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+\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
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+\usepackage{multicol}
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+\usepackage{float}
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+\usepackage{makeidx}
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+\usepackage{layout}
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+\usepackage{array}
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+\usepackage{a4wide}
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+\usepackage{boxedminipage}
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+%%\usepackage{fancyheadings}
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+%%\pagestyle{fancy}
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+%%\lhead{\rightmark}
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+%%\rhead{\thepage}
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+%%\cfoot{}
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+\makeindex
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+\title{Page layout in \LaTeX}
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+\author{Piet van Oostrum\thanks{A considerable part of this article was
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+ written by George
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+ Gr\"atzer (University of Manitoba) in \emph{Notices Amer. Math. Soc.}
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+ Thanks, George!}\\
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+ Dept.\ of Computer Science\\
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+ Utrecht University}
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+\def\latex/{\protect\LaTeX{}}
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+\def\tex/{\TeX}
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+\def\ams/{\protect\pAmS}
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+\def\pAmS{{\the\textfont2
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+ A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}
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+\def\amslatex/{\ams/-\latex/}
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+\newcommand{\PSNFSS}{{\sf
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+ PSNFSS}}
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+\renewcommand{\bs}{\symbol{'134}}
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+\newcommand{\Cmd}[1]{\texttt{\def\{{\char`\{}\def\}{\char`\}}\bs#1}}
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+\newcommand{\CmdIndex}[1]{\index{#1@\texttt{\bs#1}}}
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+\newcommand{\TTindex}[1]{\index{#1@\texttt{#1}}}
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+\newcommand{\PSindex}[1]{\index{page style!#1@\texttt{#1}}}
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+%\floatstyle{ruled}
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+\restylefloat{figure}
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+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.9}
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+\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.9}
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+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.05}
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+\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
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+\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
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+\setlength{\emergencystretch}{4em}
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+\makeatletter
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+\renewcommand\l@section {\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
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+\makeatother
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+\newenvironment{block}{\vspace{8pt}\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}}{\end{minipage}\vspace{8pt}}
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+\newenvironment{fblock}{\vspace{8pt}\begin{boxedminipage}{\textwidth}}{\end{boxedminipage}\vspace{8pt}}
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+\begin{document}
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+\maketitle
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+\begin{abstract}
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+ This article describes how to customize the page layout of your LaTeX
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+ documents, i.e how to change page margings and sizes,
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+ headers and footers, and the
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+ proper placement of figures and tables (collectively called floats) on
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+ the page.
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+
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+ Originally this was the documentation of the \textsf{fancyheadings}
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+ package. It did contain also other info, e.g. advanced use of marks.
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+ It has now been upgraded to include more, e.g. the handling of floats.
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+ The fancyheadings documentation has been upgraded to conform to version 2
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+ of this package\footnote{this version is due to be released Real Soon Now}. For reasons of compatibility with certain operating systems, the
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+ name of the package has been changed to \textsf{fancyhdr}.
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+
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+ Although this paper uses \LaTeXe{} commands, most of the techniques can
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+ be used with older \LaTeX versions with appropriate changes.
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+\end{abstract}
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+\tableofcontents
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+
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+
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+\section{Introduction}
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+\label{sec:intro}
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+
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+A page in a \LaTeX{} document is built from various elements as shown in
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+figure \ref{fig:layout}.
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+\begin{figure}[htbp]
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+ \begin{center}
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+ \leavevmode
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+ \layout
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+ \vspace{3cm}
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+ \caption{Page elements. The values shown are those in effect in the current document, not the defaults.}
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+ \label{fig:layout}
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+ \end{center}
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+\end{figure}
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+%\thispagestyle{fancy}
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+\thispagestyle{plain}
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+The body contains the main text of the document
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+together with the so called floats (tables and figures).
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+
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+The pages are constructed by \LaTeX's output routine, which is quite
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+complicated and should therefore not be modified. Some of the packages
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+described in this paper contains small modifications to the output routine
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+to accomplish things that cannot be done in another way. You should use
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+these packages to get the desired result rather than fiddling with the
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+output routine yourself.
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+
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+There a a number of things that you must be aware of:
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+\begin{enumerate}
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+\item The margins on the left are not called \Cmd{leftmargin}, but
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+ \Cmd{evensidemargin} (on even-numbered pages) and \Cmd{oddsidemargin}
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+ (on odd-numbered pages). In one-sided documents
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+ \Cmd{oddsidemargin} is used for either. \Cmd{leftmargin} is also a valid
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+ \latex/ parameter but it has a different use (namely the indentation of
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+ lists).
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+\item Most of the parameters should not be changed in the middle of a
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+ document. Some changes might work at a pagebreak. If you want to change
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+ the height of a single page, you can use the \Cmd{enlargethispage}
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+ command.
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+\end{enumerate}
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+
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+The margin notes
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+area contains small pieces of information created by the \Cmd{marginpar}
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+command. On twosided documents the margin notes appear on the left and right
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+alternatively. The margin notes are not on fixed places with respect to the
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+paper but at approximately the same height as the paragraph in which they
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+appear. Due to the algorithm used to decide the placement of margin notes,
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+in a twosided document unfortunately
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+they may appear on the wrong side if they are close
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+to a page break.
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+If you want to put information on fixed places in the margins you may use
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+the technique described in sections \ref{sec:movie} and \ref{sec:thumb}.
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+
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+The first part of this paper describes how to change the header and footer
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+areas. The last part describes how to get your floats at the desired place.
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+
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+\section{Page headers and footers}
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+
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+The page headers and footers in \LaTeX{} are defined by the
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+\Cmd{pagestyle} and \Cmd{pagenumbering} commands. \Cmd{pagestyle}
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+defines the general contents of the headers and footers (e.g. where the
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+page number will be printed), while
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+\Cmd{pagenumbering} defines the format of the page number.
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+\LaTeX{} has four standard pagestyles:
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+
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+\begin{tabular}{>{\tt}lp{10cm}}
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+empty & no headers or footers \\
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+plain & no header, footer contains page number centered \\
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+headings & no footer, header contains name of chapter/section and/or
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+subsection and page number \\
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+myheadings & no footer, header contains page number and user supplied information
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+\end{tabular}
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+
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+Although these are useful styles, they are quite limited. Additional page
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+styles can be defined by defining commands of the form \Cmd{ps@xxx}. This
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+command is executed when a \Cmd{pagestyle\{xxx\}} is given in the document.
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+The \Cmd{ps@xxx} command should define the following
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+commands for the contents of the headers and footers:
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+
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+\noindent
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+\begin{tabular}{lp{10cm}}
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+\Cmd{@oddhead} & header on odd numbered pages in two-sided documents
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+(on all pages in one-sided) \\
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+\Cmd{@evenhead} & header on even numbered pages in two-sided documents \\
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+\Cmd{@oddfoot} & footer on odd numbered pages in two-sided documents
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+(on all pages in one-sided) \\
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+\Cmd{@evenfoot} & footer on even numbered pages in two-sided documents \\
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+\end{tabular}
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+
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+These are not user commands, but rather ``variables'' that are used by
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+\latex/'s output routine.
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+As the command names contain the character '\texttt{@}', they should
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+be defined in a package file, or otherwise be sandwiched between the commands
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+\Cmd{makeatletter} and \Cmd{makeatother}.
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+
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+The \Cmd{pagenumbering} command defines the layout of the page number. It
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+has a parameter from the following list:
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+
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+\begin{tabular}{>{\tt}ll}
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+arabic & arabic numerals \\
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+roman & lower case roman numerals \\
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+Roman & upper case roman numerals \\
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+alph & lower case letter \\
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+Alph & upper case letter
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+\end{tabular}
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+
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+The \Cmd{pagenumbering\{xxx\}} defines the command \Cmd{thepage} to be the
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+expansion of the page number in the given notation \texttt{xxx}.
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+The pagestyle command
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+then would include \Cmd{thepage} in the appropriate place. Additionally
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+the \Cmd{pagenumbering} command resets the page number to~1.
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+The \Cmd{pagestyle} and \Cmd{pagenumbering} apply to the page that is
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+being constructed, so they should be used at a location where it is clear
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+to what page they apply (see section \ref{sec:change}).
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+
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+
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+\section{What is \textsf{fancyhdr}}
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+
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+The \textsf{fancyhdr} macro package allows you to customize
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+in \latex/ your page headers and footers in an easy way. You can
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+define:
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+\begin{itemize}
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+\item three-part headers and footers
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+\item decorative lines in headers and footers
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+\item headers and footers wider than the width of the text
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+\item multi-line headers and footers
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+\item separate headers and footers for even and odd pages
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+\item different headers and footers for chapter pages
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+\item different headers and footer on pages with floats
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+\end{itemize}
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+
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+Of course, you also have complete control over fonts, uppercase
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+and lowercase displays, etc.
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+
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+%%% \section{Where to get it?}\label{get}
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+%%% You only need the file \verb|fancyhdr.sty| which you can find at the
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+%%% \index{ftp}
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+%%% CTAN sites: \verb|ftp.shsu.edu| (U.S.), \verb|ftp.tex.ac.uk| (U.K.), and
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+%%% \verb|ftp.dante.de| (Germany).
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+%%% You will find it in the directory\\
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+%%% \verb|/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/fancyhdr|. Although
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+%%% \textsf{fancyhdr}
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+%%% is a \latex/ 2.09 style file, it will work with \LaTeXe{}. Also this
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+%%% \TTindex{fixmarks.sty}
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+%%% \TTindex{extramarks.sty}
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+%%% article and the two packages \texttt{fixmarks} and \texttt{extramarks} can
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+%%% be found there. (The code for these packages given in this article is a
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+%%% simplified version.)
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+
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+
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+\section{Simple use of \textsf{fancyhdr}} To use this package in a
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+\LaTeXe\ document, place the file \verb|fancyhdr.sty| in a
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+directory/folder where \tex/ can find it (normally in the input
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+directory/folder), and include in the preamble of your document
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+after
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+
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+\begin{verbatim}
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+\documentclass{...}
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+\end{verbatim}
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+the commands\footnote{For LaTeX2.09 you should specify \texttt{[fancyhdr]}
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+ in the \Cmd{documentstyle} instead of the \Cmd{usepackage}
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+ command.}:
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+
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+\PSindex{fancy}
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+\begin{verbatim}
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+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
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+\pagestyle{fancy}
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+\end{verbatim}
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+
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+We can visualize the page layout we can create with \textsf{fancyhdr}
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+as follows:
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+
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+\begin{fblock}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{LeftHeader\hfill
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+CenteredHeader\hfill RightHeader}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{LeftFooter\hfill
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+CenteredFooter\hfill RightFooter}
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+\end{fblock}
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+
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+The LeftHeader and LeftFooter are left justified; the
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+CenteredHeader and CenteredFooter are centered; the
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+RightHeader and RightFooter are right justified.
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+
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+We define each of the six ``fields'' and the two decorative lines
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+separately.
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+
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+\section{A simple example} K. Grant is writing a report to Dean
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+A. Smith, on ``The performance of new graduates'' with the
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+following page layout:
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+
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+\begin{fblock}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill\bfseries The performance of new
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+graduates}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{From: K. Grant\phantom{3}\hfill
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+To: Dean A. Smith\hfill \phantom{From: K. Grant}3}
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+\end{fblock}
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+
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+\noindent where ``3'' is the page number. The title: ``The
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+performance of new graduates'' is bold.
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+
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+This is accomplished by these commands following \Cmd{pagestyle\{fancy\}}
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+\footnote{Note that version 1 of fancyheadings used the
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+\Cmd{setlength} command to change the \texttt{\bs...rulewidth} parameters.}:
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+\CmdIndex{lhead}
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+\CmdIndex{rhead}
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+\CmdIndex{chead}
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+\CmdIndex{lfoot}
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+\CmdIndex{rfoot}
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+\CmdIndex{cfoot}
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+\CmdIndex{headrulewidth}
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+\CmdIndex{footrulewidth}
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+\begin{verbatim}
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+\lhead{}
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+\chead{}
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+\rhead{\bfseries The performance of new graduates}
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+\lfoot{From: K. Grant}
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+\cfoot{To: Dean A. Smith}
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+\rfoot{\thepage}
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+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.4pt}
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+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt}
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+\end{verbatim}
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+(The \Cmd{thepage} macro displays the current page number.
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+\Cmd{bfseries} is the \LaTeXe's way of selecting bold face.)
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+
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+This is now fine, except that the first page does not need
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+all these headers and footers. To eliminate all but the
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+centered page number, issue the command
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+
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+\CmdIndex{thispagestyle}
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+\begin{verbatim}
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+\thispagestyle{plain}
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+\end{verbatim}
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+after the
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+\Cmd{begin\{document\}}
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+and the
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+\CmdIndex{maketitle}
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+\Cmd{maketitle}
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+commands.
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+
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+Alternatively, issue
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+\begin{verbatim}
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+\thispagestyle{empty}
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+\end{verbatim}
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+if you do not want any headers or footers.
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+
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+In fact the standard \latex/ classes have the command \Cmd{maketitle}
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+defined in such a way that a \Cmd{thispagestyle\{plain\}} is automatically
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+issued. So if you \emph{do} want the fancy layout on a page containing
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+\Cmd{maketitle} you must issue a \Cmd{thispagestyle\{fancy\}} after the
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+\Cmd{maketitle}.
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+
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+\section{An example of two-sided printing}\label{two-sided}
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+
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+\TTindex{twoside}
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+Some document classes, such as \verb|book.cls|, print two-sided by default: the even
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+pages and the odd pages have different layouts; other document classes
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+use the \verb|twoside| option to print two-sided.
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+
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+Now let us print the report two-sided. Let the above page
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+layout be used for the odd (right-side) pages, and the
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+following for the even (left-side) pages:
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+
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+\begin{fblock}
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+
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\bfseries The performance of new
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+graduates\hfill}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
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+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{4\phantom{To: Dean A. Smith}\hfill
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+ From: K. Grant\hfill \phantom{4}To: Dean A. Smith}
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+
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+\end{fblock}
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+\noindent where ``4'' is the page number.
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+
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+Here are the commands:
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+
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+\begin{verbatim}
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+\fancyhead{} % clear all fields
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+\fancyhead[RO,LE]{\bfseries The performance of new graduates}
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+\fancyfoot[LE,RO]{\thepage}
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+\fancyfoot[LO,CE]{From: K. Grant}
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+\fancyfoot[CO,RE]{To: Dean A. Smith}
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+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.4pt}
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+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt}
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+\end{verbatim}
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+
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+\CmdIndex{fancyhead}
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+\CmdIndex{fancyfoot}
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+We use the more general commands \Cmd{fancyhead} and \Cmd{fancyfoot}.
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+These have an additional parameter between square brackets that specifies
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+for which pages and/or parts of the header/footer they apply. The first
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+\Cmd{fancyhead} command omits this parameter, and thus applies to all
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+header fields. In general this is only useful to get rid of the defaults or
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+a previous definition, as is done here. The selectors that can be used
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+between the square brackets are given in figure~\ref{fig:sel}. Selectors can be combined so
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+\Cmd{fancyhead[LE,RO]\{text\}}
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+will define the field for both the left header on even pages and the right
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+header on odd pages. If you don't give an E or O the definition applies to
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+both. Similar for LRC. So the use of \Cmd{lhead} in the previous section
|
|
|
+is just an abbreviation for \Cmd{fancyhead[L]}.
|
|
|
+The selectors may be given as uppercase or lowercase letters.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{fancyhf}
|
|
|
+There is also a more general command \Cmd{fancyhf} that you can use to
|
|
|
+combine the specifications for headers and footers. This allows additional
|
|
|
+selectors H (header) and F (footer). In fact \Cmd{fancyhead} and
|
|
|
+\Cmd{fancyfoot} are just \Cmd{fancyhf} with H and F prespecified.
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[tb]
|
|
|
+ \begin{center}
|
|
|
+ \leavevmode
|
|
|
+ \begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ E & Even page \\
|
|
|
+ O & Odd page \\
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ L & Left field \\
|
|
|
+ C & Center field \\
|
|
|
+ R & Right field \\
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ H & Header \\
|
|
|
+ F & Footer \\
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+%% T & float at Top \\
|
|
|
+%% B & float at Bottom \\
|
|
|
+%% F & Float page \\
|
|
|
+%% \hline
|
|
|
+ \end{tabular}
|
|
|
+ \end{center}
|
|
|
+ \caption{Selectors}
|
|
|
+ \label{fig:sel}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Again, you may
|
|
|
+use \Cmd{thispagestyle\{plain\}} for a simple page layout for
|
|
|
+page~1.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Redefining \texttt{plain} style}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Some \latex/ commands, like \Cmd{chapter}, use the \Cmd{thispagestyle}
|
|
|
+command to automatically switch to the \texttt{plain} page style, thus
|
|
|
+ignoring the page style currently in effect.
|
|
|
+To customize even such pages you must redefine the \texttt{plain}
|
|
|
+pagestyle. As we indicated before you could do this by defining the
|
|
|
+\Cmd{ps@plain} command, but \textsf{fancyhdr} gives you an easier way
|
|
|
+with the \Cmd{fancypagestyle} command. This command can be used to
|
|
|
+redefine existing pagestyles (like \texttt{plain}) or to define new ones,
|
|
|
+e.g. if part of your document is to use a different pagestyle. This command
|
|
|
+has two parameters: one is the name of the pagestyle to be defined, the
|
|
|
+second consists of commands that change the headers and/or footers, i.e.
|
|
|
+\verb|fancyhead| etc. Also allowed are changes to \Cmd{headrulewidth} and
|
|
|
+\Cmd{footrulewidth}.
|
|
|
+ As an example, let us
|
|
|
+redefine the \texttt{plain} style for the report in Section~\ref{two-sided} by
|
|
|
+making the page number bold.
|
|
|
+\PSindex{plain}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
|
|
|
+\fancyhf{} % clear all header and footer fields
|
|
|
+\fancyfoot[C]{\bfseries \thepage} % except the center
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{The default layout}\label{default}
|
|
|
+Let us use the \verb|book.cls| documentclass and the default settings for
|
|
|
+\textsf{fancyhdr}; so we only issue the commands
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
|
|
|
+\pagestyle{fancy}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+and let \textsf{fancyhdr} take care of everything. On the
|
|
|
+pages where new chapters start, we get a centered page number in
|
|
|
+the footer; there is no header, and there are no decorative lines.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+On an even page, we get the layout:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{fblock}
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\sl 1.2 EVALUATION\hfill
|
|
|
+ CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION}
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill4\hfill}
|
|
|
+\end{fblock}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+On an odd page, we get the layout:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{fblock}
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\sl CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION\hfill
|
|
|
+ 1.2 EVALUATION}
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
|
|
|
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill
|
|
|
+3\hfill }
|
|
|
+\end{fblock}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\noindent where the header text is slanted uppercase.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+This default layout is produced by the following commands:
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{rightmark}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{leftmark}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\slshape \rightmark}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LO,RE]{\slshape \leftmark}
|
|
|
+\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The following settings are used for the decorative lines:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{tabbing}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{headrulewidth}
|
|
|
+\noindent \Cmd{headrulewidth}\qquad \qquad \qquad \=0.4\=pt\\
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{footrulewidth}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{footrulewidth}\>0\>pt
|
|
|
+\end{tabbing}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The header text is turned into all uppercase in \verb|book.cls|.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{The scoop on \latex/'s marks}\label{sec:custom}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Usually, for documents of class \verb|book| and \verb|report|, you may
|
|
|
+want to use chapter and section information in the headings (chapter only
|
|
|
+for one-sided printing), and for documents of class \verb|article|,
|
|
|
+section and subsection information (section only for one-sided
|
|
|
+printing). \latex/ uses a marker mechanism to remember the chapter and
|
|
|
+section (section and subsection) information for a page; this is
|
|
|
+discussed in detail in the
|
|
|
+\latex/ \emph{Companion}, Section 4.3.1.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+There are two ways you can use and change the higher- and lower-level
|
|
|
+sectioning information available to you. The macros:
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{rightmark}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{leftmark}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{leftmark}
|
|
|
+(higher-level) and \Cmd{rightmark} (lower-level) contain the information
|
|
|
+processed by \latex/, and you can use them directly as shown in
|
|
|
+Section~\ref{default}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The \Cmd{leftmark} contains the Left argument of the \emph{Last}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{markboth} on the page, the \Cmd{rightmark} contains the Right
|
|
|
+argument of the \emph{fiRst} \Cmd{markboth} or the only argument of the
|
|
|
+\emph{fiRst} \Cmd{markright} on the page. If no marks are present on a
|
|
|
+page they are ``inherited'' from the previous page.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You can influence how chapter, section, and subsection
|
|
|
+information (only two of them!) is displayed by redefining the
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{chaptermark}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{chaptermark},
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{sectionmark}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{subsectionmark}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{sectionmark}, and \Cmd{subsectionmark} commands\footnote{There are
|
|
|
+ similar commands for \texttt{paragraph} and \texttt{subparagraph} but
|
|
|
+ they are seldom used.}. You must put the redefinition
|
|
|
+after the first call of \Cmd{pagestyle\{fancy\}} as this
|
|
|
+sets up the defaults.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Let us illustrate this with chapter info. It is made up of three parts:
|
|
|
+\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{thechapter}
|
|
|
+\item the number (say, 2), displayed by the macro \Cmd{thechapter}
|
|
|
+\item the name (in English, Chapter), displayed by the macro
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{chaptername}
|
|
|
+ \Cmd{chaptername}
|
|
|
+\item the title, contained in the argument of
|
|
|
+ \Cmd{chaptermark}.
|
|
|
+\end{itemize}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Figure~\ref{fig:markers} shows some variants for ``Chapter 2.\ Do it now''
|
|
|
+(the last example is appropriate in some non-English languages). The \%
|
|
|
+signs at the end of the lines are to prevent unwanted space. Normally you
|
|
|
+would continue the lines and remove these \% signs\footnote{the \texttt{\bs
|
|
|
+ MakeUppercase} command is used in \LaTeXe{} to generate uppercase text,
|
|
|
+ while in \LaTeX{} 2.09 \Cmd{uppercase} is used. The difference is
|
|
|
+ that \Cmd{MakeUppercase} also deals with non-ASCII letters.
|
|
|
+ Fancyhdr defines \Cmd{MakeUppercase} to be an alias for
|
|
|
+ \Cmd{uppercase} if it isn't defined.}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[tb]
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{chaptermark}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{uppercase}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{MakeUppercase}
|
|
|
+\setlength{\columnsep}{20pt}\small
|
|
|
+\begin{multicols}{2}
|
|
|
+\noindent Code:\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \markboth{\chaptername|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \ \thechapter.\ #1}{}}|\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \markboth{\MakeUppercase{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \chaptername}\ \thechapter.%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \ #1}{}}|\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \markboth{\MakeUppercase{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \chaptername\ \thechapter.%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \ #1}}{}}|\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \markboth{#1}{}}|\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \markboth{\thechapter.\ #1}{}}|\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \markboth{\thechapter.%|\\
|
|
|
+\verb| \ \chaptername.\ #1}{}}|\\
|
|
|
+Prints:\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+Chapter 2.\ Do it now\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+CHAPTER 2.\ Do it now\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+CHAPTER 2.\ DO IT NOW\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+Do it now\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+2.\ Do it now\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+2.\ Chapter.\ Do it now\\
|
|
|
+\mbox{}\\
|
|
|
+\end{multicols}
|
|
|
+\caption{Marker variants}\label{fig:markers}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+For the lower-level sectioning information, do the same with
|
|
|
+\Cmd{markright}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+So if ``Section 2.2.\ First steps'' is the current section,
|
|
|
+then
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection.\ #1}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+will give
|
|
|
+ ``2.2.\ First steps''
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Redefining the \Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} commands may
|
|
|
+not eliminate all uppercaseness. E.g.\ the bibliography will have a title
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{uppercase}
|
|
|
+\index{BIBLIOGRAPHY}
|
|
|
+of \textsc{bibliography} in the header, as the \Cmd{MakeUppercase} is
|
|
|
+explicitly given in the definition of \Cmd{thebibliography}. Similar for
|
|
|
+\index{INDEX}
|
|
|
+\textsc{index} etc.\ If you don't want to redefine these commands, you can
|
|
|
+use the \Cmd{nouppercase} command that \textsf{fancyhdr} makes available in the header
|
|
|
+and footer fields. Note that this may screw other things, like uppercase
|
|
|
+roman numerals in your headers, so it should be used with care. Essentially
|
|
|
+this command typesets its argument in an environment where
|
|
|
+\Cmd{MakeUppercase} and \Cmd{uppercase} are changed into do-nothing operations.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\lhead{\nouppercase{\rightmark}}
|
|
|
+\rhead{\nouppercase{\leftmark}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+It should be noted that the \latex/ marking mechanism works fine with
|
|
|
+chapters (which always start on a new page) and sections (which are
|
|
|
+reasonably long). It does not work quite as well with short sections and
|
|
|
+subsections. This is a problem with \latex/, not with
|
|
|
+\textsf{fancyhdr}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+As an example let's take a page layout where the leftmarks are generated by
|
|
|
+the sections and the rightmarks by the subsections (as is default in the
|
|
|
+\texttt{article} class). Take a page with some short sections, e.g.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{samepage}
|
|
|
+\noindent Section 1.\\
|
|
|
+subsection 1.1\\
|
|
|
+subsection 1.2\\
|
|
|
+Section 2.
|
|
|
+\end{samepage}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+As the leftmark contains the \emph{last} mark of the page it will be
|
|
|
+``Section 2.'', and the rightmark will be ``subsection 1.1'' as it will be
|
|
|
+the \emph{first} mark of the page. So the page header info will combine
|
|
|
+section 2 with subsection 1.1 which isn't very nice.
|
|
|
+The best you can do in these cases is use only the \Cmd{rightmark}s and
|
|
|
+redefine \Cmd{sectionmark} accordingly. A \latex/ command
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{firstleftmark}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{firstleftmark} would also be a nice addition (see the
|
|
|
+\texttt{extramarks} package in section~\ref{sec:xmarks}).
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Another problem with the marks in the standard \latex/ classes is that the
|
|
|
+higher level sectioning commands (e.g. \Cmd{chapter}) call
|
|
|
+\Cmd{markboth} with an empty right argument. This means that on the first
|
|
|
+page of a chapter (or a section in article style) the \Cmd{rightmark}
|
|
|
+will be empty. If this is a problem you must manually insert extra
|
|
|
+\Cmd{markright} commands or redefine the \Cmd{chaptermark}
|
|
|
+(\Cmd{sectionmark}) commands to issue a \Cmd{markboth} command with
|
|
|
+two decent parameters.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+As a final remark you should also note that the \verb|*| forms of the
|
|
|
+\Cmd{chapter} etc.\ commands do \emph{not} call the mark commands. So if
|
|
|
+you want your preface to set the header info but not be numbered nor be put in
|
|
|
+the table of contents, you must issue the \Cmd{markboth} command
|
|
|
+yourself, e.g.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\chapter*{Preface\markboth{Preface}{}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Entering the \Cmd{markboth} command inside the \Cmd{chapter*} insures
|
|
|
+that the mark will not be separated from the title by a page break. Of
|
|
|
+course with \Cmd{chapter*} this wouldn't be a problem if you put the mark
|
|
|
+command after the chapter title, as the \Cmd{chapter*} command starts at a
|
|
|
+new page. However with a \Cmd{section*} it could be dangerous to say:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\section*{Preface}
|
|
|
+\markboth{Preface}{}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+as a page break may occur between the two commands.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Dictionary style headers}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\index{dictionary}
|
|
|
+\index{concordance}
|
|
|
+Dictionaries and concordances usually have a header containing the first
|
|
|
+word defined on the page or both the first and the last words. This can
|
|
|
+easily be accomplished with \textsf{fancyhdr} and \latex/'s
|
|
|
+\texttt{mark} mechanism. Of course if you use the marks for dictionary
|
|
|
+style headers, you cannot use them for chapter and section information, so
|
|
|
+if there are also chapters and sections present, you must redefine the
|
|
|
+\Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} to make them harmless:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Now you do a \Cmd{markboth\{\#1\}\{\#1\}} for each dictionary or concordance
|
|
|
+entry \verb|#1| and use \Cmd{rightmark} for the first entry defined on
|
|
|
+the page and \Cmd{leftmark} for the last one.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+If you want to use a header entry of the form \textsf{firstword--lastword}
|
|
|
+it would be nice if this would be reduced to just the form
|
|
|
+\textsf{firstword} if both are the same. This could happen if there is just
|
|
|
+one entry on the page. In this case a test must be made to check if the
|
|
|
+marks are the same. However, \tex/'s marks are strange beasts, which
|
|
|
+cannot be compared out of the box with the plain \tex/ \Cmd{if} commands.
|
|
|
+\TTindex{ifthen}
|
|
|
+Fortunately the \texttt{ifthen} package works well:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\mymarks}{
|
|
|
+ \ifthenelse{\equal{\leftmark}{\rightmark}}
|
|
|
+ {\rightmark} % if equal
|
|
|
+ {\rightmark--\leftmark}} % if not equal
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\mymarks}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LO,RE]{\thepage}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Dictionaries are often done with two columns. Unfortunately there is a bug
|
|
|
+in \latex/'s twocolumn option which causes some marks to be lost. If you
|
|
|
+use the package in figure~\ref{fig:fixmarks}, this will be
|
|
|
+solved\footnote{This is a simplification of the actual code. Get the real
|
|
|
+ package from the CTAN sites.}\footnote{The
|
|
|
+ \texttt{multicol} package uses a similar technique.}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[tb]
|
|
|
+\small
|
|
|
+\TTindex{fixmarks.sty}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+% fixmarks.sty:
|
|
|
+% Patch LaTeX's output routine to handle marks correctly with two columns.
|
|
|
+% Joe Pallas <[email protected]>
|
|
|
+% Corrected by Piet van Oostrum <[email protected]> on Feb 5, 1993, Oct 5, 1994
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\def\@outputdblcol{\if@firstcolumn \global\@firstcolumnfalse
|
|
|
+% Remember the marks from the first column
|
|
|
+ \global\setbox\@leftcolumn\copy\@outputbox
|
|
|
+ \splitmaxdepth=\maxdimen \cbaddness=10000
|
|
|
+ \setbox\@outputbox\vsplit\@outputbox to\maxdimen
|
|
|
+ \xdef\@firstcoltopmark{\topmark}%
|
|
|
+ \xdef\@firstcolfirstmark{\splitfirstmark}%
|
|
|
+ \ifx\@firstcolfirstmark\empty\global\let\@setmarks\relax\else
|
|
|
+ \gdef\@setmarks{\let\firstmark\@firstcolfirstmark
|
|
|
+ \let\topmark\@firstcoltopmark}%
|
|
|
+ \fi
|
|
|
+% End of change
|
|
|
+ \else \global\@firstcolumntrue
|
|
|
+ \setbox\@outputbox\vbox{\hbox to\textwidth{\hbox to\columnwidth
|
|
|
+ {\box\@leftcolumn \hss}\hfil \vrule width\columnseprule\hfil
|
|
|
+ \hbox to\columnwidth{\box\@outputbox \hss}}}\@combinedblfloats
|
|
|
+% Override current first and top with those of first column if necessary
|
|
|
+ \@setmarks
|
|
|
+% End of change
|
|
|
+ \@outputpage \begingroup \@dblfloatplacement \@startdblcolumn
|
|
|
+ \@whilesw\if@fcolmade \fi{\@outputpage\@startdblcolumn}\endgroup
|
|
|
+ \fi}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ \caption{Fix marks in twocolumn style}
|
|
|
+ \label{fig:fixmarks}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Fancy layouts}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\index{multi-line}
|
|
|
+You can make a multi-line field with the \Cmd{\bs} command. It is also
|
|
|
+possible to put extra space in a field with the \Cmd{vspace} command.
|
|
|
+Note that if you do this you will probably have to increase the height of
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{headheight}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{footskip}
|
|
|
+the header (\Cmd{headheight}) and/or of the footer (\Cmd{footskip}),
|
|
|
+\index{Overfull \verb+\vbox+ \ldots}
|
|
|
+otherwise you may get error messages ``Overfull \Cmd{vbox} \ldots has
|
|
|
+occurred while \Cmd{output} is active''%
|
|
|
+\footnote{If you use \texttt{11pt} or \texttt{12pt} you will probably also
|
|
|
+ have to do this, because \LaTeX's defaults are quite small}.
|
|
|
+See Section 4.1 of the \latex/ \emph{Companion} for detail.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+For instance, the following code will place the section title and the
|
|
|
+subsection title of an article in two lines in the upper right hand
|
|
|
+corner:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\documentclass{article}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
|
|
|
+\pagestyle{fancy}
|
|
|
+\addtolength{\headheight}{\baselineskip}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\subsectionmark}[1]{\markright{#1}}
|
|
|
+\rhead{\leftmark\\\rightmark}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You can also customize the decorative lines. You can make the decorative
|
|
|
+line in the header quite thick with
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{headrulewidth}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.6pt}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+or you can make the decorative line in the footer disappear with
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{footrulewidth}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The decorative lines, themselves, are defined in the two macros
|
|
|
+\Cmd{headrule} and \Cmd{footrule}. For instance,
|
|
|
+if you want a dotted line rather than a solid line in the header,
|
|
|
+redefine the command \Cmd{headrule}:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\headrule}{\vbox to 0pt{\hbox
|
|
|
+ to\headwidth{\dotfill}\vss}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{footruleskip}
|
|
|
+There is one additional parameter that you can set: \Cmd{footruleskip}. It
|
|
|
+defines the distance between the decorative line in the footer and the top
|
|
|
+of the footer text line. By default it is set to 30\% of the normal line
|
|
|
+distance. You may want to adjust it if you use unusally large or small
|
|
|
+fonts in the footer. Change it with \Cmd{renewcommand}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Two book examples}
|
|
|
+The following definitions give an approximation of the style
|
|
|
+used in L. Lamport's \latex/ book.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Lamport's header overhangs the outside margin. This is done as follows.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The width of headers and footers is \Cmd{headwidth}, which by default
|
|
|
+equals the width of the text: \Cmd{textwidth}. You can make the width
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{headwidth}
|
|
|
+wider (or narrower) by redefining \Cmd{headwidth} with the
|
|
|
+\Cmd{setlength} and \Cmd{addtolength} commands.
|
|
|
+To overhang the outside margin where the marginal notes are
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{marginparsep}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{marginparwidth}
|
|
|
+printed, add both \Cmd{marginparsep} and \Cmd{marginparwidth} to
|
|
|
+\Cmd{headwidth} with the commands:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\addtolength{\headwidth}{\marginparsep}
|
|
|
+\addtolength{\headwidth}{\marginparwidth}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{flushleft}
|
|
|
+You must issue these commands \emph{after} the first
|
|
|
+\Cmd{pagestyle\{fancy\}} command as this
|
|
|
+will establish the default for \Cmd{headwidth}\footnote{In version 2 of
|
|
|
+ \textsf{fancyhdr} it is usually safe to do it before, but it is still
|
|
|
+ advised to do after.}.
|
|
|
+\end{flushleft}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+And now a complete definition of Lamport's book style:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\documentclass{book}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
|
|
|
+\pagestyle{fancy}
|
|
|
+\addtolength{\headwidth}{\marginparsep}
|
|
|
+\addtolength{\headwidth}{\marginparwidth}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}}
|
|
|
+\fancyhf{}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\bfseries\thepage}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LO]{\bfseries\rightmark}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[RE]{\bfseries\leftmark}
|
|
|
+\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
|
|
|
+ \fancyhead{} % get rid of headers
|
|
|
+ \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % and the line
|
|
|
+}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\PSindex{plain}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Notice that the \Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} commands have
|
|
|
+been redefined to eliminate the chapter numbers and the uppercaseness.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+For the second example, we take the \amslatex/ book.% \cite{gG93B}.
|
|
|
+% George Gratzer, Math into LaTeX, An Introduction to LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX,
|
|
|
+% Birkhauser Boston, ISBN 0-8176-3805-9
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Chapter pages have no headers or footers. So we declare
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\thispagestyle{empty}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+for every chapter page, and we do not need to redefine plain.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Chapter and section titles appear in the form: 2.\ DO IT NOW, so we have
|
|
|
+to redefine \Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} as follows (see
|
|
|
+Section~\ref{sec:custom}):
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]%
|
|
|
+ {\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\thechapter.\ #1}}{}}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]%
|
|
|
+ {\markright{\MakeUppercase{\thesection.\ #1}}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+In an even-header, the page number is printed as the LeftHeader and
|
|
|
+the chapter info as the RightHeader; in an odd-header, the section info
|
|
|
+is printed as the LeftHeader and the page number as the RightHeader. The
|
|
|
+CenteredHeaders are empty. There are no footers.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+There is a decorative line in the header. It is 0.5pt wide, so we need
|
|
|
+the commands:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The font used in the headers is 9 pt bold Helvetica. The \PSNFSS\ system
|
|
|
+by Sebastian Rahtz uses the short (Karl Berry) name \verb|phv| for
|
|
|
+Helvetica, so this font is selected with the commands:
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\fontfamily{phv}\fontseries{b}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+(See Sections 7.6.1 and 11.9.1 of the \latex/ \emph{Companion}.)
|
|
|
+Let us define a shorthand for this:
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\helv}{%
|
|
|
+ \fontfamily{phv}\fontseries{b}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Now we are ready for the page layout:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\documentclass{book}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
|
|
|
+\pagestyle{fancy}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]%
|
|
|
+ {\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\thechapter.\ #1}}{}}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]%
|
|
|
+ {\markright{\MakeUppercase{\thesection.\ #1}}}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\helv}{%
|
|
|
+ \fontfamily{phv}\fontseries{b}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont}
|
|
|
+\fancyhf{}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\helv \thepage}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LO]{\helv \rightmark}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[RE]{\helv \leftmark}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Special page layout for float pages}
|
|
|
+\label{sec:float}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\index{float page}
|
|
|
+Some people want to have a special layout for float pages (pages only
|
|
|
+containing floats). As these pages
|
|
|
+are generated autonomically by \latex/, the user doesn't have any control
|
|
|
+over them. There is no \Cmd{thispagestyle} for float pages and any change
|
|
|
+of the page style will at least also affect the page before the float page.
|
|
|
+With \textsf{fancyhdr}, however, you can specify in each of
|
|
|
+the header- or footer fields
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\Cmd{iffloatpage\{}value for float page\verb|}{|value for other pages\verb|}|
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You can even use this to get rid of the decorative line on float pages only
|
|
|
+by defining:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{\iffloatpage{0pt}{0.4pt}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Sometimes you may want to change the layout also for pages that contain a
|
|
|
+float on the top of the page or a float on the bottom of the page.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\textsf{fancyhdr} gives you the commands \Cmd{iftopfloat} and \Cmd{ifbotfloat}
|
|
|
+similar to
|
|
|
+ \Cmd{iffloatpage}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Note: Marks in floats will not be visible in \latex/'s output routine, so
|
|
|
+it is not useful to put marks in floats. So there is currently no way to
|
|
|
+let a float (e.g.\ a figure caption) influence the page header or footer.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Those blank pages}
|
|
|
+\label{sec:blank}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+In the \texttt{book} class when the \texttt{openany} option is not given or
|
|
|
+in the \texttt{report} class when the \texttt{openright} option is given,
|
|
|
+chapters start at odd-numbered pages, half of the time causing a blank page
|
|
|
+to be inserted. Some people prefer this page to be completely empty, i.e.\
|
|
|
+without headers and footers. This cannot be done with \Cmd{thispagestyle}
|
|
|
+as this command would have to be issued on the \emph{previous} page. There
|
|
|
+is, however, no magic necessary to get this done:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\PSindex{empty}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{clearpage}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{cleardoublepage}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\clearpage{\pagestyle{empty}\cleardoublepage}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+As the \Cmd{pagestyle\{empty\}} is enclosed in a group it only affects the
|
|
|
+page that may be generated by the \Cmd{cleardoublepage}. You can of
|
|
|
+course put the above in a private command. If you want to have this done
|
|
|
+automatically at each chapter start or when you want some other text on the
|
|
|
+page then you must redefine the \Cmd{cleardoublepage} command.
|
|
|
+\index{blank page}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\makeatletter
|
|
|
+\def\cleardoublepage{\clearpage\if@twoside \ifodd\c@page\else
|
|
|
+ \hbox{}
|
|
|
+ \vspace*{\fill}
|
|
|
+ \begin{center}
|
|
|
+ This page intentionally contains only this sentence.
|
|
|
+ \end{center}
|
|
|
+ \vspace{\fill}
|
|
|
+ \thispagestyle{empty}
|
|
|
+ \newpage
|
|
|
+ \if@twocolumn\hbox{}\newpage\fi\fi\fi}
|
|
|
+\makeatother
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{\textsf{N} of \textsf{M} style page numbers}
|
|
|
+\label{sec:nofm}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Some document writers prefer the pages to be numbered as \textsf{n} of
|
|
|
+\textsf{m} where \textsf{m} is the number of pages in the document. There
|
|
|
+\TTindex{nofm.sty}
|
|
|
+is a package \texttt{nofm.sty} available, but some versions of it are
|
|
|
+defective, and most don't work with fancyhdr because they take over the
|
|
|
+\TTindex{lastpage.sty}
|
|
|
+complete page layout. For \LaTeXe{} there is a package \texttt{lastpage}
|
|
|
+available which you can use with \textsf{fancyhdr} as follows:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{lastpage}
|
|
|
+...
|
|
|
+\cfoot{\thepage\ of \pageref{LastPage}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+If you are still using \latex/2.09 and you are not able to switch to
|
|
|
+\LaTeXe{} you can use the \latex/2.09 compatible \texttt{lastpage209.sty}.
|
|
|
+which is defined as
|
|
|
+follows:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\let\origenddocument=\enddocument
|
|
|
+\def\enddocument{\clearpage\if@filesw
|
|
|
+ {\addtocounter{page}{-1} \immediate\write\@mainaux
|
|
|
+ {\string\newlabel{LastPage}{{}{\thepage}}}}\origenddocument}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The value of the \texttt{LastPage} label can be used to
|
|
|
+make different headers or footers on the last page of a document. E.g.\ if
|
|
|
+you want the footer of every odd page, except if it is the last one, to
|
|
|
+contain the text ``please turn over'', this can be done as
|
|
|
+follows\footnote{This requires a reasonably recent version of the
|
|
|
+ \texttt{ifthen} package.}:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{lastpage}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{ifthen}
|
|
|
+...
|
|
|
+\rfoot{\ifthenelse{\isodd{\value{page}} \and \not
|
|
|
+ \value{page}=\pageref{LastPage}{please turn over}{}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Chapter or section related page numbers}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+In technical documentation very often page numbers are used of the form
|
|
|
+2-10 where the first number is the chapter number and the second is the
|
|
|
+pagenumber relative to the chapter. Sometimes section is used rather than
|
|
|
+chapter. The package \textsf{chappg} can be used to get this format. If you
|
|
|
+want to change the layout e.g. use a dot rather than a dash, or a section
|
|
|
+rather than a chapter, you should make a private copy and edit it.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+This package redefines \Cmd{thepage} as
|
|
|
+\Cmd{arabic\{chapter\}-}\Cmd{arabic\{page\}}.
|
|
|
+Unfortunately this gives numbers rather than letters for appendices. A
|
|
|
+better definition would be \Cmd{thechapter-}\Cmd{arabic\{page\}} but you can
|
|
|
+give this definition yourself after the \Cmd{usepackage\{chappg\}} command.
|
|
|
+What the package also does is reset the page number to 1 at the beginning
|
|
|
+of each chapter.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+There is a fundamental difference between the page numbering of the style
|
|
|
+``\emph{m} of \emph{n}'' as described in the previous section and the
|
|
|
+current one. The \emph{m} of \emph{n} style is only used in the page header
|
|
|
+or footer, but not in the table of contents, index, or references like
|
|
|
+``\emph{See page \emph{xx}}''. Therefore it does not change the command
|
|
|
+\Cmd{thepage}. The page numbering style ``2-10'', however should be used
|
|
|
+in all references to the page number, therefore it must be done by redefining
|
|
|
+\Cmd{thepage}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{When to change the headers and footers?}
|
|
|
+\label{sec:change}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Sometimes you want to change the header or footer layout in the course of a
|
|
|
+document. Some of these changes can be accomplished by using the mark
|
|
|
+mechanism as may be seen in section~\ref{sec:custom} and \ref{sec:xmarks}.
|
|
|
+However, sometimes we want a more drastic change, e.g to change the page
|
|
|
+numbering from roman to arabic (with \Cmd{pagenumbering}), to change one of
|
|
|
+\index{page style!changes}
|
|
|
+the \textsf{fancyhdr} fields or to change to another page style.
|
|
|
+Sometimes you may be surprised to find the change to occur too early. In
|
|
|
+general the above mentioned changes take effect immediately, i.e.\ on the
|
|
|
+page that is currently being built. If you want the change to take effect
|
|
|
+at the next page you must make sure that the current page is finished. In
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{clearpage}
|
|
|
+most cases this can be done by issuing a \Cmd{clearpage} command before
|
|
|
+any of the above mentioned changes. If this is not possible you can use the
|
|
|
+\TTindex{afterpage.sty}
|
|
|
+\texttt{afterpage} package with:\\
|
|
|
+\Cmd{afterpage\{}\Cmd{lhead\{new value\}\}} or
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{pagenumbering}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{afterpage\{}\Cmd{pagenumbering\{roman\}}. You cannot use \Cmd{afterpage}
|
|
|
+to change the \Cmd{pagestyle} as the commands issued by \Cmd{afterpage}
|
|
|
+are local in a group, and the \Cmd{pagestyle} command makes only local
|
|
|
+changes. The \Cmd{pagenumbering} and the \textsf{fancyhdr} commands
|
|
|
+make global changes so they will work, as will the \Cmd{thispagestyle}
|
|
|
+command.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+It should be noted that although the \textsf{fancyhdr} commands like
|
|
|
+\Cmd{fancyhead} take effect immediately, this does not mean that any
|
|
|
+``variables'' used in these commands get the value they have at the place
|
|
|
+where these commands are given. E.g.\ if \Cmd{fancyfoot[C]\{}\Cmd{thepage\}} is given
|
|
|
+the page number that will be inserted in the footer is not the page number
|
|
|
+of the page where this command is given, but rather the page number of
|
|
|
+the actual page where the footer is constructed. Of course for the page
|
|
|
+number this is what you expect, but it is also true for other commands.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+So if you have a book where each chapter is written by a different author
|
|
|
+and you want the name of the author in the lower left-hand corner you can
|
|
|
+use the following commands:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\TheAuthor}{}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\Author}[1]{\renewcommand{\TheAuthor}{#1}}
|
|
|
+\lfoot{\TheAuthor}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\noindent and start each chapter with the command
|
|
|
+\Cmd{Author\{Real Name\}}.
|
|
|
+ If however, the author name would be changed before a page is
|
|
|
+completed the wrong author could come in the footer. This would be the case
|
|
|
+if you gave the above command \emph{before} the \Cmd{chapter} command
|
|
|
+rather than after it.
|
|
|
+Another source of problems is the fact that \tex/'s output routine processes
|
|
|
+commands ahead, so it may already have processed some commands that produce
|
|
|
+text that will appear on the next page. See the next section for an example.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Headers and footers induced by the text}
|
|
|
+\label{sec:xmarks}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+We have seen how we can use \LaTeX's marks to get information from the
|
|
|
+document contents to the headers and footers. The marks mechanism is the
|
|
|
+only reliable mechanism that you can use to get changing information to the
|
|
|
+headers or footers. This is because \latex/ may be processing your document
|
|
|
+ahead before deciding to break the page.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Sometimes the two marks that \latex/ offers are not enough. An example is
|
|
|
+the following:
|
|
|
+\begin{quote}
|
|
|
+ If a solution to an exercise goes across a page break, then I would like
|
|
|
+ to have ``(Continued on next page\ldots)'' at the bottom of the
|
|
|
+\index{Continued\ldots}
|
|
|
+ first page and ``(Continued\ldots)'' at the top in the margin of the next page.
|
|
|
+\end{quote}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You cannot use \latex/'s mark mechanisms for this if you also want to use
|
|
|
+chapter and section information.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The code from figure~\ref{fig:xmarks} constitutes a package that gives you
|
|
|
+two extra marks that can be used in this situation\footnote{After I made
|
|
|
+ this package I discovered a package \texttt{secret.sty} that does a
|
|
|
+ similar thing to mark confidential paragraphs if they cross a page
|
|
|
+ boundary. It does it, however, by changing the output routine.}.
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[tb]\small
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{extramarks}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+% extramarks.sty
|
|
|
+\def\@leftmark#1#2#3#4{#1}
|
|
|
+\def\@rightmark#1#2#3#4{#2}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\def\markboth#1#2{{\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}
|
|
|
+ \let\label\relax \let\index\relax \let\glossary\relax
|
|
|
+ \expandafter\@markboth\@themark{#1}{#2}
|
|
|
+ \mark{\@themark}}\if@nobreak\ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi}
|
|
|
+\def\markright#1{{\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}
|
|
|
+ \let\label\relax \let\index\relax \let\glossary\relax
|
|
|
+ \expandafter\@markright\@themark
|
|
|
+ {#1}\mark{\@themark}}\if@nobreak\ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi}
|
|
|
+\def\@markright#1#2#3#4#5{\gdef\@themark{{#1}{#5}{#3}{#4}}}
|
|
|
+\def\@markboth#1#2#3#4#5#6{\gdef\@themark{{#5}{#6}{#3}{#4}}}
|
|
|
+\def\leftmark{\expandafter\@leftmark\botmark{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+\def\rightmark{\expandafter\@rightmark\firstmark{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+\def\firstleftmark{\expandafter\@leftmark\firstmark{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+\def\lastrightmark{\expandafter\@rightmark\botmark{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\def\@themark{{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\def\extramarks#1#2{{\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}
|
|
|
+ \let\label\relax \let\index\relax \let\glossary\relax
|
|
|
+ \expandafter\@markextra\@themark{#1}{#2}
|
|
|
+ \mark{\@themark}}\if@nobreak\ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi}
|
|
|
+\def\@markextra#1#2#3#4#5#6{\gdef\@themark{{#1}{#2}{#5}{#6}}}
|
|
|
+\def\firstxmark{\expandafter\@firstxmark\firstmark{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+\def\topxmark{\expandafter\@firstxmark\topmark{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+\def\lastxmark{\expandafter\@lastxmark\botmark{}{}{}{}}
|
|
|
+\def\@firstxmark#1#2#3#4{#3}
|
|
|
+\def\@lastxmark#1#2#3#4{#4}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+ \caption{Package for extra marks in \latex/}
|
|
|
+ \label{fig:xmarks}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+Here is a way to use this package:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\usepackage{extramarks}
|
|
|
+...
|
|
|
+\pagestyle{fancy}
|
|
|
+\lhead{\firstxmark}
|
|
|
+\rfoot{\lastxmark}
|
|
|
+...
|
|
|
+\extramarks{}{Continued on next page\ldots}
|
|
|
+Some text that may or may not cross a page boundary...
|
|
|
+\extramarks{Continued\ldots}{}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{extramarks}
|
|
|
+Note that the \Cmd{extramarks} command must be close to the text, i.e no
|
|
|
+empty lines (paragraph boundaries) should intervene. Otherwise the page may
|
|
|
+be broken at that boundary and the extramarks would come on the wrong page.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+There are two new marks that can be used in the page layout with this
|
|
|
+package: If commands of the form
|
|
|
+\verb|\extramarks{|$m_1$\verb|}{|$m_2$\verb|}| are given
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{firstxmark}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{lastxmark}
|
|
|
+\Cmd{firstxmark} gives you the first $m_1$ value and
|
|
|
+\Cmd{lastxmark} gives you the last $m_2$ value
|
|
|
+of the current page.
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{firstleftmark}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{lastrightmark}
|
|
|
+It also gives you the \Cmd{firstleftmark} and \Cmd{lastrightmark}
|
|
|
+commands that complement the standard \latex/ marks.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+To stress the point that marks are the correct way to do this, let me
|
|
|
+give you a ``solution'' that will not work\footnote{Actually there is
|
|
|
+ another way but it requires two \latex/ passes: you can put \Cmd{label}
|
|
|
+ commands before and after the text and compare the \Cmd{pageref}s.}:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\lhead{Continued}
|
|
|
+\rfoot{Continued on next page\ldots}
|
|
|
+Some text that may or may not cross a page boundary...
|
|
|
+\lhead{}
|
|
|
+\rfoot{}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You may be tempted to think that the first \Cmd{lhead} and \Cmd{rfoot}
|
|
|
+will be in effect when \tex/ breaks the page in the middle of the text,
|
|
|
+and the last ones when the page breaks after the text. This is not true as
|
|
|
+the whole paragraph (including the last definitions) will be processed
|
|
|
+\index{page break}
|
|
|
+before \tex/ considers the page break, so at the time of the page break the
|
|
|
+last definitions are effective, whether the page break occurs inside the text
|
|
|
+or outside of it. Putting a paragraph boundary between the
|
|
|
+text and the last definitions will not work either, because you don't want
|
|
|
+the first definitions to be in effect when \tex/ decides to break the page
|
|
|
+exactly at this boundary. Actually the marks mechanism was invented to get
|
|
|
+rid of these kinds of problems.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+In the above example the text ``Continued'' appears in the page header. It
|
|
|
+\index{margin}
|
|
|
+may be nicer to put it in the margin. This can be easily
|
|
|
+accomplished by positioning it at a fixed place relative to the page header.
|
|
|
+In plain \tex/ you would use a concoction of \Cmd{hbox to 0pt},
|
|
|
+\Cmd{vbox to 0pt}, \Cmd{hskip},\Cmd{vskip}, \Cmd{hss} and
|
|
|
+\Cmd{vss} but fortunately
|
|
|
+\latex/'s \texttt{picture} environment gives a much cleaner way to do this.
|
|
|
+In order not to disturb the normal header layout we put the text in a zero-sized
|
|
|
+\texttt{picture}. Generally this is the best way to position things on fixed
|
|
|
+places on the page. You can then also use the normal headings. See also
|
|
|
+section~\ref{sec:thumb} for another example of
|
|
|
+this technique.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\TTindex{picture}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\lhead{\setlength{\unitlength}{\baselineskip}%
|
|
|
+\begin{picture}(0,0)
|
|
|
+ \put(-2,-3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\firstxmark}}
|
|
|
+ \end{picture}\leftmark}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+This solution can of course also be used for the footer. Make sure you put the
|
|
|
+\texttt{picture} as the first thing in left-handside entries and last in right-handside
|
|
|
+ones.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Finally you may want to put ``(Continued\ldots)'' in the \emph{text}
|
|
|
+rather than in the header or the margin. Then you have to use the
|
|
|
+\TTindex{afterpage.sty}
|
|
|
+\texttt{afterpage} package. We also decide to make a separate
|
|
|
+environment for it.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\newenvironment{continued}{\par
|
|
|
+ \extramarks{}{Continued on next page\ldots}
|
|
|
+ \afterpage{\noindent\firstxmark\vspace{1ex}}
|
|
|
+ }{\extramarks{(Continued\ldots)}{}\par}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+It is a bit dangerous to use \Cmd{firstxmark} outside the page layout
|
|
|
+routine, but apparently with \Cmd{afterpage} this works. If you would
|
|
|
+need the information further on in the page you must remember the state of
|
|
|
+the marks in your own variable. You can set this in one of the
|
|
|
+\textsf{fancyhdr} fields. For example if you want to add something
|
|
|
+\emph{after} the broken piece of text you can use the following:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\mysaved}{}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\newenvironment{continued}{\par
|
|
|
+ \extramarks{}{Continued on next page\ldots}
|
|
|
+ }{\extramarks{(Continued\ldots)}{}\par\vspace{1ex}\mysaved}
|
|
|
+\lhead{\leftmark}
|
|
|
+\chead{\ifthenelse{\equal{\lastxmark}{}}
|
|
|
+ {\gdef\mysaved{}}
|
|
|
+ {\gdef\mysaved{\noindent[Continued from previous page]}}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+If you want to include one of the marks or other varying information in the
|
|
|
+saved text, you must use \Cmd{xdef} rather than \Cmd{gdef}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{A movie}
|
|
|
+\label{sec:movie}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\index{movie}
|
|
|
+\TTindex{picture}
|
|
|
+If you put at each page on the same place a picture that slightly changes
|
|
|
+from page to page you can get a movie-like effect by flipping through the
|
|
|
+pages. You can create such a movie easily with fancyhdr. For
|
|
|
+simplicity we assume that each picture is in a postscript (EPS) file called
|
|
|
+\texttt{pic}$\langle n\rangle$.\texttt{ps} where $\langle n\rangle$ is the page number and that we use
|
|
|
+the \texttt{graphics} or \texttt{graphicx} package\footnote{If you use an older version of
|
|
|
+ \LaTeX{} you could use the \texttt{epsf} or \texttt{epsfig} package.}.
|
|
|
+\TTindex{graphics}
|
|
|
+\TTindex{graphicx}
|
|
|
+\TTindex{epsf}
|
|
|
+\TTindex{epsfig}
|
|
|
+To put the movie in the righthandside bottom corner the following will work:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\rfoot{\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
|
|
|
+ \begin{picture}(0,0)
|
|
|
+ \put(5,0){\includegraphics{pic\thepage.ps}}
|
|
|
+ \end{picture}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Notice that the \Cmd{unitlength} parameter should
|
|
|
+be set locally in the fancyhdr field in order to avoid unwanted
|
|
|
+interference with its value in the text.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Thumb-indexes}
|
|
|
+\label{sec:thumb}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\index{bible}
|
|
|
+Some railroad guides and expensive bibles have so called
|
|
|
+\index{thumb-index}
|
|
|
+\emph{thumb-indexes}, i.e.\ there are marks on the sides of the pages that
|
|
|
+indicate where the chapters are. You can create these by printing black
|
|
|
+blobs in the margin of the pages. The vertical position should be
|
|
|
+determined by the chapter number or some other counter. As the position is
|
|
|
+independent of the contents of the page, we print these blobs as part of
|
|
|
+the header in a zero-sized \texttt{picture} as described in the previous
|
|
|
+section.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Of course we have to take care of two-sided printing, and we may want to
|
|
|
+have an index page with all the blobs in the correct position. The solution
|
|
|
+requires some hand-tuning to get the blobs nicely spaced out vertically.
|
|
|
+For the application that I had there were 12 sections, so I made the blobs
|
|
|
+18 mm apart, i.e. 9~mm blob separated by 9~mm whitespace. In order to avoid
|
|
|
+calculations they are set in a \texttt{picture} environment with the
|
|
|
+\Cmd{unitlength} set to 18~mm. Page numbers are set in the headers at the
|
|
|
+outer sides, and the blobs are attached to these. In this example the
|
|
|
+section numbers are used to position the blobs, but you can replace this
|
|
|
+with any numeric value.
|
|
|
+See figure~\ref{fig:overview} for the resulting
|
|
|
+overview page and figure~\ref{fig:thumb} for the code.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[htbp]
|
|
|
+\setlength{\unitlength}{9mm}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\blob}{\rule[-.2\unitlength]{1\unitlength}{.5\unitlength}}
|
|
|
+\newcounter{line}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\secname}[1]{\addtocounter{line}{1}%
|
|
|
+ \put(1,-\value{line}){\blob}
|
|
|
+ \put(-7.5,-\value{line}){\arabic{line}}
|
|
|
+ \put(-7,-\value{line}){#1}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\overview}{1
|
|
|
+ \begin{picture}(0,0)
|
|
|
+ \secname{Introduction}
|
|
|
+ \secname{The first year}
|
|
|
+ \secname{Specialisation}
|
|
|
+ \end{picture}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ \begin{center}
|
|
|
+ \leavevmode
|
|
|
+ \begin{picture}(11.3,5)
|
|
|
+ \put(0,0){\framebox(11.3,5)[tr]{}}
|
|
|
+ \put(9,4.5){\overview}
|
|
|
+ \end{picture}
|
|
|
+ \end{center}
|
|
|
+ \caption{Thumb-index overview page}
|
|
|
+ \label{fig:overview}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[hp]\small
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\setlength{\unitlength}{18mm}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\blob}{\rule[-.2\unitlength]{2\unitlength}{.5\unitlength}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\newcommand\rblob{\thepage
|
|
|
+ \begin{picture}(0,0)
|
|
|
+ \put(1,-\value{section}){\blob}
|
|
|
+ \end{picture}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\newcommand\lblob{%
|
|
|
+ \begin{picture}(0,0)
|
|
|
+ \put(-3,-\value{section}){\blob}
|
|
|
+ \end{picture}%
|
|
|
+ \thepage}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\pagestyle{fancy}
|
|
|
+\cfoot{}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\newcounter{line}
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\secname}[1]{\addtocounter{line}{1}%
|
|
|
+ \put(1,-\value{line}){\blob}
|
|
|
+ \put(-7.5,-\value{line}){\Large \arabic{line}}
|
|
|
+ \put(-7,-\value{line}){\Large #1}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\newcommand{\overview}{\thepage
|
|
|
+ \begin{picture}(0,0)
|
|
|
+ \secname{Introduction}
|
|
|
+ \secname{The first year}
|
|
|
+ \secname{Specialisation}
|
|
|
+...etc...
|
|
|
+ \end{picture}}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\begin{document}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[R]{\overview}\mbox{}\newpage % This produces the overview page
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[R]{} % Front matter may follow here
|
|
|
+\clearpage
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[RE]{\rightmark}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[RO]{\rblob}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LE]{\lblob}
|
|
|
+\fancyhead[LO]{{\leftmark}
|
|
|
+...
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+ \caption{Thumb-index code}
|
|
|
+ \label{fig:thumb}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Float placement}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Floats are page elements that float with respect to the rest of the
|
|
|
+document. Standard floats are tables and figures, but with the
|
|
|
+\textsf{float} package you can easily make new ones, like algorithms. Most
|
|
|
+of the time floats work satisfactory, but sometimes \LaTeX{} seems too
|
|
|
+stubborn to do what you want. This section describes how you can influence
|
|
|
+\LaTeX{} so that it will do most of the time what you want. There might,
|
|
|
+however be some pathological cases where it is impossible to convince
|
|
|
+\LaTeX{} to do things your way. In the following we will use figures as an
|
|
|
+example but everything applies to other floats as well.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The most encountered problems with floats are:
|
|
|
+\begin{enumerate}
|
|
|
+\item You want a float at a certain position in the text, but \LaTeX{}
|
|
|
+ moves it, usually to the next page.
|
|
|
+\item From a certain point, \LaTeX{} moves all your floats to the end of
|
|
|
+ the document or the end of a chapter.
|
|
|
+\item \LaTeX{} complains about ``Too many floats''.
|
|
|
+\end{enumerate}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+In the first two cases you must first check if you have given the correct
|
|
|
+``placement'' parameter to you float, e.g. \Cmd{begin\{figure\}[htp]}
|
|
|
+specifies that your figure may be placed either: Here (i.e. in the text
|
|
|
+position where the command is given), on the Top of a page (which may be
|
|
|
+the page where you put the command), or on a separate Page of floats. You
|
|
|
+could also have specified ``b'' for Bottom of the page. The order of the
|
|
|
+letters is insignificant, you cannot force \LaTeX{} to try Bottom first
|
|
|
+and then Top by specifying \texttt{[bt]}.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+If \LaTeX{} doesn't put the float at the place where you expected it, it is
|
|
|
+usually caused by the following:
|
|
|
+\begin{enumerate}
|
|
|
+\item The float didn't fit on the page. In this case it has to move to the
|
|
|
+ next page or even further. If you didn't specify either \texttt{[t]} or
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|
|
+ \texttt{[b]} in the position parameter, \latex/ must save it until it has
|
|
|
+ enough for a page of floats. So don't specify only \texttt{[h]}. If you
|
|
|
+ want to give \latex/ a chance to put the float on a page of floats, you
|
|
|
+ must also specify ``p''.
|
|
|
+\item The placement would violate the constraints imposed by \latex/'s
|
|
|
+ float placement parameters. This is one of the most occurring causes and
|
|
|
+ it can easily be corrected by changing the parameters. Here is a list of
|
|
|
+ them:
|
|
|
+\end{enumerate}
|
|
|
+\begin{center}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{topfraction}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{bottomfraction}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{textfraction}
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|
|
+\CmdIndex{floatpagefraction}
|
|
|
+\TTindex{topnumber}
|
|
|
+\TTindex{bottomnumber}
|
|
|
+\TTindex{totalnumber}
|
|
|
+ \begin{tabular}{>{\tt}llc}
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ \multicolumn{3}{c}{Counters -- change with \Cmd{setcounter}}\\
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ topnumber & max. number of floats at top of page & 2 \\
|
|
|
+ bottomnumber & max. number of floats at bottom of page & 1 \\
|
|
|
+ totalnumber & max. number of floats on a page & 3\\
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ \multicolumn{3}{c}{Other -- change with \Cmd{renewcommand}}\\
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ \bs topfraction & max fraction of page for floats at top & 0.7 \\
|
|
|
+ \bs bottomfraction & max fraction of page for floats at bottom & 0.3 \\
|
|
|
+ \bs textfraction & min fraction of page for text & 0.2 \\
|
|
|
+ \bs floatpagefraction & min fraction of floatpage that should have
|
|
|
+ floats & 0.5 \\
|
|
|
+ \hline
|
|
|
+ \end{tabular}
|
|
|
+\end{center}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+There are also some others for double column floats in two-column documents.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+The values in the righthand column are the defaults for the standard
|
|
|
+\latex/ classes. Other classes could use different defaults. As you see
|
|
|
+with the default values a float will not be put in the bottom of a page if
|
|
|
+its height is more than 30\% of the page height. So if you specify [hb] for
|
|
|
+a float which is taller it has to move to a float page. But if it is less
|
|
|
+than 50\% of the page height it will have to wait until some more floats
|
|
|
+are given before a float page can be filled to satisfy the
|
|
|
+\Cmd{floatpagefraction} parameter. If you have this kind of behaviour you
|
|
|
+can easily adapt the parameters, e.g. with:
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.05}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.95}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.95}
|
|
|
+\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.35}
|
|
|
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{5}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+You may want to be careful not to make \Cmd{floatpagefraction} too small,
|
|
|
+otherwise you may get too many small floatpages.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You can force \latex/ to ignore most of the parameters for one specific float
|
|
|
+occurrence by
|
|
|
+including an exclamation mark (!) in the placement parameters, e.g.
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Floats which contain a ``\texttt{t}'' in the position parameter could be
|
|
|
+placed before the place where they are referenced (but on the same page).
|
|
|
+This is normal behaviour for \latex/ but some people just don't like it.
|
|
|
+There are a number of ways to prevent this:
|
|
|
+\begin{enumerate}
|
|
|
+\item Of course deleting the ``\texttt{t}'' will help, but in general this is
|
|
|
+ undesirable, as you may want the float to be placed at the top of the
|
|
|
+ next page.
|
|
|
+\item use the \texttt{flafter} package which causes floats never to be
|
|
|
+ placed ``backwards''.
|
|
|
+\item use the command \Cmd{suppressfloats[t]}\footnote{This command and the
|
|
|
+ ``!'' placement parameter are not defined in \LaTeX2.09.}. This
|
|
|
+ command will cause floats for the top position \emph{on this page} to be
|
|
|
+ moved to the next page. This can also be done with \texttt{[b]} or
|
|
|
+ without parameter for all floats on this page.
|
|
|
+\end{enumerate}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+If in spite of all your attempts \latex/ still moves your floats to the end
|
|
|
+of the document or the end of a chapter, you can insert a \Cmd{clearpage}
|
|
|
+command. This will start a new page and insert all pending floats before
|
|
|
+continueing. If it is undesirable to have a pagebreak you can use the
|
|
|
+\textsf{afterpage} package and the following command:
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\afterpage{clearpage}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+This will wait until the current page is finished and then flush all
|
|
|
+outstanding floats. In some pathological circumstances \texttt{afterpage}
|
|
|
+may give strange results, however.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Finally, if you want a float only at the place where you define it, without
|
|
|
+\latex/ moving it whatsoever, you can use the \textsf{float} package and
|
|
|
+give the command:
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\restylefloat{figure}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+ in the preamble. Now you will be able to
|
|
|
+specify \texttt{[H]} as the position parameter, which will mean ``HERE and only
|
|
|
+HERE''. This may cause an unwanted page break however\footnote{There used
|
|
|
+to be a \texttt{here.sty} with the same effect, but this is incompatible
|
|
|
+with \LaTeXe}. If you want to avoid the unwanted pagebreak, i.e. let
|
|
|
+\LaTeX{} move the float only if it doesn't fit on the page, the use the
|
|
|
+\textsf{afterpage} package with:
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\afterpage{\clearpage \begin{figure}[H] ... \end{figure}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Complaints from \latex/ about ``Too many floats'' are usually caused by one
|
|
|
+of the above problems: floats not being able to be placed and \latex/
|
|
|
+collecting too many of them. The solutions given above, especially those
|
|
|
+with \Cmd{clearpage} in them will usually help. In some cases there
|
|
|
+really are too many floats, as \latex/ has a limited number of ``boxes'' to
|
|
|
+store the floats. The package \textsf{morefloats} can be used to increase
|
|
|
+this number. If you need still more then you must edit a private copy of
|
|
|
+this file, but even then there will be some limit that you cannot pass.
|
|
|
+Then your only resort will be to change your document.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Multipage Floats}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\LaTeX's floats cannot be split across pages. Sometimes, however, you want
|
|
|
+to have a table or figure that doesn't fit on one page. The easiest way is
|
|
|
+to split these into multiple table or figure environments, but this has a
|
|
|
+number of undesirable effects:
|
|
|
+\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
+\item Where do you split it? This is in general more difficult for tables
|
|
|
+ than for figures.
|
|
|
+\item How do you keep them together?
|
|
|
+\item You don't want more than one entry in the list of figures/tables.
|
|
|
+\end{itemize}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Although these problems are not fully solvable in all cases, here are a
|
|
|
+couple of suggestions:
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\subsection{Tables}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+For tables longer than a page you can use the \texttt{longtable} package.
|
|
|
+\TTindex{longtable}
|
|
|
+This package defines a \texttt{longtable} environment that is a kind of
|
|
|
+amalgamation of \texttt{table} and \texttt{tabular}. It has approximately
|
|
|
+the same syntax as the \texttt{tabular} environment, but it adds some
|
|
|
+features of \texttt{table}, like captions. Longtables will be automatically
|
|
|
+split when they don't fit on the page. And they will be entered in the list
|
|
|
+of tables when a caption is given. They will not float, however, and cannot
|
|
|
+be used inside a float environment. This could mean that another
|
|
|
+\texttt{table} environment, which was defined before the
|
|
|
+\texttt{longtable}, will float past it, and therefore the numbers may get
|
|
|
+out of order. Another problem could be that the \texttt{longtable} starts
|
|
|
+rather far down the page, which isn't a pleasant sight. If you want the
|
|
|
+\texttt{longtable} to start at the top of the page, the best thing to do is
|
|
|
+to include it in an \Cmd{afterpage} command (using the \texttt{afterpage}
|
|
|
+package). As a \texttt{longtable} is by definition large, it is best to put
|
|
|
+it in a separate file, and \Cmd{input} it in the \Cmd{afterpage} command:
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{afterpage}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\afterpage{\input{mytable}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\afterpage{\clearpage\input{mytable}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+The last form has the additional advantage that most of the outstanding
|
|
|
+floats will be printed first.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\subsection{Figures}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+There isn't an equivalent \texttt{longfigure} solution, so for figures you
|
|
|
+will usually have to split it yourself. In general this is less of a
|
|
|
+problem. However, the problem you get now is how to keep them together,
|
|
|
+i.e. how to get the parts on subsequent pages, and how to get a single
|
|
|
+entry in the list of figures.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You will have to split the figure into pieces and put each part
|
|
|
+in a separate \texttt{figure} environment. To keep them together it is best
|
|
|
+to use only the \texttt{[p]} placement, so that they will be put on
|
|
|
+floatpages. As they are bigger than a page this is appropriate. The first
|
|
|
+part would then get a \Cmd{caption}, the subsequent parts would be used
|
|
|
+without a caption. If you want to add a caption-like text, enter it as
|
|
|
+normal text rather than a \Cmd{caption}, so that it will not be entered in
|
|
|
+the list of figures. It may also be desirable to issue a \Cmd{clearpage}
|
|
|
+first, just like we did for the \texttt{longtable}, and to encapsulate this
|
|
|
+in the \Cmd{afterpage} command. E.g.
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\afterpage{\clearpage\input{myfigure}}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+where \texttt{myfigure.tex} contains:
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[p]
|
|
|
+\includegraphics{myfig1.eps}
|
|
|
+\caption{This is a multipage figure}
|
|
|
+\label{fig:xxx}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+\begin{figure}[p]
|
|
|
+\includegraphics{myfig2.eps}
|
|
|
+\begin{center}
|
|
|
+Figure~\ref{fig:xxx} (continued)
|
|
|
+\end{center}
|
|
|
+\end{figure}
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+You have to make sure that the last part is big enough, otherwise \LaTeX{}
|
|
|
+could decide to postpone it until it has collected some more floats. This
|
|
|
+can be done either by making the figure big enough (e.g. by adding some
|
|
|
+\Cmd{vspace}), or by tweaking the \Cmd{floatpagefraction}
|
|
|
+\CmdIndex{floatpagefraction} parameter.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+If you want your multipage figure to start at a lefthand-side
|
|
|
+(even-numbered) page you can use a test in the \Cmd{afterpage} command
|
|
|
+(using the \texttt{ifthen} package):
|
|
|
+\begin{verbatim}
|
|
|
+\afterpage{\clearpage
|
|
|
+\ifthenelse{\isodd{\value{page}}{\afterpage{\input{myfigure}}} % odd page
|
|
|
+ {\input{myfigure}}}} % even page
|
|
|
+\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
+If there are too many floats on the skipped page, this may still fail to
|
|
|
+start your multipage figure on an even page, however.
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\section{Contact information}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Piet van Oostrum\\
|
|
|
+Dept.\ of Computer Science\\
|
|
|
+Utrecht University\\
|
|
|
+P.O. Box 80.089\\
|
|
|
+3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands\\
|
|
|
+Telephone: +31 30 2531806 Telefax: +31 30 2513791\\
|
|
|
+E-mail: [email protected] \\
|
|
|
+WWW: http://www.cs.ruu.nl/people/piet
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\printindex
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+\end{document}
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+% Local Variables:
|
|
|
+% mode: latex
|
|
|
+% TeX-master: t
|
|
|
+% End:
|
michael