy);
            }

            if (endOfLastMatch < thisString.Length)
            {
#if NETFRAMEWORK
                result.Append(thisString.AsSpan(endOfLastMatch));
#else
                result.Append(thisString[endOfLastMatch..]);
#endif
            }

            return result.ToString();
        }

        private JsValue Match(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var regex = arguments.At(0);
            if (regex is ObjectInstance oi)
            {
                var matcher = GetMethod(_realm, oi, GlobalSymbolRegistry.Match);
                if (matcher != null)
                {
                    return matcher.Call(regex, new[] { thisObject });
                }
            }

            var rx = (JsRegExp) _realm.Intrinsics.RegExp.Construct(new[] {regex});

            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            return _engine.Invoke(rx, GlobalSymbolRegistry.Match, new JsValue[] { s });
        }

        private JsValue MatchAll(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);

            var regex = arguments.At(0);
            if (!regex.IsNullOrUndefined())
            {
                if (regex.IsRegExp())
                {
                    var flags = regex.Get(RegExpPrototype.PropertyFlags);
                    TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, flags);
                    if (!TypeConverter.ToString(flags).Contains('g'))
                    {
                        ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(_realm);
                    }
                }
                var matcher = GetMethod(_realm, (ObjectInstance) regex, GlobalSymbolRegistry.MatchAll);
                if (matcher != null)
                {
                    return matcher.Call(regex, new[] { thisObject });
                }
            }

            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var rx = (JsRegExp) _realm.Intrinsics.RegExp.Construct(new[] { regex, "g" });

            return _engine.Invoke(rx, GlobalSymbolRegistry.MatchAll, new JsValue[] { s });
        }

        private JsValue LocaleCompare(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            var that = TypeConverter.ToString(arguments.At(0));

            var culture = Engine.Options.Culture;

            if (arguments.Length > 1 && arguments[1].IsString())
            {
                culture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo(arguments.At(1).AsString());
            }

            return culture.CompareInfo.Compare(s.Normalize(NormalizationForm.FormKD), that.Normalize(NormalizationForm.FormKD));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.lastindexof
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue LastIndexOf(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var jsString = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var searchStr = TypeConverter.ToString(arguments.At(0));
            double numPos = double.NaN;
            if (arguments.Length > 1 && !arguments[1].IsUndefined())
            {
                numPos = TypeConverter.ToNumber(arguments[1]);
            }

            var pos = double.IsNaN(numPos) ? double.PositiveInfinity : TypeConverter.ToInteger(numPos);

            var len = jsString.Length;
            var start = (int)System.Math.Min(System.Math.Max(pos, 0), len);
            var searchLen = searchStr.Length;

            if (searchLen > len)
            {
                return JsNumber.IntegerNegativeOne;
            }

            var s = jsString.ToString();
            var i = start;
            bool found;

            do
            {
                found = true;
                var j = 0;

                while (found && j < searchLen)
                {
                    if (i + searchLen > len || s[i + j] != searchStr[j])
                    {
                        found = false;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        j++;
                    }
                }
                if (!found)
                {
                    i--;
                }

            } while (!found && i >= 0);

            return i;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.indexof
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue IndexOf(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var searchStr = TypeConverter.ToString(arguments.At(0));
            double pos = 0;
            if (arguments.Length > 1 && !arguments[1].IsUndefined())
            {
                pos = TypeConverter.ToInteger(arguments[1]);
            }

            if (pos > s.Length)
            {
                pos = s.Length;
            }

            if (pos < 0)
            {
                pos = 0;
            }

            return s.IndexOf(searchStr, (int) pos);
        }

        private JsValue Concat(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            if (thisObject is not JsString jsString)
            {
                jsString = new JsString.ConcatenatedString(TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject));
            }
            else
            {
                jsString = jsString.EnsureCapacity(0);
            }

            foreach (var argument in arguments)
            {
                jsString = jsString.Append(argument);
            }

            return jsString;
        }

        private JsValue CharCodeAt(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            JsValue pos = arguments.Length > 0 ? arguments[0] : 0;
            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var position = (int) TypeConverter.ToInteger(pos);
            if (position < 0 || position >= s.Length)
            {
                return JsNumber.DoubleNaN;
            }
            return (long) s[position];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.codepointat
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue CodePointAt(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            JsValue pos = arguments.Length > 0 ? arguments[0] : 0;
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            var position = (int)TypeConverter.ToInteger(pos);
            if (position < 0 || position >= s.Length)
            {
                return Undefined;
            }

            return CodePointAt(s, position).CodePoint;
        }

        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Auto)]
        private readonly record struct CodePointResult(int CodePoint, int CodeUnitCount, bool IsUnpairedSurrogate);

        private static CodePointResult CodePointAt(string s, int position)
        {
            var size = s.Length;
            var first = s.CharCodeAt(position);
            var cp = s.CharCodeAt(position);

            var firstIsLeading = char.IsHighSurrogate(first);
            var firstIsTrailing = char.IsLowSurrogate(first);
            if (!firstIsLeading && !firstIsTrailing)
            {
                return new CodePointResult(cp, 1, false);
            }

            if (firstIsTrailing || position + 1 == size)
            {
                return new CodePointResult(cp, 1, true);
            }

            var second = s.CharCodeAt(position + 1);
            if (!char.IsLowSurrogate(second))
            {
                return new CodePointResult(cp, 1, true);
            }

            return new CodePointResult(char.ConvertToUtf32(first, second), 2, false);
        }

        private JsValue CharAt(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var position = TypeConverter.ToInteger(arguments.At(0));
            var size = s.Length;
            if (position >= size || position < 0)
            {
                return JsString.Empty;
            }
            return JsString.Create(s[(int) position]);
        }

        private JsValue ValueOf(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            if (thisObject is StringInstance si)
            {
                return si.StringData;
            }

            if (thisObject is JsString)
            {
                return thisObject;
            }

            ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(_realm);
            return Undefined;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.padstart
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue PadStart(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            return StringPad(thisObject, arguments, true);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.padend
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue PadEnd(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            return StringPad(thisObject, arguments, false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-stringpad
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue StringPad(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments, bool padStart)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);

            var targetLength = TypeConverter.ToInt32(arguments.At(0));
            var padStringValue = arguments.At(1);

            var padString = padStringValue.IsUndefined()
                ? " "
                : TypeConverter.ToString(padStringValue);

            if (s.Length > targetLength || padString.Length == 0)
            {
                return s;
            }

            targetLength -= s.Length;
            if (targetLength > padString.Length)
            {
                padString = string.Join("", System.Linq.Enumerable.Repeat(padString, (targetLength / padString.Length) + 1));
            }

            return padStart
                ? $"{padString.Substring(0, targetLength)}{s}"
                : $"{s}{padString.Substring(0, targetLength)}";
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.startswith
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue StartsWith(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);

            var searchString = arguments.At(0);
            if (ReferenceEquals(searchString, Null))
            {
                searchString = "null";
            }
            else
            {
                if (searchString.IsRegExp())
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(_realm);
                }
            }

            var searchStr = TypeConverter.ToString(searchString);

            var pos = TypeConverter.ToInt32(arguments.At(1));

            var len = s.Length;
            var start = System.Math.Min(System.Math.Max(pos, 0), len);

            return s.StartsWith(searchStr, start);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.endswith
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue EndsWith(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);

            var searchString = arguments.At(0);
            if (ReferenceEquals(searchString, Null))
            {
                searchString = "null";
            }
            else
            {
                if (searchString.IsRegExp())
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(_realm);
                }
            }

            var searchStr = TypeConverter.ToString(searchString);

            var len = s.Length;
            var pos = TypeConverter.ToInt32(arguments.At(1, len));
            var end = System.Math.Min(System.Math.Max(pos, 0), len);

            return s.EndsWith(searchStr, end);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.includes
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue Includes(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);

            var s = TypeConverter.ToJsString(thisObject);
            var searchString = arguments.At(0);

            if (searchString.IsRegExp())
            {
                ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(_realm, "First argument to String.prototype.includes must not be a regular expression");
            }

            var searchStr = TypeConverter.ToString(searchString);
            double pos = 0;
            if (arguments.Length > 1 && !arguments[1].IsUndefined())
            {
                pos = TypeConverter.ToInteger(arguments[1]);
            }

            if (searchStr.Length == 0)
            {
                return JsBoolean.True;
            }

            if (pos < 0)
            {
                pos = 0;
            }

            return s.IndexOf(searchStr, (int) pos) > -1;
        }

        private JsValue Normalize(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var str = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);

            var param = arguments.At(0);

            var form = "NFC";
           if (!param.IsUndefined())
           {
               form = TypeConverter.ToString(param);
           }

            var nf = NormalizationForm.FormC;
            switch (form)
            {
                case "NFC":
                    nf = NormalizationForm.FormC;
                    break;
                case "NFD":
                    nf = NormalizationForm.FormD;
                    break;
                case "NFKC":
                    nf = NormalizationForm.FormKC;
                    break;
                case "NFKD":
                    nf = NormalizationForm.FormKD;
                    break;
                default:
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowRangeError(
                        _realm,
                        "The normalization form should be one of NFC, NFD, NFKC, NFKD.");
                    break;
            }

            return str.Normalize(nf);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.repeat
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue Repeat(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(Engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);
            var count = arguments.At(0);

            var n = TypeConverter.ToIntegerOrInfinity(count);

            if (n < 0 || double.IsPositiveInfinity(n))
            {
                ExceptionHelper.ThrowRangeError(_realm, "Invalid count value");
            }

            if (n == 0 || s.Length == 0)
            {
                return JsString.Empty;
            }

            if (s.Length == 1)
            {
                return new string(s[0], (int) n);
            }

            var sb = new ValueStringBuilder((int) (n * s.Length));
            for (var i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            {
                sb.Append(s);
            }

            return sb.ToString();
        }

        private JsValue IsWellFormed(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);

            return IsStringWellFormedUnicode(s);
        }

        private JsValue ToWellFormed(JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            TypeConverter.CheckObjectCoercible(_engine, thisObject);
            var s = TypeConverter.ToString(thisObject);

            var strLen = s.Length;
            var k = 0;

            var result = new ValueStringBuilder();
            while (k < strLen)
            {
                var cp = CodePointAt(s, k);
                if (cp.IsUnpairedSurrogate)
                {
                    // \uFFFD
                    result.Append('�');
                }
                else
                {
                    result.Append(s.AsSpan(k, cp.CodeUnitCount));
                }
                k += cp.CodeUnitCount;
            }

            return result.ToString();
        }

        private static bool IsStringWellFormedUnicode(string s)
        {
            for (var i = 0; i < s.Length; ++i)
            {
                var isSurrogate = (s.CharCodeAt(i) & 0xF800) == 0xD800;
                if (!isSurrogate)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var isLeadingSurrogate = s.CharCodeAt(i) < 0xDC00;
                if (!isLeadingSurrogate)
                {
                    return false; // unpaired trailing surrogate
                }

                var isFollowedByTrailingSurrogate = i + 1 < s.Length && (s.CharCodeAt(i + 1) & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00;
                if (!isFollowedByTrailingSurrogate)
                {
                    return false; // unpaired leading surrogate
                }

                ++i;
            }

            return true;
        }
    }
}