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<article class="doc">
<h1 class="page">jMonkeyEngine 3 Tutorial (5) - Hello Input System</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, SimpleApplication sets up a camera control that allows you to steer the camera with the <kbd>W</kbd> <kbd>A</kbd> <kbd>S</kbd> <kbd>D</kbd> keys, the arrow keys, and the mouse. You can use it as a flying first-person camera right away. But what if you need a third-person camera, or you want keys to trigger special game actions?</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Every game has its custom keybindings, and this tutorial explains how you define them. We first define the key presses and mouse events, and then we define the actions they should trigger.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="sample-code"><a class="anchor" href="#sample-code"></a>Sample Code</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">package jme3test.helloworld;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.scene.Geometry;
import com.jme3.scene.shape.Box;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.input.KeyInput;
import com.jme3.input.MouseInput;
import com.jme3.input.controls.ActionListener;
import com.jme3.input.controls.AnalogListener;
import com.jme3.input.controls.KeyTrigger;
import com.jme3.input.controls.MouseButtonTrigger;

/**
 * Sample 5 - how to map keys and mousebuttons to actions
 */
public class HelloInput extends SimpleApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        HelloInput app = new HelloInput();
        app.start();
    }

    protected Geometry player;
    private boolean isRunning = true;

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        Box b = new Box(1, 1, 1);
        player = new Geometry("Player", b);
        Material mat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        player.setMaterial(mat);
        rootNode.attachChild(player);
        initKeys(); // load my custom keybinding
    }

    /**
     * Custom Keybinding: Map named actions to inputs.
     */
    private void initKeys() {
        // You can map one or several inputs to one named action
        inputManager.addMapping("Pause",  new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_P));
        inputManager.addMapping("Left",   new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_J));
        inputManager.addMapping("Right",  new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_K));
        inputManager.addMapping("Rotate", new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_SPACE),
                                          new MouseButtonTrigger(MouseInput.BUTTON_LEFT));
        // Add the names to the action listener.
        inputManager.addListener(actionListener, "Pause");
        inputManager.addListener(analogListener, "Left", "Right", "Rotate");

    }

    private final ActionListener actionListener = new ActionListener() {
        @Override
        public void onAction(String name, boolean keyPressed, float tpf) {
            if (name.equals("Pause") &amp;&amp; !keyPressed) {
                isRunning = !isRunning;
            }
        }
    };

    private final AnalogListener analogListener = new AnalogListener() {
        @Override
        public void onAnalog(String name, float value, float tpf) {
            if (isRunning) {
                if (name.equals("Rotate")) {
                    player.rotate(0, value * speed, 0);
                }
                if (name.equals("Right")) {
                    Vector3f v = player.getLocalTranslation();
                    player.setLocalTranslation(v.x + value * speed, v.y, v.z);
                }
                if (name.equals("Left")) {
                    Vector3f v = player.getLocalTranslation();
                    player.setLocalTranslation(v.x - value * speed, v.y, v.z);
                }
            } else {
                System.out.println("Press P to unpause.");
            }
        }
    };
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Build and run the example.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Press the Spacebar or click to rotate the cube.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Press the <kbd>J</kbd> and <kbd>K</kbd> keys to move the cube.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Press <kbd>P</kbd> to pause and unpause the game. While paused, the game should not respond to any input, other than <kbd>P</kbd>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="defining-mappings-and-triggers"><a class="anchor" href="#defining-mappings-and-triggers"></a>Defining Mappings and Triggers</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First you register each mapping name with its trigger(s). Remember the following:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>An input trigger can be a key press or mouse action.</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For example a mouse movement, a mouse click, or pressing the letter <kbd>P</kbd> .</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>The mapping name is a string that you can choose.</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The name should describe the action (e.g. &#8220;Rotate&#8221;), and not the trigger. Because the trigger can change.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>One named mapping can have several triggers.</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For example, the &#8220;Rotate&#8221; action can be triggered by a click and by pressing the spacebar.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Have a look at the code:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>You register the mapping named &#8220;Rotate&#8221; to the Spacebar key trigger.<br>
<code>new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_SPACE)</code>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In the same line, you also register &#8220;Rotate&#8221; to an alternative mouse click trigger.<br>
<code>new MouseButtonTrigger(MouseInput.BUTTON_LEFT)</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You map the <code>Pause</code>, <code>Left</code>, <code>Right</code> mappings to the P, J, K keys, respectively.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">    // You can map one or several inputs to one named action
    inputManager.addMapping("Pause",  new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_P));
    inputManager.addMapping("Left",   new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_J));
    inputManager.addMapping("Right",  new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_K));
    inputManager.addMapping("Rotate", new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_SPACE),
                                      new MouseButtonTrigger(MouseInput.BUTTON_LEFT));</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now you need to register your trigger mappings.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>You register the pause action to the ActionListener, because it is an &#8220;on/off&#8221; action.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You register the movement actions to the AnalogListener, because they are gradual actions.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">    // Add the names to the action listener.
    inputManager.addListener(actionListener,"Pause");
    inputManager.addListener(analogListener,"Left", "Right", "Rotate");</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This code goes into the <code>simpleInitApp()</code> method. But since we will likely add many keybindings, we extract these lines and wrap them in an auxiliary method, <code>initKeys()</code>. The <code>initKeys()</code> method is not part of the Input Controls interface – you can name it whatever you like. Just don&#8217;t forget to call your method from the <code>initSimpleApp()</code> method.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="implementing-the-actions"><a class="anchor" href="#implementing-the-actions"></a>Implementing the Actions</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You have mapped action names to input triggers. Now you specify the actions themselves.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The two important methods here are the <code>ActionListener</code> with its <code>onAction()</code> method, and the <code>AnalogListener</code> with its <code>onAnalog()</code> method. In these two methods, you test for each named mapping, and call the game action you want to trigger.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In this example, we trigger the following actions:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>The <em>Rotate</em> mapping triggers the action <code>player.rotate(0, value, 0)</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Left</em> and <em>Right</em> mappings increase and decrease the player&#8217;s x coordinate.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Pause</em> mapping flips a boolean <code>isRunning</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>We also want to check the boolean <code>isRunning</code> before any action (other than unpausing) is executed.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">    private final ActionListener actionListener = new ActionListener() {
        @Override
        public void onAction(String name, boolean keyPressed, float tpf) {
            if (name.equals("Pause") &amp;&amp; !keyPressed) {
                isRunning = !isRunning;
            }
        }
    };

    private final AnalogListener analogListener = new AnalogListener() {
        @Override
        public void onAnalog(String name, float value, float tpf) {
            if (isRunning) {
                if (name.equals("Rotate")) {
                    player.rotate(0, value * speed, 0);
                }
                if (name.equals("Right")) {
                    Vector3f v = player.getLocalTranslation();
                    player.setLocalTranslation(v.x + value * speed, v.y, v.z);
                }
                if (name.equals("Left")) {
                    Vector3f v = player.getLocalTranslation();
                    player.setLocalTranslation(v.x - value * speed, v.y, v.z);
                }
            } else {
                System.out.println("Press P to unpause.");
            }
        }
    };</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can also combine both listeners into one, the engine will send the appropriate events to each method (onAction or onAnalog).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">private class MyCombinedListener implements AnalogListener, ActionListener {

    @Override
    public void onAction(String name, boolean keyPressed, float tpf) {
        if (name.equals("Pause") &amp;&amp; !keyPressed) {
            isRunning = !isRunning;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onAnalog(String name, float value, float tpf) {
        if (isRunning) {
            if (name.equals("Rotate")) {
                player.rotate(0, value * speed, 0);
            }
            if (name.equals("Right")) {
                Vector3f v = player.getLocalTranslation();
                player.setLocalTranslation(v.x + value * speed, v.y, v.z);
            }
            if (name.equals("Left")) {
                Vector3f v = player.getLocalTranslation();
                player.setLocalTranslation(v.x - value * speed, v.y, v.z);
            }
        } else {
            System.out.println("Press P to unpause.");
        }
    }
}
// ...
inputManager.addListener(combinedListener, new String[]{"Pause", "Left", "Right", "Rotate"});</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It&#8217;s okay to use only one of the two Listeners, and not implement the other one, if you are not using this type of interaction. In the following, we have a closer look how to decide which of the two listeners is best suited for which situation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="analog-pressed-or-released"><a class="anchor" href="#analog-pressed-or-released"></a>Analog, Pressed, or Released?</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Technically, every input can be either an &#8220;analog&#8221; or a &#8220;digital&#8221; action. Here is how you find out which listener is the right one for which type of input.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Mappings registered to the <strong>AnalogListener</strong> are triggered repeatedly and gradually.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Parameters:</p>
<div class="olist loweralpha">
<ol class="loweralpha" type="a">
<li>
<p>JME gives you access to the name of the triggered action.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>JME gives you access to a gradual value showing the strength of that input. In the case of a keypress that will be the tpf value for which it was pressed since the last frame. For other inputs such as a joystick which give analogue control though then the value will also indicate the strength of the input premultiplied by tpf. For an example on this go to <a href="hello_input_system/timekeypressed.html" class="xref page">jMonkeyEngine 3 Tutorial (5) - Hello Input System - Variation over time key is pressed</a>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to see the total time that a key has been pressed for then the incoming value can be accumulated. The analogue listener may also need to be combined with an action listener so that you are notified when the key is released.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Example: Navigational events (e.g. Left, Right, Rotate, Run, Strafe), situations where you interact continuously.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Mappings registered to the <strong>ActionListener</strong> are digital either-or actions – &#8220;Pressed&#8221; or &#8220;Released&#8221;? &#8220;On&#8221; or &#8220;Off&#8221;?</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Parameters:</p>
<div class="olist loweralpha">
<ol class="loweralpha" type="a">
<li>
<p>JME gives you access to the name of the triggered action.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>JME gives you access to a boolean whether the key is pressed or not.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Example: Pause button, shooting, selecting, jumping, one-time click interactions.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It&#8217;s very common that you want an action to be only triggered once, in the moment when the key is <em>released</em>. For instance when opening a door, flipping a boolean state, or picking up an item. To achieve that, you use an <code>ActionListener</code> and test for <code>… &amp;&amp; !keyPressed</code>. For an example, look at the Pause button code:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">      if (name.equals("Pause") &amp;&amp; !keyPressed) {
        isRunning = !isRunning;
      }</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="table-of-triggers"><a class="anchor" href="#table-of-triggers"></a>Table of Triggers</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can find the list of input constants in the files <code>src/core/com/jme3/input/KeyInput.java</code>, <code>JoyInput.java</code>, and <code>MouseInput.java</code>. Here is an overview of the most common triggers constants:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Trigger</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Code</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Mouse button: Left Click</p>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>MouseButtonTrigger(MouseInput.BUTTON_LEFT)</p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Mouse button: Right Click</p>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>MouseButtonTrigger(MouseInput.BUTTON_RIGHT)</p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Keyboard: Characters and Numbers</p>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_X)</p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Keyboard: Spacebar</p>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_SPACE)</p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Keyboard: Return, Enter</p>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_RETURN),<br>
KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_NUMPADENTER)</p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Keyboard: Escape</p>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_ESCAPE)</p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Keyboard: Arrows</p>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_UP),<br>
KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_DOWN)<br>
KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_LEFT),<br>
KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_RIGHT)</p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you don&#8217;t recall an input constant during development, you benefit from an IDE&#8217;s code completion functionality: Place the caret after e.g. <code>KeyInput.|</code> and trigger code completion to select possible input identifiers.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="listening-for-joystick-connections"><a class="anchor" href="#listening-for-joystick-connections"></a>Listening For Joystick Connections</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note: Joystick Connection/Disconnection events are only available in <strong>LWJGL3</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If your game requires handling the addition and removal of new joystick devices you can subscribe to a joystick connection listener.
This will give you the opportunity to enable joystick movement, pause the game if the joystick is disconnected, change keybindings to mouse/keyboard.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">inputManager.addJoystickConnectionListener(new JoystickConnectionListener() {
            @Override
            public void onConnected(Joystick joystick) {
                System.out.println("Joystick connected: " + joystick.getName());
            }

            @Override
            public void onDisconnected(Joystick joystick) {
                System.out.println("Joystick Disconnected: " + joystick.getName());
            }
        });</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="exercises"><a class="anchor" href="#exercises"></a>Exercises</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Add mappings for moving the player (box) up and down with the H and L keys!</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Modify the mappings so that you can also trigger the up an down motion with the mouse scroll wheel!</p>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
Use <code>new MouseAxisTrigger(MouseInput.AXIS_WHEEL, true)</code>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>In which situation would it be better to use variables instead of literals for the MouseInput/KeyInput definitions?</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">int usersPauseKey = KeyInput.KEY_P;
...
inputManager.addMapping("Pause",  new KeyTrigger(usersPauseKey));</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Switch off the flyCam and override the WASD keys.</p>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
Use <a href="../concepts/faq.html#how-do-i-switch-between-third-person-and-first-person-view" class="xref page">flyCam.setEnabled(false);</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="solutions.html#hello-input" class="xref page">Some proposed solutions</a><br>
<strong>Be sure to try to solve them for yourself first!</strong></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="conclusion"><a class="anchor" href="#conclusion"></a>Conclusion</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You are now able to add custom interactions to your game: You know that you first have to define the key mappings, and then the actions for each mapping. You have learned to respond to mouse events and to the keyboard. You understand the difference between &#8220;analog&#8221; (gradually repeated) and &#8220;digital&#8221; (on/off) inputs.</p>
</div>
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