sebastienros.jint/Jint/Engine.cs

using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using Esprima;
using Esprima.Ast;
using Jint.Native;
using Jint.Native.Function;
using Jint.Native.Generator;
using Jint.Native.Object;
using Jint.Native.Promise;
using Jint.Native.Symbol;
using Jint.Pooling;
using Jint.Runtime;
using Jint.Runtime.CallStack;
using Jint.Runtime.Debugger;
using Jint.Runtime.Descriptors;
using Jint.Runtime.Environments;
using Jint.Runtime.Interop;
using Jint.Runtime.Interop.Reflection;
using Jint.Runtime.Interpreter;
using Jint.Runtime.Interpreter.Expressions;
using Environment = Jint.Runtime.Environments.Environment;

namespace Jint
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Engine is the main API to JavaScript interpretation. Engine instances are not thread-safe.
    /// </summary>
    [DebuggerTypeProxy(typeof(EngineDebugView))]
    public sealed partial class Engine : IDisposable
    {
        private static readonly Options _defaultEngineOptions = new();

        private readonly ParserOptions _defaultParserOptions;
        private readonly JavaScriptParser _defaultParser;

        private readonly ExecutionContextStack _executionContexts;
        private JsValue _completionValue = JsValue.Undefined;
        internal EvaluationContext? _activeEvaluationContext;
        internal ErrorDispatchInfo? _error;

        private readonly EventLoop _eventLoop = new();

        private readonly Agent _agent = new();

        // lazy properties
        private DebugHandler? _debugger;

        // cached access
        internal readonly IObjectConverter[]? _objectConverters;
        internal readonly Constraint[] _constraints;
        internal readonly bool _isDebugMode;
        internal readonly bool _isStrict;
        internal readonly IReferenceResolver _referenceResolver;
        internal readonly ReferencePool _referencePool;
        internal readonly ArgumentsInstancePool _argumentsInstancePool;
        internal readonly JsValueArrayPool _jsValueArrayPool;
        internal readonly ExtensionMethodCache _extensionMethods;

        public ITypeConverter TypeConverter { get; internal set; }

        // cache of types used when resolving CLR type names
        internal readonly Dictionary<string, Type?> TypeCache = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);

        // we use registered type reference as prototype if it's known
        internal Dictionary<Type,TypeReference>? _typeReferences;

        // cache for already wrapped CLR objects to keep object identity
        internal ConditionalWeakTable<object, ObjectInstance>? _objectWrapperCache;

        internal readonly JintCallStack CallStack;
        internal readonly StackGuard _stackGuard;

        // needed in initial engine setup, for example CLR function construction
        internal Intrinsics _originalIntrinsics = null!;
        internal Host _host = null!;

        // we need to cache reflection accessors on engine level as configuration options can affect outcome
        internal readonly record struct ClrPropertyDescriptorFactoriesKey(Type Type, Key PropertyName);
        internal Dictionary<ClrPropertyDescriptorFactoriesKey, ReflectionAccessor> _reflectionAccessors = new();

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructs a new engine instance.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine() : this(null, null)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructs a new engine instance and allows customizing options.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine(Action<Options>? options)
            : this(null, options != null ? (_, opts) => options.Invoke(opts) : null)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructs a new engine with a custom <see cref="Options"/> instance.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine(Options options) : this(options, null)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructs a new engine instance and allows customizing options.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>The provided engine instance in callback is not guaranteed to be fully configured</remarks>
        public Engine(Action<Engine, Options> options) : this(null, options)
        {
        }

        private Engine(Options? options, Action<Engine, Options>? configure)
        {
            Advanced = new AdvancedOperations(this);
            Constraints = new ConstraintOperations(this);
            TypeConverter = new DefaultTypeConverter(this);

            _executionContexts = new ExecutionContextStack(2);

            // we can use default options if there's no action to modify it
            Options = options ?? (configure is not null ? new Options() : _defaultEngineOptions);

            configure?.Invoke(this, Options);

            _extensionMethods = ExtensionMethodCache.Build(Options.Interop.ExtensionMethodTypes);

            Reset();

            // gather some options as fields for faster checks
            _isDebugMode = Options.Debugger.Enabled;
            _isStrict = Options.Strict;

            _objectConverters = Options.Interop.ObjectConverters.Count > 0
                ? Options.Interop.ObjectConverters.ToArray()
                : null;

            _constraints = Options.Constraints.Constraints.ToArray();
            _referenceResolver = Options.ReferenceResolver;

            _referencePool = new ReferencePool();
            _argumentsInstancePool = new ArgumentsInstancePool(this);
            _jsValueArrayPool = new JsValueArrayPool();

            Options.Apply(this);

            CallStack = new JintCallStack(Options.Constraints.MaxRecursionDepth >= 0);
            _stackGuard = new StackGuard(this);

            _defaultParserOptions = ParserOptions.Default with
            {
                AllowReturnOutsideFunction = true,
                RegexTimeout = Options.Constraints.RegexTimeout
            };

            _defaultParser = new JavaScriptParser(_defaultParserOptions);
        }

        private void Reset()
        {
            _host = Options.Host.Factory(this);
            _host.Initialize(this);
        }

        internal ref readonly ExecutionContext ExecutionContext
        {
            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
            get => ref _executionContexts.Peek();
        }

        // temporary state for realm so that we can easily pass it to functions while still not
        // having a proper execution context established
        internal Realm? _realmInConstruction;

        internal SyntaxElement? _lastSyntaxElement;

        internal Realm Realm => _realmInConstruction ?? ExecutionContext.Realm;

        /// <summary>
        /// The well-known intrinsics for this engine instance.
        /// </summary>
        public Intrinsics Intrinsics => Realm.Intrinsics;

        /// <summary>
        /// The global object for this engine instance.
        /// </summary>
        public ObjectInstance Global => Realm.GlobalObject;

        internal GlobalSymbolRegistry GlobalSymbolRegistry { get; } = new();

        internal long CurrentMemoryUsage { get; private set; }

        internal Options Options
        {
            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
            get;
            private set;
        }

        public DebugHandler Debugger => _debugger ??= new DebugHandler(this, Options.Debugger.InitialStepMode);


        internal ExecutionContext EnterExecutionContext(
            Environment lexicalEnvironment,
            Environment variableEnvironment,
            Realm realm,
            PrivateEnvironment? privateEnvironment)
        {
            var context = new ExecutionContext(
                null,
                lexicalEnvironment,
                variableEnvironment,
                privateEnvironment,
                realm,
                null);

            _executionContexts.Push(context);
            return context;
        }

        internal ExecutionContext EnterExecutionContext(in ExecutionContext context)
        {
            _executionContexts.Push(context);
            return context;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Registers a delegate with given name. Delegate becomes a JavaScript function that can be called.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine SetValue(string name, Delegate value)
        {
            Realm.GlobalObject.FastSetProperty(name, new PropertyDescriptor(new DelegateWrapper(this, value), true, false, true));
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Registers a string value as variable.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine SetValue(string name, string? value)
        {
            return SetValue(name, value is null ? JsValue.Null : JsString.Create(value));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Registers a double value as variable.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine SetValue(string name, double value)
        {
            return SetValue(name, JsNumber.Create(value));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Registers an integer value as variable.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine SetValue(string name, int value)
        {
            return SetValue(name, JsNumber.Create(value));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Registers a boolean value as variable.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine SetValue(string name, bool value)
        {
            return SetValue(name, value ? JsBoolean.True : JsBoolean.False);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Registers a native JS value as variable.
        /// </summary>
        public Engine SetValue(string name, JsValue value)
        {
            Realm.GlobalObject.Set(name, value);
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Registers an object value as variable, creates an interop wrapper when needed..
        /// </summary>
        public Engine SetValue(string name, object? obj)
        {
            var value = obj is Type t
                ? TypeReference.CreateTypeReference(this, t)
                : JsValue.FromObject(this, obj);

            return SetValue(name, value);
        }

        internal void LeaveExecutionContext()
        {
            _executionContexts.Pop();
        }

        internal void ResetConstraints()
        {
            foreach (var constraint in _constraints)
            {
                constraint.Reset();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes list of references of called functions
        /// </summary>
        internal void ResetCallStack()
        {
            CallStack.Clear();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Evaluates code and returns last return value.
        /// </summary>
        public JsValue Evaluate(string code)
            => Evaluate(code, "<anonymous>", _defaultParserOptions);

        /// <summary>
        /// Evaluates code and returns last return value.
        /// </summary>
        public JsValue Evaluate(string code, string source)
            => Evaluate(code, source, _defaultParserOptions);

        /// <summary>
        /// Evaluates code and returns last return value.
        /// </summary>
        public JsValue Evaluate(string code, ParserOptions parserOptions)
            => Evaluate(code, "<anonymous>", parserOptions);

        /// <summary>
        /// Evaluates code and returns last return value.
        /// </summary>
        public JsValue Evaluate(string code, string source, ParserOptions parserOptions)
        {
            var parser = ReferenceEquals(_defaultParserOptions, parserOptions)
                ? _defaultParser
                : new JavaScriptParser(parserOptions);

            var script = parser.ParseScript(code, source, _isStrict);

            return Evaluate(script);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Evaluates code and returns last return value.
        /// </summary>
        public JsValue Evaluate(Script script)
            => Execute(script)._completionValue;

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes code into engine and returns the engine instance (useful for chaining).
        /// </summary>
        public Engine Execute(string code, string? source = null)
            => Execute(code, source ?? "<anonymous>", _defaultParserOptions);

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes code into engine and returns the engine instance (useful for chaining).
        /// </summary>
        public Engine Execute(string code, ParserOptions parserOptions)
            => Execute(code, "<anonymous>", parserOptions);

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes code into engine and returns the engine instance (useful for chaining).
        /// </summary>
        public Engine Execute(string code, string source, ParserOptions parserOptions)
        {
            var parser = ReferenceEquals(_defaultParserOptions, parserOptions)
                ? _defaultParser
                : new JavaScriptParser(parserOptions);

            var script = parser.ParseScript(code, source, _isStrict);

            return Execute(script);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes code into engine and returns the engine instance (useful for chaining).
        /// </summary>
        public Engine Execute(Script script)
        {
            var strict = _isStrict || script.Strict;
            ExecuteWithConstraints(strict, () => ScriptEvaluation(new ScriptRecord(Realm, script, script.Location.Source)));

            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-runtime-semantics-scriptevaluation
        /// </summary>
        private Engine ScriptEvaluation(ScriptRecord scriptRecord)
        {
            Debugger.OnBeforeEvaluate(scriptRecord.EcmaScriptCode);

            var globalEnv = Realm.GlobalEnv;

            var scriptContext = new ExecutionContext(
                scriptRecord,
                lexicalEnvironment: globalEnv,
                variableEnvironment: globalEnv,
                privateEnvironment: null,
                Realm);

            EnterExecutionContext(scriptContext);
            try
            {
                var script = scriptRecord.EcmaScriptCode;
                GlobalDeclarationInstantiation(script, globalEnv);

                var list = new JintStatementList(null, script.Body);

                Completion result;
                try
                {
                    result = list.Execute(_activeEvaluationContext!);
                }
                catch
                {
                    // unhandled exception
                    ResetCallStack();
                    throw;
                }

                if (result.Type == CompletionType.Throw)
                {
                    var ex = new JavaScriptException(result.GetValueOrDefault()).SetJavaScriptCallstack(this, result.Location);
                    ResetCallStack();
                    throw ex;
                }

                _completionValue = result.GetValueOrDefault();

                // TODO what about callstack and thrown exceptions?
                RunAvailableContinuations();

               return this;
            }
            finally
            {
                LeaveExecutionContext();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// EXPERIMENTAL! Subject to change.
        ///
        /// Registers a promise within the currently running EventLoop (has to be called within "ExecuteWithEventLoop" call).
        /// Note that ExecuteWithEventLoop will not trigger "onFinished" callback until ALL manual promises are settled.
        ///
        /// NOTE: that resolve and reject need to be called withing the same thread as "ExecuteWithEventLoop".
        /// The API assumes that the Engine is called from a single thread.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>a Promise instance and functions to either resolve or reject it</returns>
        internal ManualPromise RegisterPromise()
        {
            var promise = new JsPromise(this)
            {
                _prototype = Realm.Intrinsics.Promise.PrototypeObject
            };

            var (resolve, reject) = promise.CreateResolvingFunctions();


            Action<JsValue> SettleWith(Function settle) => value =>
            {
                settle.Call(JsValue.Undefined, new[] { value });
                RunAvailableContinuations();
            };

            return new ManualPromise(promise, SettleWith(resolve), SettleWith(reject));
        }

        internal void AddToEventLoop(Action continuation)
        {
            _eventLoop.Events.Enqueue(continuation);
        }

        internal void AddToKeptObjects(JsValue target)
        {
            _agent.AddToKeptObjects(target);
        }

        internal void RunAvailableContinuations()
        {
            var queue = _eventLoop.Events;
            if (queue.Count == 0)
            {
                return;
            }

            DoProcessEventLoop(queue);
        }

        private static void DoProcessEventLoop(Queue<Action> queue)
        {
            while (true)
            {
                if (queue.Count == 0)
                {
                    return;
                }

                var nextContinuation = queue.Dequeue();

                // note that continuation can enqueue new events
                nextContinuation();
            }
        }

        internal void RunBeforeExecuteStatementChecks(StatementListItem? statement)
        {
            // Avoid allocating the enumerator because we run this loop very often.
            foreach (var constraint in _constraints)
            {
                constraint.Check();
            }

            if (_isDebugMode && statement != null && statement.Type != Nodes.BlockStatement)
            {
                Debugger.OnStep(statement);
            }
        }

        internal JsValue GetValue(object value)
        {
            return GetValue(value, false);
        }

        internal JsValue GetValue(object value, bool returnReferenceToPool)
        {
            if (value is JsValue jsValue)
            {
                return jsValue;
            }

            if (value is not Reference reference)
            {
                return ((Completion) value).Value;
            }

            return GetValue(reference, returnReferenceToPool);
        }

        internal JsValue GetValue(Reference reference, bool returnReferenceToPool)
        {
            var baseValue = reference.Base;

            if (baseValue.IsUndefined())
            {
                if (_referenceResolver.TryUnresolvableReference(this, reference, out var val))
                {
                    return val;
                }

                ExceptionHelper.ThrowReferenceError(Realm, reference);
            }

            if ((baseValue._type & InternalTypes.ObjectEnvironmentRecord) == InternalTypes.Empty
                && _referenceResolver.TryPropertyReference(this, reference, ref baseValue))
            {
                return baseValue;
            }

            if (reference.IsPropertyReference)
            {
                var property = reference.ReferencedName;
                if (returnReferenceToPool)
                {
                    _referencePool.Return(reference);
                }

                if (baseValue.IsObject())
                {
                    var baseObj = Runtime.TypeConverter.ToObject(Realm, baseValue);

                    if (reference.IsPrivateReference)
                    {
                        return baseObj.PrivateGet((PrivateName) reference.ReferencedName);
                    }

                    var v = baseObj.Get(property, reference.ThisValue);
                    return v;
                }
                else
                {
                    // check if we are accessing a string, boxing operation can be costly to do index access
                    // we have good chance to have fast path with integer or string indexer
                    ObjectInstance? o = null;
                    if ((property._type & (InternalTypes.String | InternalTypes.Integer)) != InternalTypes.Empty
                        && baseValue is JsString s
                        && TryHandleStringValue(property, s, ref o, out var jsValue))
                    {
                        return jsValue;
                    }

                    if (o is null)
                    {
                        o = Runtime.TypeConverter.ToObject(Realm, baseValue);
                    }

                    if (reference.IsPrivateReference)
                    {
                        return o.PrivateGet((PrivateName) reference.ReferencedName);
                    }

                    var desc = o.GetProperty(property);
                    if (desc == PropertyDescriptor.Undefined)
                    {
                        return JsValue.Undefined;
                    }

                    if (desc.IsDataDescriptor())
                    {
                        return desc.Value;
                    }

                    var getter = desc.Get!;
                    if (getter.IsUndefined())
                    {
                        return JsValue.Undefined;
                    }

                    var callable = (ICallable) getter;
                    return callable.Call(baseValue, Arguments.Empty);
                }
            }

            var record = baseValue as Environment;
            if (record is null)
            {
                ExceptionHelper.ThrowArgumentException();
            }

            var bindingValue = record.GetBindingValue(reference.ReferencedName.ToString(), reference.Strict);

            if (returnReferenceToPool)
            {
                _referencePool.Return(reference);
            }

            return bindingValue;
        }

        private bool TryHandleStringValue(JsValue property, JsString s, ref ObjectInstance? o, out JsValue jsValue)
        {
            if (CommonProperties.Length.Equals(property))
            {
                jsValue = JsNumber.Create((uint) s.Length);
                return true;
            }

            if (property is JsNumber number && number.IsInteger())
            {
                var index = number.AsInteger();
                var str = s._value;
                if (index < 0 || index >= str.Length)
                {
                    jsValue = JsValue.Undefined;
                    return true;
                }

                jsValue = JsString.Create(str[index]);
                return true;
            }

            if (property is JsString propertyString
                && propertyString._value.Length > 0
                && char.IsLower(propertyString._value[0]))
            {
                // trying to find property that's always in prototype
                o = Realm.Intrinsics.String.PrototypeObject;
            }

            jsValue = JsValue.Undefined;
            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-putvalue
        /// </summary>
        internal void PutValue(Reference reference, JsValue value)
        {
            if (reference.IsUnresolvableReference)
            {
                if (reference.Strict && reference.ReferencedName != CommonProperties.Arguments)
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowReferenceError(Realm, reference);
                }

                Realm.GlobalObject.Set(reference.ReferencedName, value, throwOnError: false);
            }
            else if (reference.IsPropertyReference)
            {
                var baseObject = Runtime.TypeConverter.ToObject(Realm, reference.Base);
                if (reference.IsPrivateReference)
                {
                    baseObject.PrivateSet((PrivateName) reference.ReferencedName, value);
                    return;
                }

                var succeeded = baseObject.Set(reference.ReferencedName, value, reference.ThisValue);
                if (!succeeded && reference.Strict)
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(Realm, "Cannot assign to read only property '" + reference.ReferencedName + "' of " + baseObject);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                ((Environment) reference.Base).SetMutableBinding(Runtime.TypeConverter.ToString(reference.ReferencedName), value, reference.Strict);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Invoke the current value as function.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="propertyName">The name of the function to call.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the function call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the function call.</returns>
        public JsValue Invoke(string propertyName, params object?[] arguments)
        {
            return Invoke(propertyName, thisObj: null, arguments);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Invoke the current value as function.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="propertyName">The name of the function to call.</param>
        /// <param name="thisObj">The this value inside the function call.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the function call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the function call.</returns>
        public JsValue Invoke(string propertyName, object? thisObj, object?[] arguments)
        {
            var value = GetValue(propertyName);

            return Invoke(value, thisObj, arguments);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Invoke the current value as function.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value">The function to call.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the function call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the function call.</returns>
        public JsValue Invoke(JsValue value, params object?[] arguments)
        {
            return Invoke(value, thisObj: null, arguments);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Invoke the current value as function.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value">The function to call.</param>
        /// <param name="thisObj">The this value inside the function call.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the function call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the function call.</returns>
        public JsValue Invoke(JsValue value, object? thisObj, object?[] arguments)
        {
            var callable = value as ICallable;
            if (callable is null)
            {
                ExceptionHelper.ThrowJavaScriptException(Realm.Intrinsics.TypeError, "Can only invoke functions");
            }

            JsValue DoInvoke()
            {
                var items = _jsValueArrayPool.RentArray(arguments.Length);
                for (var i = 0; i < arguments.Length; ++i)
                {
                    items[i] = JsValue.FromObject(this, arguments[i]);
                }

                // ensure logic is in sync between Call, Construct, engine.Invoke and JintCallExpression!
                JsValue result;
                var thisObject = JsValue.FromObject(this, thisObj);
                if (callable is Function functionInstance)
                {
                    var callStack = CallStack;
                    callStack.Push(functionInstance, expression: null, ExecutionContext);
                    try
                    {
                        result = functionInstance.Call(thisObject, items);
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        // if call stack was reset due to recursive call to engine or similar, we might not have it anymore
                        if (callStack.Count > 0)
                        {
                            callStack.Pop();
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    result = callable.Call(thisObject, items);
                }

                _jsValueArrayPool.ReturnArray(items);
                return result;
            }

            return ExecuteWithConstraints(Options.Strict, DoInvoke);
        }

        internal T ExecuteWithConstraints<T>(bool strict, Func<T> callback)
        {
            ResetConstraints();

            var ownsContext = _activeEvaluationContext is null;
            _activeEvaluationContext ??= new EvaluationContext(this);

            try
            {
                using (new StrictModeScope(strict))
                {
                    return callback();
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                if (ownsContext)
                {
                    _activeEvaluationContext = null!;
                }
                ResetConstraints();
                _agent.ClearKeptObjects();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-invoke
        /// </summary>
        internal JsValue Invoke(JsValue v, JsValue p, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            var ownsContext = _activeEvaluationContext is null;
            _activeEvaluationContext ??= new EvaluationContext(this);
            try
            {
                var func = GetV(v, p);
                var callable = func as ICallable;
                if (callable is null)
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeErrorNoEngine("Can only invoke functions");
                }

                return callable.Call(v, arguments);
            }
            finally
            {
                if (ownsContext)
                {
                    _activeEvaluationContext = null!;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-getv
        /// </summary>
        private JsValue GetV(JsValue v, JsValue p)
        {
            var o = Runtime.TypeConverter.ToObject(Realm, v);
            return o.Get(p);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a named value from the Global scope.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="propertyName">The name of the property to return.</param>
        public JsValue GetValue(string propertyName)
        {
            return GetValue(Realm.GlobalObject, new JsString(propertyName));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the last evaluated <see cref="Node"/>.
        /// </summary>
        internal SyntaxElement GetLastSyntaxElement()
        {
            return _lastSyntaxElement!;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a named value from the specified scope.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="scope">The scope to get the property from.</param>
        /// <param name="property">The name of the property to return.</param>
        public JsValue GetValue(JsValue scope, JsValue property)
        {
            var reference = _referencePool.Rent(scope, property, _isStrict, thisValue: null);
            var jsValue = GetValue(reference, false);
            _referencePool.Return(reference);
            return jsValue;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-resolvebinding
        /// </summary>
        internal Reference ResolveBinding(string name, Environment? env = null)
        {
            env ??= ExecutionContext.LexicalEnvironment;
            return GetIdentifierReference(env, name, StrictModeScope.IsStrictModeCode);
        }

        private static Reference GetIdentifierReference(Environment? env, string name, bool strict)
        {
            if (env is null)
            {
                return new Reference(JsValue.Undefined, name, strict);
            }

            var envRec = env;
            if (envRec.HasBinding(name))
            {
                return new Reference(envRec, name, strict);
            }

            return GetIdentifierReference(env._outerEnv, name, strict);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-getnewtarget
        /// </summary>
        internal JsValue GetNewTarget(Environment? thisEnvironment = null)
        {
            // we can take as argument if caller site has already determined the value, otherwise resolve
            thisEnvironment ??= ExecutionContext.GetThisEnvironment();
            return thisEnvironment.NewTarget ?? JsValue.Undefined;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-resolvethisbinding
        /// </summary>
        internal JsValue ResolveThisBinding()
        {
            var envRec = ExecutionContext.GetThisEnvironment();
            return envRec.GetThisBinding();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-globaldeclarationinstantiation
        /// </summary>
        private void GlobalDeclarationInstantiation(
            Script script,
            GlobalEnvironment env)
        {
            var hoistingScope = script.GetHoistingScope();
            var functionDeclarations = hoistingScope._functionDeclarations;

            var functionToInitialize = new List<JintFunctionDefinition>();
            var declaredFunctionNames = new HashSet<Key>();
            var declaredVarNames = new List<Key>();

            var realm = Realm;

            if (functionDeclarations != null)
            {
                for (var i = functionDeclarations.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                    var d = functionDeclarations[i];
                    var fn = (Key) d.Id!.Name;
                    if (!declaredFunctionNames.Contains(fn))
                    {
                        var fnDefinable = env.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(fn);
                        if (!fnDefinable)
                        {
                            ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(realm, "Cannot declare global function " + fn);
                        }

                        declaredFunctionNames.Add(fn);
                        functionToInitialize.Add(new JintFunctionDefinition(d));
                    }
                }
            }

            var varNames = script.GetVarNames(hoistingScope);
            for (var j = 0; j < varNames.Count; j++)
            {
                var vn = varNames[j];
                if (env.HasLexicalDeclaration(vn))
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowSyntaxError(realm, $"Identifier '{vn}' has already been declared");
                }

                if (!declaredFunctionNames.Contains(vn))
                {
                    var vnDefinable = env.CanDeclareGlobalVar(vn);
                    if (!vnDefinable)
                    {
                        ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(realm);
                    }

                    declaredVarNames.Add(vn);
                }
            }

            PrivateEnvironment? privateEnv = null;
            var lexNames = script.GetLexNames(hoistingScope);
            for (var i = 0; i < lexNames.Count; i++)
            {
                var (dn, constant) = lexNames[i];
                if (env.HasVarDeclaration(dn) || env.HasLexicalDeclaration(dn) || env.HasRestrictedGlobalProperty(dn))
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowSyntaxError(realm, $"Identifier '{dn}' has already been declared");
                }

                if (constant)
                {
                    env.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, strict: true);
                }
                else
                {
                    env.CreateMutableBinding(dn, canBeDeleted: false);
                }
            }

            // we need to go trough in reverse order to handle the hoisting correctly
            for (var i = functionToInitialize.Count - 1; i > -1; i--)
            {
                var f = functionToInitialize[i];
                Key fn = f.Name!;

                if (env.HasLexicalDeclaration(fn))
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowSyntaxError(realm, $"Identifier '{fn}' has already been declared");
                }

                var fo = realm.Intrinsics.Function.InstantiateFunctionObject(f, env, privateEnv);
                env.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(fn, fo, canBeDeleted: false);
            }

            env.CreateGlobalVarBindings(declaredVarNames, canBeDeleted: false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-functiondeclarationinstantiation
        /// </summary>
        internal JsArguments? FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(
            Function function,
            JsValue[] argumentsList)
        {
            var calleeContext = ExecutionContext;
            var func = function._functionDefinition;

            var env = (FunctionEnvironment) ExecutionContext.LexicalEnvironment;
            var strict = _isStrict || StrictModeScope.IsStrictModeCode;

            var configuration = func.Initialize();
            var parameterNames = configuration.ParameterNames;
            var hasDuplicates = configuration.HasDuplicates;
            var simpleParameterList = configuration.IsSimpleParameterList;
            var hasParameterExpressions = configuration.HasParameterExpressions;

            var canInitializeParametersOnDeclaration = simpleParameterList && !configuration.HasDuplicates;
            var arguments = canInitializeParametersOnDeclaration ? argumentsList : null;
            env.InitializeParameters(parameterNames, hasDuplicates, arguments);

            JsArguments? ao = null;
            if (configuration.ArgumentsObjectNeeded || _isDebugMode)
            {
                if (strict || !simpleParameterList)
                {
                    ao = CreateUnmappedArgumentsObject(argumentsList);
                }
                else
                {
                    // NOTE: mapped argument object is only provided for non-strict functions that don't have a rest parameter,
                    // any parameter default value initializers, or any destructured parameters.
                    ao = CreateMappedArgumentsObject(function, parameterNames, argumentsList, env, configuration.HasRestParameter);
                }

                if (strict)
                {
                    env.CreateImmutableBindingAndInitialize(KnownKeys.Arguments, strict: false, ao);
                }
                else
                {
                    env.CreateMutableBindingAndInitialize(KnownKeys.Arguments, canBeDeleted: false, ao);
                }
            }

            if (!canInitializeParametersOnDeclaration)
            {
                // slower set
                env.AddFunctionParameters(_activeEvaluationContext!, func.Function, argumentsList);
            }

            // Let iteratorRecord be CreateListIteratorRecord(argumentsList).
            // If hasDuplicates is true, then
            //     Perform ? IteratorBindingInitialization for formals with iteratorRecord and undefined as arguments.
            // Else,
            //     Perform ? IteratorBindingInitialization for formals with iteratorRecord and env as arguments.

            Environment varEnv;
            if (!hasParameterExpressions)
            {
                // NOTE: Only a single lexical environment is needed for the parameters and top-level vars.
                var varsToInitialize = configuration.VarsToInitialize!;
                for (var i = 0; i < varsToInitialize.Count; i++)
                {
                    var pair = varsToInitialize[i];
                    env.CreateMutableBindingAndInitialize(pair.Name, canBeDeleted: false, JsValue.Undefined);
                }

                varEnv = env;
            }
            else
            {
                // NOTE: A separate Environment Record is needed to ensure that closures created by expressions
                // in the formal parameter list do not have visibility of declarations in the function body.
                var varEnvRec = JintEnvironment.NewDeclarativeEnvironment(this, env);
                varEnv = varEnvRec;

                UpdateVariableEnvironment(varEnv);

                var varsToInitialize = configuration.VarsToInitialize!;
                for (var i = 0; i < varsToInitialize.Count; i++)
                {
                    var pair = varsToInitialize[i];
                    var initialValue = pair.InitialValue ?? env.GetBindingValue(pair.Name, strict: false);
                    varEnvRec.CreateMutableBindingAndInitialize(pair.Name, canBeDeleted: false, initialValue);
                }
            }

            // NOTE: Annex B.3.3.1 adds additional steps at this point.
            // A https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-web-compat-functiondeclarationinstantiation

            Environment lexEnv;
            if (!strict)
            {
                lexEnv = JintEnvironment.NewDeclarativeEnvironment(this, varEnv);
                // NOTE: Non-strict functions use a separate lexical Environment Record for top-level lexical declarations
                // so that a direct eval can determine whether any var scoped declarations introduced by the eval code conflict
                // with pre-existing top-level lexically scoped declarations. This is not needed for strict functions
                // because a strict direct eval always places all declarations into a new Environment Record.
            }
            else
            {
                lexEnv = varEnv;
            }

            UpdateLexicalEnvironment(lexEnv);

            if (configuration.LexicalDeclarations.Length > 0)
            {
                foreach (var d in configuration.LexicalDeclarations)
                {
                    for (var j = 0; j < d.BoundNames.Count; j++)
                    {
                        var dn = d.BoundNames[j];
                        if (d.IsConstantDeclaration)
                        {
                            lexEnv.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, strict: true);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            lexEnv.CreateMutableBinding(dn, canBeDeleted: false);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (configuration.FunctionsToInitialize != null)
            {
                var privateEnv = calleeContext.PrivateEnvironment;
                var realm = Realm;
                foreach (var f in configuration.FunctionsToInitialize)
                {
                    var jintFunctionDefinition = new JintFunctionDefinition(f);
                    var fn = jintFunctionDefinition.Name!;
                    var fo = realm.Intrinsics.Function.InstantiateFunctionObject(jintFunctionDefinition, lexEnv, privateEnv);
                    varEnv.SetMutableBinding(fn, fo, strict: false);
                }
            }

            return ao;
        }

        private JsArguments CreateMappedArgumentsObject(
            Function func,
            Key[] formals,
            JsValue[] argumentsList,
            DeclarativeEnvironment envRec,
            bool hasRestParameter)
        {
            return _argumentsInstancePool.Rent(func, formals, argumentsList, envRec, hasRestParameter);
        }

        private JsArguments CreateUnmappedArgumentsObject(JsValue[] argumentsList)
        {
            return _argumentsInstancePool.Rent(argumentsList);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-evaldeclarationinstantiation
        /// </summary>
        internal void EvalDeclarationInstantiation(
            Script script,
            Environment varEnv,
            Environment lexEnv,
            PrivateEnvironment? privateEnv,
            bool strict)
        {
            var hoistingScope = HoistingScope.GetProgramLevelDeclarations(script);

            var lexEnvRec = (DeclarativeEnvironment) lexEnv;
            var varEnvRec = varEnv;

            var realm = Realm;

            if (!strict && hoistingScope._variablesDeclarations != null)
            {
                if (varEnvRec is GlobalEnvironment globalEnvironmentRecord)
                {
                    ref readonly var nodes = ref hoistingScope._variablesDeclarations;
                    for (var i = 0; i < nodes.Count; i++)
                    {
                        var variablesDeclaration = nodes[i];
                        var identifier = (Identifier) variablesDeclaration.Declarations[0].Id;
                        if (globalEnvironmentRecord.HasLexicalDeclaration(identifier.Name))
                        {
                            ExceptionHelper.ThrowSyntaxError(realm, "Identifier '" + identifier.Name + "' has already been declared");
                        }
                    }
                }

                var thisLex = lexEnv;
                while (!ReferenceEquals(thisLex, varEnv))
                {
                    var thisEnvRec = thisLex;
                    if (thisEnvRec is not ObjectEnvironment)
                    {
                        ref readonly var nodes = ref hoistingScope._variablesDeclarations;
                        for (var i = 0; i < nodes.Count; i++)
                        {
                            var variablesDeclaration = nodes[i];
                            var identifier = (Identifier) variablesDeclaration.Declarations[0].Id;
                            if (thisEnvRec!.HasBinding(identifier.Name))
                            {
                                ExceptionHelper.ThrowSyntaxError(realm);
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    thisLex = thisLex!._outerEnv;
                }
            }

            HashSet<PrivateIdentifier>? privateIdentifiers = null;
            var pointer = privateEnv;
            while (pointer is not null)
            {
                foreach (var name in pointer.Names)
                {
                    privateIdentifiers??= new HashSet<PrivateIdentifier>(PrivateIdentifierNameComparer._instance);
                    privateIdentifiers.Add(name.Key);
                }

                pointer = pointer.OuterPrivateEnvironment;
            }

            script.AllPrivateIdentifiersValid(realm, privateIdentifiers);

            var functionDeclarations = hoistingScope._functionDeclarations;
            var functionsToInitialize = new LinkedList<JintFunctionDefinition>();
            var declaredFunctionNames = new HashSet<Key>();

            if (functionDeclarations != null)
            {
                for (var i = functionDeclarations.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                    var d = functionDeclarations[i];
                    Key fn = d.Id!.Name;
                    if (!declaredFunctionNames.Contains(fn))
                    {
                        if (varEnvRec is GlobalEnvironment ger)
                        {
                            var fnDefinable = ger.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(fn);
                            if (!fnDefinable)
                            {
                                ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(realm);
                            }
                        }

                        declaredFunctionNames.Add(fn);
                        functionsToInitialize.AddFirst(new JintFunctionDefinition(d));
                    }
                }
            }

            var boundNames = new List<Key>();
            var declaredVarNames = new List<Key>();
            var variableDeclarations = hoistingScope._variablesDeclarations;
            var variableDeclarationsCount = variableDeclarations?.Count;
            for (var i = 0; i < variableDeclarationsCount; i++)
            {
                var variableDeclaration = variableDeclarations![i];
                boundNames.Clear();
                variableDeclaration.GetBoundNames(boundNames);
                for (var j = 0; j < boundNames.Count; j++)
                {
                    var vn = boundNames[j];
                    if (!declaredFunctionNames.Contains(vn))
                    {
                        if (varEnvRec is GlobalEnvironment ger)
                        {
                            var vnDefinable = ger.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(vn);
                            if (!vnDefinable)
                            {
                                ExceptionHelper.ThrowTypeError(realm);
                            }
                        }

                        declaredVarNames.Add(vn);
                    }
                }
            }

            var lexicalDeclarations = hoistingScope._lexicalDeclarations;
            var lexicalDeclarationsCount = lexicalDeclarations?.Count;
            for (var i = 0; i < lexicalDeclarationsCount; i++)
            {
                boundNames.Clear();
                var d = lexicalDeclarations![i];
                d.GetBoundNames(boundNames);
                for (var j = 0; j < boundNames.Count; j++)
                {
                    Key dn = boundNames[j];
                    if (d.IsConstantDeclaration())
                    {
                        lexEnvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, strict: true);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        lexEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(dn, canBeDeleted: false);
                    }
                }
            }

            foreach (var f in functionsToInitialize)
            {
                var fo = realm.Intrinsics.Function.InstantiateFunctionObject(f, lexEnv, privateEnv);
                if (varEnvRec is GlobalEnvironment ger)
                {
                    ger.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(f.Name!, fo, canBeDeleted: true);
                }
                else
                {
                    Key fn = f.Name!;
                    var bindingExists = varEnvRec.HasBinding(fn);
                    if (!bindingExists)
                    {
                        varEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(fn, canBeDeleted: true);
                        varEnvRec.InitializeBinding(fn, fo);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        varEnvRec.SetMutableBinding(fn, fo, strict: false);
                    }
                }
            }

            foreach (var vn in declaredVarNames)
            {
                if (varEnvRec is GlobalEnvironment ger)
                {
                    ger.CreateGlobalVarBinding(vn, true);
                }
                else
                {
                    var bindingExists = varEnvRec.HasBinding(vn);
                    if (!bindingExists)
                    {
                        varEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(vn, canBeDeleted: true);
                        varEnvRec.InitializeBinding(vn, JsValue.Undefined);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal void UpdateLexicalEnvironment(Environment newEnv)
        {
            _executionContexts.ReplaceTopLexicalEnvironment(newEnv);
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal void UpdateVariableEnvironment(Environment newEnv)
        {
            _executionContexts.ReplaceTopVariableEnvironment(newEnv);
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal void UpdatePrivateEnvironment(PrivateEnvironment? newEnv)
        {
            _executionContexts.ReplaceTopPrivateEnvironment(newEnv);
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal ref readonly ExecutionContext UpdateGenerator(GeneratorInstance generator)
        {
            return ref _executionContexts.ReplaceTopGenerator(generator);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Invokes the named callable and returns the resulting object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="callableName">The name of the callable.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the call.</returns>
        public JsValue Call(string callableName, params JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            var callable = Evaluate(callableName);
            return Call(callable, arguments);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Invokes the callable and returns the resulting object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="callable">The callable.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the call.</returns>
        public JsValue Call(JsValue callable, params JsValue[] arguments)
            => Call(callable, thisObject: JsValue.Undefined, arguments);

        /// <summary>
        /// Invokes the callable and returns the resulting object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="callable">The callable.</param>
        /// <param name="thisObject">Value bound as this.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the call.</returns>
        public JsValue Call(JsValue callable, JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            JsValue Callback()
            {
                if (!callable.IsCallable)
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowArgumentException(callable + " is not callable");
                }

                return Call((ICallable) callable, thisObject, arguments, null);
            }

            return ExecuteWithConstraints(Options.Strict, Callback);
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal JsValue Call(ICallable callable, JsValue thisObject, JsValue[] arguments, JintExpression? expression)
        {
            if (callable is Function functionInstance)
            {
                return Call(functionInstance, thisObject, arguments, expression);
            }

            return callable.Call(thisObject, arguments);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Calls the named constructor and returns the resulting object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="constructorName">The name of the constructor to call.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the constructor call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the constructor call.</returns>
        public ObjectInstance Construct(string constructorName, params JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            var constructor = Evaluate(constructorName);
            return Construct(constructor, arguments);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Calls the constructor and returns the resulting object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="constructor">The name of the constructor to call.</param>
        /// <param name="arguments">The arguments of the constructor call.</param>
        /// <returns>The value returned by the constructor call.</returns>
        public ObjectInstance Construct(JsValue constructor, params JsValue[] arguments)
        {
            ObjectInstance Callback()
            {
                if (!constructor.IsConstructor)
                {
                    ExceptionHelper.ThrowArgumentException(constructor + " is not a constructor");
                }

                return Construct(constructor, arguments, constructor, null);
            }

            return ExecuteWithConstraints(Options.Strict, Callback);
        }

        internal ObjectInstance Construct(
            JsValue constructor,
            JsValue[] arguments,
            JsValue newTarget,
            JintExpression? expression)
        {
            if (constructor is Function functionInstance)
            {
                return Construct(functionInstance, arguments, newTarget, expression);
            }

            return ((IConstructor) constructor).Construct(arguments, newTarget);
        }

        internal JsValue Call(Function function, JsValue thisObject)
            => Call(function, thisObject, Arguments.Empty, null);

        internal JsValue Call(
            Function function,
            JsValue thisObject,
            JsValue[] arguments,
            JintExpression? expression)
        {
            // ensure logic is in sync between Call, Construct, engine.Invoke and JintCallExpression!

            var recursionDepth = CallStack.Push(function, expression, ExecutionContext);

            if (recursionDepth > Options.Constraints.MaxRecursionDepth)
            {
                // automatically pops the current element as it was never reached
                ExceptionHelper.ThrowRecursionDepthOverflowException(CallStack);
            }

            JsValue result;
            try
            {
                result = function.Call(thisObject, arguments);
            }
            finally
            {
                // if call stack was reset due to recursive call to engine or similar, we might not have it anymore
                if (CallStack.Count > 0)
                {
                    CallStack.Pop();
                }
            }

            return result;
        }

        private ObjectInstance Construct(
            Function function,
            JsValue[] arguments,
            JsValue newTarget,
            JintExpression? expression)
        {
            // ensure logic is in sync between Call, Construct, engine.Invoke and JintCallExpression!

            var recursionDepth = CallStack.Push(function, expression, ExecutionContext);

            if (recursionDepth > Options.Constraints.MaxRecursionDepth)
            {
                // automatically pops the current element as it was never reached
                ExceptionHelper.ThrowRecursionDepthOverflowException(CallStack);
            }

            ObjectInstance result;
            try
            {
                result = ((IConstructor) function).Construct(arguments, newTarget);
            }
            finally
            {
                CallStack.Pop();
            }

            return result;
        }

        internal void SignalError(ErrorDispatchInfo error)
        {
            _error = error;
        }

        internal void RegisterTypeReference(TypeReference reference)
        {
            _typeReferences ??= new Dictionary<Type, TypeReference>();
            _typeReferences[reference.ReferenceType] = reference;
        }

        internal ref readonly ExecutionContext GetExecutionContext(int fromTop)
        {
            return ref _executionContexts.Peek(fromTop);
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            if (_objectWrapperCache is null)
            {
                return;
            }

#if SUPPORTS_WEAK_TABLE_CLEAR
            _objectWrapperCache.Clear();
#else
            // we can expect that reflection is OK as we've been generating object wrappers already
            var clearMethod = _objectWrapperCache.GetType().GetMethod("Clear", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic);
            clearMethod?.Invoke(_objectWrapperCache, Array.Empty<object>());
#endif
        }

        [DebuggerDisplay("Engine")]
        private sealed class EngineDebugView
        {
            private readonly Engine _engine;

            public EngineDebugView(Engine engine)
            {
                _engine = engine;
            }

            public ObjectInstance Globals => _engine.Realm.GlobalObject;
            public Options Options => _engine.Options;

            public Environment VariableEnvironment => _engine.ExecutionContext.VariableEnvironment;
            public Environment LexicalEnvironment => _engine.ExecutionContext.LexicalEnvironment;
        }
    }
}