freepascal.compiler/compiler/x86/aasmcpu.pas

{
    Copyright (c) 1998-2002 by Florian Klaempfl and Peter Vreman

    Contains the abstract assembler implementation for the i386

    * Portions of this code was inspired by the NASM sources
      The Netwide Assembler is Copyright (c) 1996 Simon Tatham and
      Julian Hall. All rights reserved.

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

 ****************************************************************************
}
unit aasmcpu;

{$i fpcdefs.inc}

interface

    uses
      globtype,verbose,
      cpubase,
      cgbase,cgutils,
      symtype,
      aasmbase,aasmtai,aasmdata,aasmsym,
      ogbase;

    const
      { "mov reg,reg" source operand number }
      O_MOV_SOURCE = 0;
      { "mov reg,reg" destination operand number }
      O_MOV_DEST = 1;

    { Operand types }
      OT_NONE      = $00000000;

      { Bits 0..7: sizes }
      OT_BITS8     = $00000001;
      OT_BITS16    = $00000002;
      OT_BITS32    = $00000004;
      OT_BITS64    = $00000008;  { x86_64 and FPU }
      OT_BITS128   = $10000000;  { 16 byte SSE }
      OT_BITS256   = $20000000;  { 32 byte AVX }
      OT_BITS80    = $00000010;  { FPU only  }
      OT_FAR       = $00000020;  { this means 16:16 or 16:32, like in CALL/JMP }
      OT_NEAR      = $00000040;
      OT_SHORT     = $00000080;

      { TODO: FAR/NEAR/SHORT are sizes too, they should be included into size mask,
        but this requires adjusting the opcode table }
      OT_SIZE_MASK = $3000001F;  { all the size attributes  }
      OT_NON_SIZE  = longint(not OT_SIZE_MASK);

      { Bits 8..11: modifiers }
      OT_SIGNED    = $00000100;  { the operand need to be signed -128-127 }
      OT_TO        = $00000200;  { reverse effect in FADD, FSUB &c  }
      OT_COLON     = $00000400;  { operand is followed by a colon  }
      OT_MODIFIER_MASK = $00000F00;

      { Bits 12..15: type of operand }
      OT_REGISTER  = $00001000;
      OT_IMMEDIATE = $00002000;
      OT_MEMORY    = $0000C000;  { always includes 'OT_REGMEM' bit as well }
      OT_REGMEM    = $00008000;  { for r/m, ie EA, operands  }
      OT_TYPE_MASK = OT_REGISTER or OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_MEMORY or OT_REGMEM;

      OT_REGNORM   = OT_REGISTER or OT_REGMEM;  { 'normal' reg, qualifies as EA  }

      { Bits 20..22, 24..26: register classes
        otf_* consts are not used alone, only to build other constants. }
      otf_reg_cdt  = $00100000;
      otf_reg_gpr  = $00200000;
      otf_reg_sreg = $00400000;
      otf_reg_fpu  = $01000000;
      otf_reg_mmx  = $02000000;
      otf_reg_xmm  = $04000000;
      otf_reg_ymm  = $08000000;
      { Bits 16..19: subclasses, meaning depends on classes field }
      otf_sub0     = $00010000;
      otf_sub1     = $00020000;
      otf_sub2     = $00040000;
      otf_sub3     = $00080000;
      OT_REG_SMASK = otf_sub0 or otf_sub1 or otf_sub2 or otf_sub3;

      OT_REG_TYPMASK = otf_reg_cdt or otf_reg_gpr or otf_reg_sreg or otf_reg_fpu or otf_reg_mmx or otf_reg_xmm or otf_reg_ymm;
      { register class 0: CRx, DRx and TRx }
{$ifdef x86_64}
      OT_REG_CDT   = OT_REGISTER or otf_reg_cdt or OT_BITS64;
{$else x86_64}
      OT_REG_CDT   = OT_REGISTER or otf_reg_cdt or OT_BITS32;
{$endif x86_64}
      OT_REG_CREG  = OT_REG_CDT or otf_sub0;  { CRn  }
      OT_REG_DREG  = OT_REG_CDT or otf_sub1;  { DRn  }
      OT_REG_TREG  = OT_REG_CDT or otf_sub2;  { TRn  }
      OT_REG_CR4   = OT_REG_CDT or otf_sub3;  { CR4 (Pentium only)  }

      { register class 1: general-purpose registers }
      OT_REG_GPR   = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_gpr;
      OT_RM_GPR    = OT_REGMEM or otf_reg_gpr;
      OT_REG8      = OT_REG_GPR or OT_BITS8;  { 8-bit GPR }
      OT_REG16     = OT_REG_GPR or OT_BITS16;
      OT_REG32     = OT_REG_GPR or OT_BITS32;
      OT_REG64     = OT_REG_GPR or OT_BITS64;

      { GPR subclass 0: accumulator: AL, AX, EAX or RAX }
      OT_REG_ACCUM = OT_REG_GPR or otf_sub0;
      OT_REG_AL    = OT_REG_ACCUM or OT_BITS8;
      OT_REG_AX    = OT_REG_ACCUM or OT_BITS16;
      OT_REG_EAX   = OT_REG_ACCUM or OT_BITS32;
{$ifdef x86_64}
      OT_REG_RAX   = OT_REG_ACCUM or OT_BITS64;
{$endif x86_64}
      { GPR subclass 1: counter: CL, CX, ECX or RCX }
      OT_REG_COUNT = OT_REG_GPR or otf_sub1;
      OT_REG_CL    = OT_REG_COUNT or OT_BITS8;
      OT_REG_CX    = OT_REG_COUNT or OT_BITS16;
      OT_REG_ECX   = OT_REG_COUNT or OT_BITS32;
{$ifdef x86_64}
      OT_REG_RCX   = OT_REG_COUNT or OT_BITS64;
{$endif x86_64}
      { GPR subclass 2: data register: DL, DX, EDX or RDX }
      OT_REG_DX    = OT_REG_GPR or otf_sub2 or OT_BITS16;
      OT_REG_EDX   = OT_REG_GPR or otf_sub2 or OT_BITS32;

      { register class 2: Segment registers }
      OT_REG_SREG  = OT_REGISTER or otf_reg_sreg or OT_BITS16;
      OT_REG_CS    = OT_REG_SREG or otf_sub0;  { CS  }
      OT_REG_DESS  = OT_REG_SREG or otf_sub1;  { DS, ES, SS (non-CS 86 registers)  }
      OT_REG_FSGS  = OT_REG_SREG or otf_sub2;  { FS, GS (386 extended registers)  }

      { register class 3: FPU registers }
      OT_FPUREG    = OT_REGISTER or otf_reg_fpu;
      OT_FPU0      = OT_FPUREG or otf_sub0;    { FPU stack register zero  }

      { register class 4: MMX (both reg and r/m) }
      OT_MMXREG    = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_mmx;
      OT_MMXRM     = OT_REGMEM or otf_reg_mmx;

      { register class 5: XMM (both reg and r/m) }
      OT_XMMREG    = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_xmm;
      OT_XMMRM     = OT_REGMEM or otf_reg_xmm;
      OT_XMEM32    = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_xmm or otf_reg_gpr or OT_BITS32;
      OT_XMEM64    = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_xmm or otf_reg_gpr or OT_BITS64;

      { register class 5: XMM (both reg and r/m) }
      OT_YMMREG    = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_ymm;
      OT_YMMRM     = OT_REGMEM or otf_reg_ymm;
      OT_YMEM32    = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_ymm or otf_reg_gpr or OT_BITS32;
      OT_YMEM64    = OT_REGNORM or otf_reg_ymm or otf_reg_gpr or OT_BITS64;

      { Vector-Memory operands }
      OT_VMEM_ANY  = OT_XMEM32 or OT_XMEM64 or OT_YMEM32 or OT_YMEM64;

      { Memory operands }
      OT_MEM8      = OT_MEMORY or OT_BITS8;
      OT_MEM16     = OT_MEMORY or OT_BITS16;
      OT_MEM32     = OT_MEMORY or OT_BITS32;
      OT_MEM64     = OT_MEMORY or OT_BITS64;
      OT_MEM128    = OT_MEMORY or OT_BITS128;
      OT_MEM256    = OT_MEMORY or OT_BITS256;
      OT_MEM80     = OT_MEMORY or OT_BITS80;

      OT_MEM_OFFS  = OT_MEMORY or otf_sub0;  { special type of EA  }
                                             { simple [address] offset  }

      { Matches any type of r/m operand }
      OT_MEMORY_ANY = OT_MEMORY or OT_RM_GPR or OT_XMMRM or OT_MMXRM or OT_YMMRM;

      { Immediate operands }
      OT_IMM8      = OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS8;
      OT_IMM16     = OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS16;
      OT_IMM32     = OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS32;
      OT_IMM64     = OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS64;

      OT_ONENESS   = otf_sub0;  { special type of immediate operand  }
      OT_UNITY     = OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_ONENESS;  { for shift/rotate instructions  }

      { Size of the instruction table converted by nasmconv.pas }
{$if defined(x86_64)}
      instabentries = {$i x8664nop.inc}
{$elseif defined(i386)}
      instabentries = {$i i386nop.inc}
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
      instabentries = {$i i8086nop.inc}
{$endif}
      maxinfolen    = 8;
      MaxInsChanges = 3; { Max things a instruction can change }

    type
      { What an instruction can change. Needed for optimizer and spilling code.

        Note: The order of this enumeration is should not be changed! }
      TInsChange = (Ch_None,
        {Read from a register}
        Ch_REAX, Ch_RECX, Ch_REDX, Ch_REBX, Ch_RESP, Ch_REBP, Ch_RESI, Ch_REDI,
        {write from a register}
        Ch_WEAX, Ch_WECX, Ch_WEDX, Ch_WEBX, Ch_WESP, Ch_WEBP, Ch_WESI, Ch_WEDI,
        {read and write from/to a register}
        Ch_RWEAX, Ch_RWECX, Ch_RWEDX, Ch_RWEBX, Ch_RWESP, Ch_RWEBP, Ch_RWESI, Ch_RWEDI,
        {modify the contents of a register with the purpose of using
         this changed content afterwards (add/sub/..., but e.g. not rep
         or movsd)}
        Ch_MEAX, Ch_MECX, Ch_MEDX, Ch_MEBX, Ch_MESP, Ch_MEBP, Ch_MESI, Ch_MEDI,
        Ch_CDirFlag {clear direction flag}, Ch_SDirFlag {set dir flag},
        Ch_RFlags, Ch_WFlags, Ch_RWFlags, Ch_FPU,
        Ch_Rop1, Ch_Wop1, Ch_RWop1,Ch_Mop1,
        Ch_Rop2, Ch_Wop2, Ch_RWop2,Ch_Mop2,
        Ch_Rop3, Ch_WOp3, Ch_RWOp3,Ch_Mop3,
        Ch_WMemEDI,
        Ch_All,
        { x86_64 registers }
        Ch_RRAX, Ch_RRCX, Ch_RRDX, Ch_RRBX, Ch_RRSP, Ch_RRBP, Ch_RRSI, Ch_RRDI,
        Ch_WRAX, Ch_WRCX, Ch_WRDX, Ch_WRBX, Ch_WRSP, Ch_WRBP, Ch_WRSI, Ch_WRDI,
        Ch_RWRAX, Ch_RWRCX, Ch_RWRDX, Ch_RWRBX, Ch_RWRSP, Ch_RWRBP, Ch_RWRSI, Ch_RWRDI,
        Ch_MRAX, Ch_MRCX, Ch_MRDX, Ch_MRBX, Ch_MRSP, Ch_MRBP, Ch_MRSI, Ch_MRDI
      );

      TInsProp = packed record
        Ch : Array[1..MaxInsChanges] of TInsChange;
      end;

      TMemRefSizeInfo = (msiUnkown, msiUnsupported, msiNoSize,
                         msiMultiple, msiMultiple8, msiMultiple16, msiMultiple32,
                         msiMultiple64, msiMultiple128, msiMultiple256,
                         msiMemRegSize, msiMemRegx16y32, msiMemRegx32y64, msiMemRegx64y128, msiMemRegx64y256,
                         msiMem8, msiMem16, msiMem32, msiMem64, msiMem128, msiMem256,
                         msiXMem32, msiXMem64, msiYMem32, msiYMem64,
                         msiVMemMultiple, msiVMemRegSize);

      TConstSizeInfo  = (csiUnkown, csiMultiple, csiNoSize, csiMem8, csiMem16, csiMem32, csiMem64);

      TInsTabMemRefSizeInfoRec = record
        MemRefSize  : TMemRefSizeInfo;
        ExistsSSEAVX: boolean;
        ConstSize   : TConstSizeInfo;
      end;

    const
      MemRefMultiples: set of TMemRefSizeInfo = [msiMultiple, msiMultiple8,
                                                 msiMultiple16, msiMultiple32,
                                                 msiMultiple64, msiMultiple128,
                                                 msiMultiple256, msiVMemMultiple];

      MemRefSizeInfoVMems: Set of TMemRefSizeInfo = [msiXMem32, msiXMem64, msiYMem32, msiYMem64,
                                                     msiVMemMultiple, msiVMemRegSize];

      InsProp : array[tasmop] of TInsProp =
{$if defined(x86_64)}
        {$i x8664pro.inc}
{$elseif defined(i386)}
        {$i i386prop.inc}
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
        {$i i8086prop.inc}
{$endif}

    type
      TOperandOrder = (op_intel,op_att);

      tinsentry=packed record
        opcode  : tasmop;
        ops     : byte;
        optypes : array[0..max_operands-1] of longint;
        code    : array[0..maxinfolen] of char;
        flags   : int64;
      end;
      pinsentry=^tinsentry;

      { alignment for operator }
      tai_align = class(tai_align_abstract)
         reg       : tregister;
         constructor create(b:byte);override;
         constructor create_op(b: byte; _op: byte);override;
         function calculatefillbuf(var buf : tfillbuffer;executable : boolean):pchar;override;
      end;

      taicpu = class(tai_cpu_abstract_sym)
         opsize    : topsize;
         constructor op_none(op : tasmop);
         constructor op_none(op : tasmop;_size : topsize);

         constructor op_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tregister);
         constructor op_const(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint);
         constructor op_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;const _op1 : treference);

         constructor op_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2 : tregister);
         constructor op_reg_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tregister;const _op2 : treference);
         constructor op_reg_const(op:tasmop; _size: topsize; _op1: tregister; _op2: aint);

         constructor op_const_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;_op2 : tregister);
         constructor op_const_const(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2 : aint);
         constructor op_const_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;const _op2 : treference);

         constructor op_ref_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;const _op1 : treference;_op2 : tregister);

         constructor op_reg_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2,_op3 : tregister);
         constructor op_const_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;_op2 : tregister;_op3 : tregister);
         constructor op_const_ref_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;const _op2 : treference;_op3 : tregister);
         constructor op_ref_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;const _op1 : treference;_op2,_op3 : tregister);
         constructor op_const_reg_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;_op2 : tregister;const _op3 : treference);
         constructor op_reg_reg_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2 : tregister;const _op3 : treference);

         { this is for Jmp instructions }
         constructor op_cond_sym(op : tasmop;cond:TAsmCond;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol);

         constructor op_sym(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol);
         constructor op_sym_ofs(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol;_op1ofs:longint);
         constructor op_sym_ofs_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol;_op1ofs:longint;_op2 : tregister);
         constructor op_sym_ofs_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol;_op1ofs:longint;const _op2 : treference);

         procedure changeopsize(siz:topsize);

         function  GetString:string;

         { This is a workaround for the GAS non commutative fpu instruction braindamage.
           Early versions of the UnixWare assembler had a bug where some fpu instructions
           were reversed and GAS still keeps this "feature" for compatibility.
           for details: http://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as/i386_002dBugs.html#i386_002dBugs
                        http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=372528
                        http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/GAS_Syntax#Caveats

           Since FPC is "GAS centric" due to its history it generates instructions with the same operand order so
           when generating output for other assemblers, the opcodes must be fixed before writing them.
           This function returns the fixed opcodes. Changing the opcodes permanently is no good idea
           because in case of smartlinking assembler is generated twice so at the second run wrong
           assembler is generated.
           }
         function FixNonCommutativeOpcodes: tasmop;
      private
         FOperandOrder : TOperandOrder;
         procedure init(_size : topsize); { this need to be called by all constructor }
      public
         { the next will reset all instructions that can change in pass 2 }
         procedure ResetPass1;override;
         procedure ResetPass2;override;
         function  CheckIfValid:boolean;
         function  Pass1(objdata:TObjData):longint;override;
         procedure Pass2(objdata:TObjData);override;
         procedure SetOperandOrder(order:TOperandOrder);
         function is_same_reg_move(regtype: Tregistertype):boolean;override;
         { register spilling code }
         function spilling_get_operation_type(opnr: longint): topertype;override;
{$ifdef i8086}
         procedure loadsegsymbol(opidx:longint;s:tasmsymbol);
{$endif i8086}
      private
         { next fields are filled in pass1, so pass2 is faster }
         insentry  : PInsEntry;
         insoffset : longint;
         LastInsOffset : longint; { need to be public to be reset }
         inssize   : shortint;
{$ifdef x86_64}
         rex       : byte;
{$endif x86_64}
         function  InsEnd:longint;
         procedure create_ot(objdata:TObjData);
         function  Matches(p:PInsEntry):boolean;
         function  calcsize(p:PInsEntry):shortint;
         procedure gencode(objdata:TObjData);
         function  NeedAddrPrefix(opidx:byte):boolean;
         procedure Swapoperands;
         function  FindInsentry(objdata:TObjData):boolean;
      end;

    function spilling_create_load(const ref:treference;r:tregister):Taicpu;
    function spilling_create_store(r:tregister; const ref:treference):Taicpu;

    function MemRefInfo(aAsmop: TAsmOp): TInsTabMemRefSizeInfoRec;

    procedure InitAsm;
    procedure DoneAsm;


{*****************************************************************************
                              External Symbol Chain
                              used for agx86nsm and agx86int
*****************************************************************************}

    type
      PExternChain = ^TExternChain;

      TExternChain = Record
        psym : pshortstring;
        is_defined : boolean;
        next : PExternChain;
      end;

    const
      FEC : PExternChain = nil;

    procedure AddSymbol(symname : string; defined : boolean);
    procedure FreeExternChainList;

implementation

     uses
       cutils,
       globals,
       systems,
       procinfo,
       itcpugas,
       symsym,
       cpuinfo;



    procedure AddSymbol(symname : string; defined : boolean);
    var
       EC : PExternChain;
    begin
      EC:=FEC;
      while assigned(EC) do
        begin
          if EC^.psym^=symname then
            begin
              if defined then
                EC^.is_defined:=true;
              exit;
            end;
          EC:=EC^.next;
        end;
      New(EC);
      EC^.next:=FEC;
      FEC:=EC;
      FEC^.psym:=stringdup(symname);
      FEC^.is_defined := defined;
    end;

    procedure FreeExternChainList;
    var
       EC : PExternChain;
    begin
      EC:=FEC;
      while assigned(EC) do
        begin
          FEC:=EC^.next;
          stringdispose(EC^.psym);
          Dispose(EC);
          EC:=FEC;
        end;
    end;

{*****************************************************************************
                              Instruction table
*****************************************************************************}

    const
     {Instruction flags }
       IF_NONE   = $00000000;
       IF_SM     = $00000001;  { size match first two operands  }
       IF_SM2    = $00000002;
       IF_SB     = $00000004;  { unsized operands can't be non-byte  }
       IF_SW     = $00000008;  { unsized operands can't be non-word  }
       IF_SD     = $00000010;  { unsized operands can't be nondword  }
       IF_SMASK  = $0000001f;
       IF_AR0    = $00000020;  { SB, SW, SD applies to argument 0  }
       IF_AR1    = $00000040;  { SB, SW, SD applies to argument 1  }
       IF_AR2    = $00000060;  { SB, SW, SD applies to argument 2  }
       IF_ARMASK = $00000060;  { mask for unsized argument spec  }
       IF_ARSHIFT = 5;         { LSB of IF_ARMASK }
       IF_PRIV   = $00000100;  { it's a privileged instruction  }
       IF_SMM    = $00000200;  { it's only valid in SMM  }
       IF_PROT   = $00000400;  { it's protected mode only  }
       IF_NOX86_64 = $00000800;  { removed instruction in x86_64  }
       IF_UNDOC  = $00001000;  { it's an undocumented instruction  }
       IF_FPU    = $00002000;  { it's an FPU instruction  }
       IF_MMX    = $00004000;  { it's an MMX instruction  }
       { it's a 3DNow! instruction  }
       IF_3DNOW  = $00008000;
       { it's a SSE (KNI, MMX2) instruction  }
       IF_SSE    = $00010000;
       { SSE2 instructions  }
       IF_SSE2   = $00020000;
       { SSE3 instructions  }
       IF_SSE3   = $00040000;
       { SSE64 instructions  }
       IF_SSE64  = $00080000;
       { the mask for processor types  }
       {IF_PMASK  = longint($FF000000);}
       { the mask for disassembly "prefer"  }
       {IF_PFMASK = longint($F001FF00);}
       { SVM instructions  }
       IF_SVM    = $00100000;
       { SSE4 instructions  }
       IF_SSE4   = $00200000;
       { TODO: These flags were added to make x86ins.dat more readable.
         Values must be reassigned to make any other use of them. }
       IF_SSSE3  = $00200000;
       IF_SSE41  = $00200000;
       IF_SSE42  = $00200000;
       IF_AVX    = $00200000;
       IF_AVX2   = $00200000;
       IF_BMI1   = $00200000;
       IF_BMI2   = $00200000;
       IF_16BITONLY = $00200000;
       IF_FMA    = $00200000;
       IF_FMA4   = $00200000;
       IF_TSX    = $00200000;
       IF_RAND   = $00200000;
       IF_XSAVE  = $00200000;
       IF_PREFETCHWT1 = $00200000;

       IF_PLEVEL = $0F000000;  { mask for processor level }
       IF_8086   = $00000000;  { 8086 instruction  }
       IF_186    = $01000000;  { 186+ instruction  }
       IF_286    = $02000000;  { 286+ instruction  }
       IF_386    = $03000000;  { 386+ instruction  }
       IF_486    = $04000000;  { 486+ instruction  }
       IF_PENT   = $05000000;  { Pentium instruction  }
       IF_P6     = $06000000;  { P6 instruction  }
       IF_KATMAI = $07000000;  { Katmai instructions  }
       IF_WILLAMETTE = $08000000; { Willamette instructions }
       IF_PRESCOTT   = $09000000; { Prescott instructions }
       IF_X86_64 = $0a000000;
       IF_SANDYBRIDGE = $0e000000; { Sandybridge-specific instruction }
       IF_NEC    = $0f000000;  { NEC V20/V30 instruction }

       { the following are not strictly part of the processor level, because
         they are never used standalone, but always in combination with a
         separate processor level flag. Therefore, they use bits outside of
         IF_PLEVEL, otherwise they would mess up the processor level they're
         used in combination with.
         The following combinations are currently used:
         IF_AMD or IF_P6,
         IF_CYRIX or IF_486,
         IF_CYRIX or IF_PENT,
         IF_CYRIX or IF_P6 }
       IF_CYRIX  = $10000000;  { Cyrix, Centaur or VIA-specific instruction }
       IF_AMD    = $20000000;  { AMD-specific instruction  }

       { added flags }
       IF_PRE    = $40000000;  { it's a prefix instruction }
       IF_PASS2  = $80000000;  { if the instruction can change in a second pass }
       IF_IMM4   = $100000000; { immediate operand is a nibble (must be in range [0..15]) }
       IF_IMM3   = $200000000; { immediate operand is a triad (must be in range [0..7]) }

     type
       TInsTabCache=array[TasmOp] of longint;
       PInsTabCache=^TInsTabCache;

       TInsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache=array[TasmOp] of TInsTabMemRefSizeInfoRec;
       PInsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache=^TInsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache;

     const
{$if defined(x86_64)}
       InsTab:array[0..instabentries-1] of TInsEntry={$i x8664tab.inc}
{$elseif defined(i386)}
       InsTab:array[0..instabentries-1] of TInsEntry={$i i386tab.inc}
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
       InsTab:array[0..instabentries-1] of TInsEntry={$i i8086tab.inc}
{$endif}
     var
       InsTabCache : PInsTabCache;
       InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache: PInsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache;
     const
{$if defined(x86_64)}
       { Intel style operands ! }
       opsize_2_type:array[0..2,topsize] of longint=(
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         ),
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS8,OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         ),
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         )
       );

      reg_ot_table : array[tregisterindex] of longint = (
        {$i r8664ot.inc}
      );
{$elseif defined(i386)}
       { Intel style operands ! }
       opsize_2_type:array[0..2,topsize] of longint=(
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS32,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         ),
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS8,OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         ),
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         )
      );

      reg_ot_table : array[tregisterindex] of longint = (
        {$i r386ot.inc}
      );
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
       { Intel style operands ! }
       opsize_2_type:array[0..2,topsize] of longint=(
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS32,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         ),
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS8,OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         ),
         (OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS8,OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS16,OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,
          OT_BITS32,OT_BITS64,OT_BITS80,OT_BITS64,OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS64,
          OT_NEAR,OT_FAR,OT_SHORT,
          OT_NONE,
          OT_BITS128,
          OT_BITS256
         )
      );

      reg_ot_table : array[tregisterindex] of longint = (
        {$i r8086ot.inc}
      );
{$endif}

    function MemRefInfo(aAsmop: TAsmOp): TInsTabMemRefSizeInfoRec;
    begin
      result := InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[aAsmop];
    end;

    { Operation type for spilling code }
    type
      toperation_type_table=array[tasmop,0..Max_Operands] of topertype;
    var
      operation_type_table : ^toperation_type_table;


{****************************************************************************
                              TAI_ALIGN
 ****************************************************************************}

    constructor tai_align.create(b: byte);
      begin
        inherited create(b);
        reg:=NR_ECX;
      end;


    constructor tai_align.create_op(b: byte; _op: byte);
      begin
        inherited create_op(b,_op);
        reg:=NR_NO;
      end;


    function tai_align.calculatefillbuf(var buf : tfillbuffer;executable : boolean):pchar;
      const
        { Updated according to
          Software Optimization Guide for AMD Family 15h Processors, Verison 3.08, January 2014
          and
          Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual
            Volume 2B: Instruction Set Reference, N-Z, January 2015
        }
        alignarray_cmovcpus:array[0..10] of string[11]=(
          #$66#$66#$66#$0F#$1F#$84#$00#$00#$00#$00#$00,
          #$66#$66#$0F#$1F#$84#$00#$00#$00#$00#$00,
          #$66#$0F#$1F#$84#$00#$00#$00#$00#$00,
          #$0F#$1F#$84#$00#$00#$00#$00#$00,
          #$0F#$1F#$80#$00#$00#$00#$00,
          #$66#$0F#$1F#$44#$00#$00,
          #$0F#$1F#$44#$00#$00,
          #$0F#$1F#$40#$00,
          #$0F#$1F#$00,
          #$66#$90,
          #$90);
{$ifdef i8086}
        alignarray:array[0..5] of string[8]=(
          #$90#$90#$90#$90#$90#$90#$90,
          #$90#$90#$90#$90#$90#$90,
          #$90#$90#$90#$90,
          #$90#$90#$90,
          #$90#$90,
          #$90);
{$else i8086}
        alignarray:array[0..5] of string[8]=(
          #$8D#$B4#$26#$00#$00#$00#$00,
          #$8D#$B6#$00#$00#$00#$00,
          #$8D#$74#$26#$00,
          #$8D#$76#$00,
          #$89#$F6,
          #$90);
{$endif i8086}
      var
        bufptr : pchar;
        j : longint;
        localsize: byte;
      begin
        inherited calculatefillbuf(buf,executable);
        if not(use_op) and executable then
         begin
           bufptr:=pchar(@buf);
           { fillsize may still be used afterwards, so don't modify }
           { e.g. writebytes(hp.calculatefillbuf(buf)^,hp.fillsize) }
           localsize:=fillsize;
           while (localsize>0) do
            begin
{$ifndef i8086}
              if CPUX86_HAS_CMOV in cpu_capabilities[current_settings.cputype] then
                begin
                  for j:=low(alignarray_cmovcpus) to high(alignarray_cmovcpus) do
                   if (localsize>=length(alignarray_cmovcpus[j])) then
                    break;
                  move(alignarray_cmovcpus[j][1],bufptr^,length(alignarray_cmovcpus[j]));
                  inc(bufptr,length(alignarray_cmovcpus[j]));
                  dec(localsize,length(alignarray_cmovcpus[j]));
                end
              else
{$endif not i8086}
                begin
                  for j:=low(alignarray) to high(alignarray) do
                   if (localsize>=length(alignarray[j])) then
                    break;
                  move(alignarray[j][1],bufptr^,length(alignarray[j]));
                  inc(bufptr,length(alignarray[j]));
                  dec(localsize,length(alignarray[j]));
                end
            end;
         end;
        calculatefillbuf:=pchar(@buf);
      end;


{*****************************************************************************
                                 Taicpu Constructors
*****************************************************************************}

    procedure taicpu.changeopsize(siz:topsize);
      begin
        opsize:=siz;
      end;


    procedure taicpu.init(_size : topsize);
      begin
         { default order is att }
         FOperandOrder:=op_att;
         segprefix:=NR_NO;
         opsize:=_size;
         insentry:=nil;
         LastInsOffset:=-1;
         InsOffset:=0;
         InsSize:=0;
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_none(op : tasmop);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(S_NO);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_none(op : tasmop;_size : topsize);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=1;
         loadreg(0,_op1);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_const(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=1;
         loadconst(0,_op1);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;const _op1 : treference);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=1;
         loadref(0,_op1);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadreg(0,_op1);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_reg_const(op:tasmop; _size: topsize; _op1: tregister; _op2: aint);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadreg(0,_op1);
         loadconst(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_reg_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tregister;const _op2 : treference);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadreg(0,_op1);
         loadref(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_const_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;_op2 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadconst(0,_op1);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_const_const(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2 : aint);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadconst(0,_op1);
         loadconst(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_const_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;const _op2 : treference);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadconst(0,_op1);
         loadref(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_ref_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;const _op1 : treference;_op2 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadref(0,_op1);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_reg_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2,_op3 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=3;
         loadreg(0,_op1);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
         loadreg(2,_op3);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_const_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;_op2 : tregister;_op3 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=3;
         loadconst(0,_op1);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
         loadreg(2,_op3);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_ref_reg_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;const _op1 : treference;_op2,_op3 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=3;
         loadref(0,_op1);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
         loadreg(2,_op3);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_const_ref_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;const _op2 : treference;_op3 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=3;
         loadconst(0,_op1);
         loadref(1,_op2);
         loadreg(2,_op3);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_const_reg_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : aint;_op2 : tregister;const _op3 : treference);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=3;
         loadconst(0,_op1);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
         loadref(2,_op3);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_reg_reg_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1,_op2 : tregister;const _op3 : treference);
      begin
        inherited create(op);
        init(_size);
        ops:=3;
        loadreg(0,_op1);
        loadreg(1,_op2);
        loadref(2,_op3);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_cond_sym(op : tasmop;cond:TAsmCond;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         condition:=cond;
         ops:=1;
         loadsymbol(0,_op1,0);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_sym(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=1;
         loadsymbol(0,_op1,0);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_sym_ofs(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol;_op1ofs:longint);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=1;
         loadsymbol(0,_op1,_op1ofs);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_sym_ofs_reg(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol;_op1ofs:longint;_op2 : tregister);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadsymbol(0,_op1,_op1ofs);
         loadreg(1,_op2);
      end;


    constructor taicpu.op_sym_ofs_ref(op : tasmop;_size : topsize;_op1 : tasmsymbol;_op1ofs:longint;const _op2 : treference);
      begin
         inherited create(op);
         init(_size);
         ops:=2;
         loadsymbol(0,_op1,_op1ofs);
         loadref(1,_op2);
      end;


    function taicpu.GetString:string;
      var
        i : longint;
        s : string;
        addsize : boolean;
      begin
        s:='['+std_op2str[opcode];
        for i:=0 to ops-1 do
         begin
           with oper[i]^ do
             begin
               if i=0 then
                s:=s+' '
               else
                s:=s+',';
               { type }
               addsize:=false;
               if (ot and OT_XMMREG)=OT_XMMREG then
                s:=s+'xmmreg'
               else
                 if (ot and OT_YMMREG)=OT_YMMREG then
                  s:=s+'ymmreg'
               else
                 if (ot and OT_MMXREG)=OT_MMXREG then
                  s:=s+'mmxreg'
               else
                 if (ot and OT_FPUREG)=OT_FPUREG then
                  s:=s+'fpureg'
               else
                if (ot and OT_REGISTER)=OT_REGISTER then
                 begin
                   s:=s+'reg';
                   addsize:=true;
                 end
               else
                if (ot and OT_IMMEDIATE)=OT_IMMEDIATE then
                 begin
                   s:=s+'imm';
                   addsize:=true;
                 end
               else
                if (ot and OT_MEMORY)=OT_MEMORY then
                 begin
                   s:=s+'mem';
                   addsize:=true;
                 end
               else
                 s:=s+'???';
               { size }
               if addsize then
                begin
                  if (ot and OT_BITS8)<>0 then
                    s:=s+'8'
                  else
                   if (ot and OT_BITS16)<>0 then
                    s:=s+'16'
                  else
                   if (ot and OT_BITS32)<>0 then
                    s:=s+'32'
                  else
                   if (ot and OT_BITS64)<>0 then
                    s:=s+'64'
                  else
                   if (ot and OT_BITS128)<>0 then
                    s:=s+'128'
                  else
                   if (ot and OT_BITS256)<>0 then
                    s:=s+'256'
                  else
                    s:=s+'??';
                  { signed }
                  if (ot and OT_SIGNED)<>0 then
                   s:=s+'s';
                end;
             end;
         end;
        GetString:=s+']';
      end;


    procedure taicpu.Swapoperands;
      var
        p : POper;
      begin
        { Fix the operands which are in AT&T style and we need them in Intel style }
        case ops of
          0,1:
            ;
          2 : begin
                { 0,1 -> 1,0 }
                p:=oper[0];
                oper[0]:=oper[1];
                oper[1]:=p;
              end;
          3 : begin
                { 0,1,2 -> 2,1,0 }
                p:=oper[0];
                oper[0]:=oper[2];
                oper[2]:=p;
              end;
          4 : begin
                { 0,1,2,3 -> 3,2,1,0 }
                p:=oper[0];
                oper[0]:=oper[3];
                oper[3]:=p;
                p:=oper[1];
                oper[1]:=oper[2];
                oper[2]:=p;
              end;
          else
            internalerror(201108141);
        end;
      end;


    procedure taicpu.SetOperandOrder(order:TOperandOrder);
      begin
        if FOperandOrder<>order then
         begin
           Swapoperands;
           FOperandOrder:=order;
         end;
      end;


    function taicpu.FixNonCommutativeOpcodes: tasmop;
      begin
        result:=opcode;

        { we need ATT order }
        SetOperandOrder(op_att);

        if (
            (ops=2) and
            (oper[0]^.typ=top_reg) and
            (oper[1]^.typ=top_reg) and
           { if the first is ST and the second is also a register
             it is necessarily ST1 .. ST7 }
            ((oper[0]^.reg=NR_ST) or
             (oper[0]^.reg=NR_ST0))
           ) or
           { ((ops=1) and
            (oper[0]^.typ=top_reg) and
            (oper[0]^.reg in [R_ST1..R_ST7]))  or}
           (ops=0) then
          begin
            if opcode=A_FSUBR then
              result:=A_FSUB
            else if opcode=A_FSUB then
              result:=A_FSUBR
            else if opcode=A_FDIVR then
              result:=A_FDIV
            else if opcode=A_FDIV then
              result:=A_FDIVR
            else if opcode=A_FSUBRP then
              result:=A_FSUBP
            else if opcode=A_FSUBP then
              result:=A_FSUBRP
            else if opcode=A_FDIVRP then
              result:=A_FDIVP
            else if opcode=A_FDIVP then
              result:=A_FDIVRP;
          end;
        if (
            (ops=1) and
            (oper[0]^.typ=top_reg) and
            (getregtype(oper[0]^.reg)=R_FPUREGISTER) and
            (oper[0]^.reg<>NR_ST)
           ) then
         begin
           if opcode=A_FSUBRP then
             result:=A_FSUBP
           else if opcode=A_FSUBP then
             result:=A_FSUBRP
           else if opcode=A_FDIVRP then
             result:=A_FDIVP
           else if opcode=A_FDIVP then
             result:=A_FDIVRP;
         end;
      end;


{*****************************************************************************
                                Assembler
*****************************************************************************}

    type
      ea = packed record
        sib_present : boolean;
        bytes : byte;
        size  : byte;
        modrm : byte;
        sib   : byte;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        rex   : byte;
{$endif x86_64}
      end;

    procedure taicpu.create_ot(objdata:TObjData);
      {
        this function will also fix some other fields which only needs to be once
      }
      var
        i,l,relsize : longint;
        currsym : TObjSymbol;
      begin
        if ops=0 then
         exit;
        { update oper[].ot field }
        for i:=0 to ops-1 do
         with oper[i]^ do
          begin
            case typ of
              top_reg :
                begin
                  ot:=reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(reg)];
                end;
              top_ref :
                begin
                  if (ref^.refaddr=addr_no)
{$ifdef i386}
                     or (
                         (ref^.refaddr in [addr_pic]) and
                         (ref^.base<>NR_NO)
                        )
{$endif i386}
{$ifdef x86_64}
                     or (
                         (ref^.refaddr in [addr_pic,addr_pic_no_got]) and
                         (ref^.base<>NR_NO)
                        )
{$endif x86_64}
                     then
                    begin
                      { create ot field }
                      if (reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.base)] and OT_REG_GPR = OT_REG_GPR) and
                         ((reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.index)] = OT_XMMREG) or
                          (reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.index)] = OT_YMMREG)
                         ) then
                        // AVX2 - vector-memory-referenz (e.g. vgatherdpd xmm0, [rax  xmm1], xmm2)
                        ot := (reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.base)] and OT_REG_GPR) or
                              (reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.index)])
                      else if (ref^.base = NR_NO) and
                              ((reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.index)] = OT_XMMREG) or
                               (reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.index)] = OT_YMMREG)
                              ) then
                        // AVX2 - vector-memory-referenz without base-register (e.g. vgatherdpd xmm0, [xmm1], xmm2)
                        ot := (OT_REG_GPR) or
                              (reg_ot_table[findreg_by_number(ref^.index)])

                      else if (ot and OT_SIZE_MASK)=0 then
                        ot:=OT_MEMORY_ANY or opsize_2_type[i,opsize]
                      else
                        ot:=OT_MEMORY_ANY or (ot and OT_SIZE_MASK);
                      if (ref^.base=NR_NO) and (ref^.index=NR_NO) then
                        ot:=ot or OT_MEM_OFFS;
                      { fix scalefactor }
                      if (ref^.index=NR_NO) then
                       ref^.scalefactor:=0
                      else
                       if (ref^.scalefactor=0) then
                        ref^.scalefactor:=1;
                    end
                  else
                    begin
                      { Jumps use a relative offset which can be 8bit,
                        for other opcodes we always need to generate the full
                        32bit address }
                      if assigned(objdata) and
                         is_jmp then
                        begin
                          currsym:=objdata.symbolref(ref^.symbol);
                          l:=ref^.offset;
{$push}
{$r-,q-} { disable also overflow as address returns a qword for x86_64 }
                          if assigned(currsym) then
                            inc(l,currsym.address);
{$pop}
                          { when it is a forward jump we need to compensate the
                            offset of the instruction since the previous time,
                            because the symbol address is then still using the
                            'old-style' addressing.
                            For backwards jumps this is not required because the
                            address of the symbol is already adjusted to the
                            new offset }
                          if (l>InsOffset) and (LastInsOffset<>-1) then
                            inc(l,InsOffset-LastInsOffset);
                          { instruction size will then always become 2 (PFV) }
                          relsize:=(InsOffset+2)-l;
                          if (relsize>=-128) and (relsize<=127) and
                             (
                              not assigned(currsym) or
                              (currsym.objsection=objdata.currobjsec)
                             ) then
                            ot:=OT_IMM8 or OT_SHORT
                          else
{$ifdef i8086}
                            ot:=OT_IMM16 or OT_NEAR;
{$else i8086}
                            ot:=OT_IMM32 or OT_NEAR;
{$endif i8086}
                        end
                      else
{$ifdef i8086}
                        if opsize=S_FAR then
                          ot:=OT_IMM16 or OT_FAR
                        else
                          ot:=OT_IMM16 or OT_NEAR;
{$else i8086}
                        ot:=OT_IMM32 or OT_NEAR;
{$endif i8086}
                    end;
                end;
              top_local :
                begin
                  if (ot and OT_SIZE_MASK)=0 then
                    ot:=OT_MEMORY or opsize_2_type[i,opsize]
                  else
                    ot:=OT_MEMORY or (ot and OT_SIZE_MASK);
                end;
              top_const :
                begin
                  // if opcode is a SSE or AVX-instruction then we need a
                  // special handling (opsize can different from const-size)
                  // (e.g. "pextrw  reg/m16, xmmreg, imm8" =>> opsize (16 bit), const-size (8 bit)
                  if (InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[opcode].ExistsSSEAVX) and
                     (not(InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[opcode].ConstSize in [csiMultiple, csiUnkown])) then
                  begin
                    case InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[opcode].ConstSize of
                      csiNoSize: ot := ot and (not(OT_SIZE_MASK)) or OT_IMMEDIATE;
                        csiMem8: ot := ot and (not(OT_SIZE_MASK)) or OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS8;
                       csiMem16: ot := ot and (not(OT_SIZE_MASK)) or OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS16;
                       csiMem32: ot := ot and (not(OT_SIZE_MASK)) or OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS32;
                       csiMem64: ot := ot and (not(OT_SIZE_MASK)) or OT_IMMEDIATE or OT_BITS64;
                    end;
                  end
                  else
                  begin
                    { allow 2nd, 3rd or 4th operand being a constant and expect no size for shuf* etc. }
                    { further, allow AAD and AAM with imm. operand }
                    if (opsize=S_NO) and not((i in [1,2,3])
{$ifndef x86_64}
                      or ((i=0) and (opcode in [A_AAD,A_AAM]))
{$endif x86_64}
                      ) then
                      message(asmr_e_invalid_opcode_and_operand);
                    if
{$ifndef i8086}
                       (opsize<>S_W) and
{$endif not i8086}
                       (aint(val)>=-128) and (val<=127) then
                      ot:=OT_IMM8 or OT_SIGNED
                    else
                      ot:=OT_IMMEDIATE or opsize_2_type[i,opsize];
                    if (val=1) and (i=1) then
                      ot := ot or OT_ONENESS;
                  end;
                end;
              top_none :
                begin
                  { generated when there was an error in the
                    assembler reader. It never happends when generating
                    assembler }
                end;
              else
                internalerror(200402266);
            end;
          end;
      end;


    function taicpu.InsEnd:longint;
      begin
        InsEnd:=InsOffset+InsSize;
      end;


      function taicpu.Matches(p:PInsEntry):boolean;
      { * IF_SM stands for Size Match: any operand whose size is not
       * explicitly specified by the template is `really' intended to be
       * the same size as the first size-specified operand.
       * Non-specification is tolerated in the input instruction, but
       * _wrong_ specification is not.
       *
       * IF_SM2 invokes Size Match on only the first _two_ operands, for
       * three-operand instructions such as SHLD: it implies that the
       * first two operands must match in size, but that the third is
       * required to be _unspecified_.
       *
       * IF_SB invokes Size Byte: operands with unspecified size in the
       * template are really bytes, and so no non-byte specification in
       * the input instruction will be tolerated. IF_SW similarly invokes
       * Size Word, and IF_SD invokes Size Doubleword.
       *
       * (The default state if neither IF_SM nor IF_SM2 is specified is
       * that any operand with unspecified size in the template is
       * required to have unspecified size in the instruction too...)
      }
      var
        insot,
        currot,
        i,j,asize,oprs : longint;
        insflags:cardinal;
        siz : array[0..max_operands-1] of longint;
      begin
        result:=false;

        { Check the opcode and operands }
        if (p^.opcode<>opcode) or (p^.ops<>ops) then
          exit;

{$ifdef i8086}
        { On i8086, we need to skip the i386+ version of Jcc near, if the target
          cpu is earlier than 386. There's another entry, later in the table for
          i8086, which simulates it with i8086 instructions:
            JNcc short +3
            JMP near target }
        if (p^.opcode=A_Jcc) and (current_settings.cputype<cpu_386) and
          ((p^.flags and IF_386)<>0) then
          exit;
{$endif i8086}

        for i:=0 to p^.ops-1 do
         begin
           insot:=p^.optypes[i];
           currot:=oper[i]^.ot;

           { Check the operand flags }
           if (insot and (not currot) and OT_NON_SIZE)<>0 then
             exit;
           { Check if the passed operand size matches with one of
             the supported operand sizes }
           if ((insot and OT_SIZE_MASK)<>0) and
              ((insot and currot and OT_SIZE_MASK)<>(currot and OT_SIZE_MASK)) then
             exit;
           { "far" matches only with "far" }
           if (insot and OT_FAR)<>(currot and OT_FAR) then
             exit;
         end;

        { Check operand sizes }
        insflags:=p^.flags;
        if insflags and IF_SMASK<>0 then
          begin
            { as default an untyped size can get all the sizes, this is different
              from nasm, but else we need to do a lot checking which opcodes want
              size or not with the automatic size generation }
            asize:=-1;
            if (insflags and IF_SB)<>0 then
              asize:=OT_BITS8
            else if (insflags and IF_SW)<>0 then
              asize:=OT_BITS16
            else if (insflags and IF_SD)<>0 then
              asize:=OT_BITS32;
            if (insflags and IF_ARMASK)<>0 then
             begin
               siz[0]:=-1;
               siz[1]:=-1;
               siz[2]:=-1;
               siz[((insflags and IF_ARMASK) shr IF_ARSHIFT)-1]:=asize;
             end
            else
             begin
               siz[0]:=asize;
               siz[1]:=asize;
               siz[2]:=asize;
             end;

            if (insflags and (IF_SM or IF_SM2))<>0 then
             begin
               if (insflags and IF_SM2)<>0 then
                oprs:=2
               else
                oprs:=p^.ops;
               for i:=0 to oprs-1 do
                if ((p^.optypes[i] and OT_SIZE_MASK) <> 0) then
                 begin
                   for j:=0 to oprs-1 do
                    siz[j]:=p^.optypes[i] and OT_SIZE_MASK;
                   break;
                 end;
              end
             else
              oprs:=2;

            { Check operand sizes }
            for i:=0 to p^.ops-1 do
              begin
                insot:=p^.optypes[i];
                currot:=oper[i]^.ot;
                if ((insot and OT_SIZE_MASK)=0) and
                   ((currot and OT_SIZE_MASK and (not siz[i]))<>0) and
                   { Immediates can always include smaller size }
                   ((currot and OT_IMMEDIATE)=0) and
                    (((insot and OT_SIZE_MASK) or siz[i])<(currot and OT_SIZE_MASK)) then
                  exit;
                if (insot and OT_FAR)<>(currot and OT_FAR) then
                  exit;
              end;
          end;

        if (InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[opcode].MemRefSize in MemRefMultiples) and
           (InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[opcode].ExistsSSEAVX) then
        begin
          for i:=0 to p^.ops-1 do
           begin
             insot:=p^.optypes[i];
             if ((insot and OT_XMMRM) = OT_XMMRM) OR
                ((insot and OT_YMMRM) = OT_YMMRM) then
             begin
               if (insot and OT_SIZE_MASK) = 0 then
               begin
                 case insot and (OT_XMMRM or OT_YMMRM) of
                   OT_XMMRM: insot := insot or OT_BITS128;
                   OT_YMMRM: insot := insot or OT_BITS256;
                 end;
               end;
             end;

             currot:=oper[i]^.ot;
             { Check the operand flags }
             if (insot and (not currot) and OT_NON_SIZE)<>0 then
               exit;
             { Check if the passed operand size matches with one of
               the supported operand sizes }
             if ((insot and OT_SIZE_MASK)<>0) and
                ((insot and currot and OT_SIZE_MASK)<>(currot and OT_SIZE_MASK)) then
               exit;
           end;

        end;
        result:=true;
      end;


    procedure taicpu.ResetPass1;
      begin
        { we need to reset everything here, because the choosen insentry
          can be invalid for a new situation where the previously optimized
          insentry is not correct }
        InsEntry:=nil;
        InsSize:=0;
        LastInsOffset:=-1;
      end;


    procedure taicpu.ResetPass2;
      begin
        { we are here in a second pass, check if the instruction can be optimized }
        if assigned(InsEntry) and
           ((InsEntry^.flags and IF_PASS2)<>0) then
         begin
           InsEntry:=nil;
           InsSize:=0;
         end;
        LastInsOffset:=-1;
      end;


    function taicpu.CheckIfValid:boolean;
      begin
        result:=FindInsEntry(nil);
      end;


    function taicpu.FindInsentry(objdata:TObjData):boolean;
      var
        i : longint;
      begin
        result:=false;
      { Things which may only be done once, not when a second pass is done to
        optimize }
        if (Insentry=nil) or ((InsEntry^.flags and IF_PASS2)<>0) then
         begin
           current_filepos:=fileinfo;
           { We need intel style operands }
           SetOperandOrder(op_intel);
           { create the .ot fields }
           create_ot(objdata);
           { set the file postion }
         end
        else
         begin
           { we've already an insentry so it's valid }
           result:=true;
           exit;
         end;
        { Lookup opcode in the table }
        InsSize:=-1;
        i:=instabcache^[opcode];
        if i=-1 then
         begin
           Message1(asmw_e_opcode_not_in_table,gas_op2str[opcode]);
           exit;
         end;
        insentry:=@instab[i];
        while (insentry^.opcode=opcode) do
         begin
           if matches(insentry) then
             begin
               result:=true;
               exit;
             end;
           inc(insentry);
         end;
        Message1(asmw_e_invalid_opcode_and_operands,GetString);
        { No instruction found, set insentry to nil and inssize to -1 }
        insentry:=nil;
        inssize:=-1;
      end;


    function taicpu.Pass1(objdata:TObjData):longint;
      begin
        Pass1:=0;
        { Save the old offset and set the new offset }
        InsOffset:=ObjData.CurrObjSec.Size;
        { Error? }
        if (Insentry=nil) and (InsSize=-1) then
          exit;
        { set the file postion }
        current_filepos:=fileinfo;
        { Get InsEntry }
        if FindInsEntry(ObjData) then
         begin
           { Calculate instruction size }
           InsSize:=calcsize(insentry);
           if segprefix<>NR_NO then
            inc(InsSize);
           { Fix opsize if size if forced }
           if (insentry^.flags and (IF_SB or IF_SW or IF_SD))<>0 then
             begin
               if (insentry^.flags and IF_ARMASK)=0 then
                 begin
                   if (insentry^.flags and IF_SB)<>0 then
                     begin
                       if opsize=S_NO then
                         opsize:=S_B;
                     end
                   else if (insentry^.flags and IF_SW)<>0 then
                     begin
                       if opsize=S_NO then
                         opsize:=S_W;
                     end
                   else if (insentry^.flags and IF_SD)<>0 then
                     begin
                       if opsize=S_NO then
                         opsize:=S_L;
                     end;
                 end;
             end;
           LastInsOffset:=InsOffset;
           Pass1:=InsSize;
           exit;
         end;
        LastInsOffset:=-1;
      end;

    const
      segprefixes: array[NR_ES..NR_GS] of Byte=(
      // es  cs   ss   ds   fs   gs
        $26, $2E, $36, $3E, $64, $65
      );

    procedure taicpu.Pass2(objdata:TObjData);
      begin
        { error in pass1 ? }
        if insentry=nil then
         exit;
        current_filepos:=fileinfo;
        { Segment override }
        if (segprefix>=NR_ES) and (segprefix<=NR_GS) then
         begin
{$ifdef i8086}
           if (objdata.CPUType<>cpu_none) and (objdata.CPUType<cpu_386) and
              ((segprefix=NR_FS) or (segprefix=NR_GS)) then
             Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
{$endif i8086}
           objdata.writebytes(segprefixes[segprefix],1);
           { fix the offset for GenNode }
           inc(InsOffset);
         end
        else if segprefix<>NR_NO then
          InternalError(201001071);
        { Generate the instruction }
        GenCode(objdata);
      end;


    function taicpu.needaddrprefix(opidx:byte):boolean;
      begin
        result:=(oper[opidx]^.typ=top_ref) and
                (oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_no) and
    {$ifdef x86_64}
                (oper[opidx]^.ref^.base<>NR_RIP) and
    {$endif x86_64}
                (
                 (
                  (oper[opidx]^.ref^.index<>NR_NO) and
                  (getsubreg(oper[opidx]^.ref^.index)<>R_SUBADDR)
                 ) or
                 (
                  (oper[opidx]^.ref^.base<>NR_NO) and
                  (getsubreg(oper[opidx]^.ref^.base)<>R_SUBADDR)
                 )
                );
      end;


    procedure badreg(r:Tregister);
      begin
        Message1(asmw_e_invalid_register,generic_regname(r));
      end;


    function regval(r:Tregister):byte;
      const
        intsupreg2opcode: array[0..7] of byte=
        // ax cx dx bx si di bp sp   -- in x86reg.dat
        // ax cx dx bx sp bp si di   -- needed order
          (0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 5, 4);
        maxsupreg: array[tregistertype] of tsuperregister=
{$ifdef x86_64}
          (0, 16, 9, 8, 16, 32, 0, 0);
{$else x86_64}
          (0,  8, 9, 8,  8, 32, 0, 0);
{$endif x86_64}
      var
        rs: tsuperregister;
        rt: tregistertype;
      begin
        rs:=getsupreg(r);
        rt:=getregtype(r);
        if (rs>=maxsupreg[rt]) then
          badreg(r);
        result:=rs and 7;
        if (rt=R_INTREGISTER) then
          begin
            if (rs<8) then
              result:=intsupreg2opcode[rs];
            if getsubreg(r)=R_SUBH then
              inc(result,4);
          end;
      end;


{$if defined(x86_64)}
    function rexbits(r: tregister): byte;
      begin
        result:=0;
        case getregtype(r) of
          R_INTREGISTER:
            if (getsupreg(r)>=RS_R8) then
          { Either B,X or R bits can be set, depending on register role in instruction.
            Set all three bits here, caller will discard unnecessary ones. }
              result:=result or $47
            else if (getsubreg(r)=R_SUBL) and
              (getsupreg(r) in [RS_RDI,RS_RSI,RS_RBP,RS_RSP]) then
              result:=result or $40
            else if (getsubreg(r)=R_SUBH) then
          { Not an actual REX bit, used to detect incompatible usage of
            AH/BH/CH/DH }
              result:=result or $80;
          R_MMREGISTER:
            if getsupreg(r)>=RS_XMM8 then
              result:=result or $47;
        end;
      end;

    function process_ea_ref(const input:toper;var output:ea;rfield:longint):boolean;
      var
        sym   : tasmsymbol;
        md,s  : byte;
        base,index,scalefactor,
        o     : longint;
        ir,br : Tregister;
        isub,bsub : tsubregister;
      begin
        result:=false;
        ir:=input.ref^.index;
        br:=input.ref^.base;
        isub:=getsubreg(ir);
        bsub:=getsubreg(br);
        s:=input.ref^.scalefactor;
        o:=input.ref^.offset;
        sym:=input.ref^.symbol;

        //if ((ir<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(ir)<>R_INTREGISTER)) or
        //   ((br<>NR_NO) and (br<>NR_RIP) and (getregtype(br)<>R_INTREGISTER)) then
        if ((ir<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(ir)=R_MMREGISTER) and (br<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(br)<>R_INTREGISTER)) or // vector memory (AVX2)
           ((ir<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(ir)<>R_INTREGISTER) and (getregtype(ir)<>R_MMREGISTER)) or
           ((br<>NR_NO) and (br<>NR_RIP) and (getregtype(br)<>R_INTREGISTER)) then
          internalerror(200301081);
        { it's direct address }
        if (br=NR_NO) and (ir=NR_NO) then
         begin
           output.sib_present:=true;
           output.bytes:=4;
           output.modrm:=4 or (rfield shl 3);
           output.sib:=$25;
         end
        else if (br=NR_RIP) and (ir=NR_NO) then
          begin
            { rip based }
            output.sib_present:=false;
            output.bytes:=4;
            output.modrm:=5 or (rfield shl 3);
          end
        else
        { it's an indirection }
         begin
           { 16 bit? }

           if ((ir<>NR_NO) and (isub in [R_SUBMMX,R_SUBMMY]) and
               (br<>NR_NO) and (bsub=R_SUBADDR)
              ) then
           begin
             // vector memory (AVX2) =>> ignore
           end
           else if ((ir<>NR_NO) and (isub<>R_SUBADDR) and (isub<>R_SUBD)) or
                   ((br<>NR_NO) and (bsub<>R_SUBADDR) and (bsub<>R_SUBD)) then
           begin
             message(asmw_e_16bit_32bit_not_supported);
           end;

           { wrong, for various reasons }
           if (ir=NR_ESP) or ((s<>1) and (s<>2) and (s<>4) and (s<>8) and (ir<>NR_NO)) then
            exit;

           output.rex:=output.rex or (rexbits(br) and $F1) or (rexbits(ir) and $F2);
           result:=true;


           { base }
           case br of
             NR_R8D,
             NR_EAX,
             NR_R8,
             NR_RAX : base:=0;
             NR_R9D,
             NR_ECX,
             NR_R9,
             NR_RCX : base:=1;
             NR_R10D,
             NR_EDX,
             NR_R10,
             NR_RDX : base:=2;
             NR_R11D,
             NR_EBX,
             NR_R11,
             NR_RBX : base:=3;
             NR_R12D,
             NR_ESP,
             NR_R12,
             NR_RSP : base:=4;
             NR_R13D,
             NR_EBP,
             NR_R13,
             NR_NO,
             NR_RBP : base:=5;
             NR_R14D,
             NR_ESI,
             NR_R14,
             NR_RSI : base:=6;
             NR_R15D,
             NR_EDI,
             NR_R15,
             NR_RDI : base:=7;
           else
             exit;
           end;
           { index }
           case ir of
             NR_R8D,
             NR_EAX,
             NR_R8,
             NR_RAX,
             NR_XMM0,
             NR_XMM8,
             NR_YMM0,
             NR_YMM8  : index:=0;
             NR_R9D,
             NR_ECX,
             NR_R9,
             NR_RCX,
             NR_XMM1,
             NR_XMM9,
             NR_YMM1,
             NR_YMM9  : index:=1;
             NR_R10D,
             NR_EDX,
             NR_R10,
             NR_RDX,
             NR_XMM2,
             NR_XMM10,
             NR_YMM2,
             NR_YMM10 : index:=2;
             NR_R11D,
             NR_EBX,
             NR_R11,
             NR_RBX,
             NR_XMM3,
             NR_XMM11,
             NR_YMM3,
             NR_YMM11 : index:=3;
             NR_R12D,
             NR_ESP,
             NR_R12,
             NR_NO,
             NR_XMM4,
             NR_XMM12,
             NR_YMM4,
             NR_YMM12 : index:=4;
             NR_R13D,
             NR_EBP,
             NR_R13,
             NR_RBP,
             NR_XMM5,
             NR_XMM13,
             NR_YMM5,
             NR_YMM13: index:=5;
             NR_R14D,
             NR_ESI,
             NR_R14,
             NR_RSI,
             NR_XMM6,
             NR_XMM14,
             NR_YMM6,
             NR_YMM14: index:=6;
             NR_R15D,
             NR_EDI,
             NR_R15,
             NR_RDI,
             NR_XMM7,
             NR_XMM15,
             NR_YMM7,
             NR_YMM15: index:=7;
           else
             exit;
           end;
           case s of
            0,
            1 : scalefactor:=0;
            2 : scalefactor:=1;
            4 : scalefactor:=2;
            8 : scalefactor:=3;
           else
            exit;
           end;
           { If rbp or r13 is used we must always include an offset }
           if (br=NR_NO) or
              ((br<>NR_RBP) and (br<>NR_R13) and (br<>NR_EBP) and (br<>NR_R13D) and (o=0) and (sym=nil)) then
            md:=0
           else
            if ((o>=-128) and (o<=127) and (sym=nil)) then
             md:=1
            else
             md:=2;
           if (br=NR_NO) or (md=2) then
            output.bytes:=4
           else
            output.bytes:=md;
           { SIB needed ? }
           if (ir=NR_NO) and (br<>NR_RSP) and (br<>NR_R12) and (br<>NR_ESP) and (br<>NR_R12D)  then
            begin
              output.sib_present:=false;
              output.modrm:=(md shl 6) or (rfield shl 3) or base;
            end
           else
            begin
              output.sib_present:=true;
              output.modrm:=(md shl 6) or (rfield shl 3) or 4;
              output.sib:=(scalefactor shl 6) or (index shl 3) or base;
            end;
         end;
        output.size:=1+ord(output.sib_present)+output.bytes;
        result:=true;
      end;


{$elseif defined(i386)}

    function process_ea_ref(const input:toper;out output:ea;rfield:longint):boolean;
      var
        sym   : tasmsymbol;
        md,s  : byte;
        base,index,scalefactor,
        o     : longint;
        ir,br : Tregister;
        isub,bsub : tsubregister;
      begin
        result:=false;
        if ((input.ref^.index<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(input.ref^.index)=R_MMREGISTER) and (input.ref^.base<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(input.ref^.base)<>R_INTREGISTER)) or // vector memory (AVX2)
           ((input.ref^.index<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(input.ref^.index)<>R_INTREGISTER) and (getregtype(input.ref^.index)<>R_MMREGISTER)) or
           ((input.ref^.base<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(input.ref^.base)<>R_INTREGISTER)) then
         internalerror(200301081);


        ir:=input.ref^.index;
        br:=input.ref^.base;
        isub:=getsubreg(ir);
        bsub:=getsubreg(br);
        s:=input.ref^.scalefactor;
        o:=input.ref^.offset;
        sym:=input.ref^.symbol;
      { it's direct address }
        if (br=NR_NO) and (ir=NR_NO) then
         begin
           { it's a pure offset }
           output.sib_present:=false;
           output.bytes:=4;
           output.modrm:=5 or (rfield shl 3);
         end
        else
        { it's an indirection }
         begin
           { 16 bit address? }

           if ((ir<>NR_NO) and (isub in [R_SUBMMX,R_SUBMMY]) and
               (br<>NR_NO) and (bsub=R_SUBADDR)
              ) then
           begin
             // vector memory (AVX2) =>> ignore
           end
           else if ((ir<>NR_NO) and (isub<>R_SUBADDR)) or
                   ((br<>NR_NO) and (bsub<>R_SUBADDR)) then
             message(asmw_e_16bit_not_supported);
{$ifdef OPTEA}
           { make single reg base }
           if (br=NR_NO) and (s=1) then
            begin
              br:=ir;
              ir:=NR_NO;
            end;
           { convert [3,5,9]*EAX to EAX+[2,4,8]*EAX }
           if (br=NR_NO) and
              (((s=2) and (ir<>NR_ESP)) or
                (s=3) or (s=5) or (s=9)) then
            begin
              br:=ir;
              dec(s);
            end;
           { swap ESP into base if scalefactor is 1 }
           if (s=1) and (ir=NR_ESP) then
            begin
              ir:=br;
              br:=NR_ESP;
            end;
{$endif OPTEA}
           { wrong, for various reasons }
           if (ir=NR_ESP) or ((s<>1) and (s<>2) and (s<>4) and (s<>8) and (ir<>NR_NO)) then
            exit;
           { base }
           case br of
             NR_EAX : base:=0;
             NR_ECX : base:=1;
             NR_EDX : base:=2;
             NR_EBX : base:=3;
             NR_ESP : base:=4;
             NR_NO,
             NR_EBP : base:=5;
             NR_ESI : base:=6;
             NR_EDI : base:=7;
           else
             exit;
           end;
           { index }
           case ir of
             NR_EAX,
             NR_XMM0,
             NR_YMM0: index:=0;
             NR_ECX,
             NR_XMM1,
             NR_YMM1: index:=1;
             NR_EDX,
             NR_XMM2,
             NR_YMM2: index:=2;
             NR_EBX,
             NR_XMM3,
             NR_YMM3: index:=3;
             NR_NO,
             NR_XMM4,
             NR_YMM4: index:=4;
             NR_EBP,
             NR_XMM5,
             NR_YMM5: index:=5;
             NR_ESI,
             NR_XMM6,
             NR_YMM6: index:=6;
             NR_EDI,
             NR_XMM7,
             NR_YMM7: index:=7;
           else
             exit;
           end;
           case s of
            0,
            1 : scalefactor:=0;
            2 : scalefactor:=1;
            4 : scalefactor:=2;
            8 : scalefactor:=3;
           else
            exit;
           end;
           if (br=NR_NO) or
              ((br<>NR_EBP) and (o=0) and (sym=nil)) then
            md:=0
           else
            if ((o>=-128) and (o<=127) and (sym=nil)) then
             md:=1
            else
             md:=2;
           if (br=NR_NO) or (md=2) then
            output.bytes:=4
           else
            output.bytes:=md;
           { SIB needed ? }
           if (ir=NR_NO) and (br<>NR_ESP) then
            begin
              output.sib_present:=false;
              output.modrm:=(longint(md) shl 6) or (rfield shl 3) or base;
            end
           else
            begin
              output.sib_present:=true;
              output.modrm:=(longint(md) shl 6) or (rfield shl 3) or 4;
              output.sib:=(scalefactor shl 6) or (index shl 3) or base;
            end;
         end;
        if output.sib_present then
         output.size:=2+output.bytes
        else
         output.size:=1+output.bytes;
        result:=true;
      end;
{$elseif defined(i8086)}

    procedure maybe_swap_index_base(var br,ir:Tregister);
      var
        tmpreg: Tregister;
      begin
        if ((br=NR_NO) or (br=NR_SI) or (br=NR_DI)) and
           ((ir=NR_NO) or (ir=NR_BP) or (ir=NR_BX)) then
          begin
            tmpreg:=br;
            br:=ir;
            ir:=tmpreg;
          end;
      end;

    function process_ea_ref(const input:toper;out output:ea;rfield:longint):boolean;
      var
        sym   : tasmsymbol;
        md,s,rv  : byte;
        base,
        o     : longint;
        ir,br : Tregister;
        isub,bsub : tsubregister;
      begin
        result:=false;
        if ((input.ref^.index<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(input.ref^.index)<>R_INTREGISTER)) or
           ((input.ref^.base<>NR_NO) and (getregtype(input.ref^.base)<>R_INTREGISTER)) then
          internalerror(200301081);


        ir:=input.ref^.index;
        br:=input.ref^.base;
        isub:=getsubreg(ir);
        bsub:=getsubreg(br);
        s:=input.ref^.scalefactor;
        o:=input.ref^.offset;
        sym:=input.ref^.symbol;
        { it's a direct address }
        if (br=NR_NO) and (ir=NR_NO) then
          begin
            { it's a pure offset }
            output.bytes:=2;
            output.modrm:=6 or (rfield shl 3);
          end
        else
          { it's an indirection }
          begin
            { 32 bit address? }

            if ((ir<>NR_NO) and (isub<>R_SUBADDR)) or
               ((br<>NR_NO) and (bsub<>R_SUBADDR)) then
              message(asmw_e_32bit_not_supported);
            { scalefactor can only be 1 in 16-bit addresses }
            if (s<>1) and (ir<>NR_NO) then
              exit;
            maybe_swap_index_base(br,ir);
            if (br=NR_BX) and (ir=NR_SI) then
              base:=0
            else if (br=NR_BX) and (ir=NR_DI) then
              base:=1
            else if (br=NR_BP) and (ir=NR_SI) then
              base:=2
            else if (br=NR_BP) and (ir=NR_DI) then
              base:=3
            else if (br=NR_NO) and (ir=NR_SI) then
              base:=4
            else if (br=NR_NO) and (ir=NR_DI) then
              base:=5
            else if (br=NR_BP) and (ir=NR_NO) then
              base:=6
            else if (br=NR_BX) and (ir=NR_NO) then
              base:=7
            else
              exit;
            if (base<>6) and (o=0) and (sym=nil) then
              md:=0
            else if ((o>=-128) and (o<=127) and (sym=nil)) then
              md:=1
            else
              md:=2;
            output.bytes:=md;
            output.modrm:=(longint(md) shl 6) or (rfield shl 3) or base;
          end;
        output.size:=1+output.bytes;
        output.sib_present:=false;
        result:=true;
      end;
{$endif}

    function process_ea(const input:toper;out output:ea;rfield:longint):boolean;
      var
        rv  : byte;
      begin
        result:=false;
        fillchar(output,sizeof(output),0);
        {Register ?}
        if (input.typ=top_reg) then
          begin
            rv:=regval(input.reg);
            output.modrm:=$c0 or (rfield shl 3) or rv;
            output.size:=1;
{$ifdef x86_64}
            output.rex:=output.rex or (rexbits(input.reg) and $F1);
{$endif x86_64}
            result:=true;
            exit;
          end;
        {No register, so memory reference.}
        if input.typ<>top_ref then
          internalerror(200409263);
        result:=process_ea_ref(input,output,rfield);
      end;

    function taicpu.calcsize(p:PInsEntry):shortint;
      var
        codes : pchar;
        c     : byte;
        len     : shortint;
        ea_data : ea;
        exists_vex: boolean;
        exists_vex_extension: boolean;
        exists_prefix_66: boolean;
        exists_prefix_F2: boolean;
        exists_prefix_F3: boolean;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        omit_rexw : boolean;
{$endif x86_64}
      begin
        len:=0;
        codes:=@p^.code[0];
        exists_vex := false;
        exists_vex_extension := false;
        exists_prefix_66 := false;
        exists_prefix_F2 := false;
        exists_prefix_F3 := false;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        rex:=0;
        omit_rexw:=false;
{$endif x86_64}
        repeat
          c:=ord(codes^);
          inc(codes);
          case c of
            &0 :
              break;
            &1,&2,&3 :
              begin
                inc(codes,c);
                inc(len,c);
              end;
            &10,&11,&12 :
              begin
{$ifdef x86_64}
                rex:=rex or (rexbits(oper[c-&10]^.reg) and $F1);
{$endif x86_64}
                inc(codes);
                inc(len);
              end;
            &13,&23 :
              begin
                inc(codes);
                inc(len);
              end;
            &4,&5,&6,&7 :
              begin
                if opsize={$ifdef i8086}S_L{$else}S_W{$endif} then
                  inc(len,2)
                else
                  inc(len);
              end;
            &14,&15,&16,
            &20,&21,&22,
            &24,&25,&26,&27,
            &50,&51,&52 :
              inc(len);
            &30,&31,&32,
            &37,
            &60,&61,&62 :
              inc(len,2);
            &34,&35,&36:
              begin
{$ifdef i8086}
                inc(len,2);
{$else i8086}
                if opsize=S_Q then
                  inc(len,8)
                else
                  inc(len,4);
{$endif i8086}
              end;
            &44,&45,&46:
              inc(len,sizeof(pint));
            &54,&55,&56:
              inc(len,8);
            &40,&41,&42,
            &70,&71,&72,
            &254,&255,&256 :
              inc(len,4);
            &64,&65,&66:
{$ifdef i8086}
              inc(len,2);
{$else i8086}
              inc(len,4);
{$endif i8086}
            &74,&75,&76,&77: ; // ignore vex-coded operand-idx
            &320,&321,&322 :
              begin
                case (oper[c-&320]^.ot and OT_SIZE_MASK) of
{$if defined(i386) or defined(x86_64)}
                  OT_BITS16 :
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
                  OT_BITS32 :
{$endif}
                    inc(len);
{$ifdef x86_64}
                  OT_BITS64:
                    begin
                      rex:=rex or $48;
                    end;
{$endif x86_64}
                end;
              end;
            &310 :
{$if defined(x86_64)}
              { every insentry with code 0310 must be marked with NOX86_64 }
              InternalError(2011051301);
{$elseif defined(i386)}
              inc(len);
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
              {nothing};
{$endif}
            &311 :
{$if defined(x86_64) or defined(i8086)}
              inc(len)
{$endif x86_64 or i8086}
              ;
            &324 :
{$ifndef i8086}
              inc(len)
{$endif not i8086}
              ;
            &326 :
              begin
{$ifdef x86_64}
                rex:=rex or $48;
{$endif x86_64}
              end;
            &312,
            &323,
            &327,
            &331,&332: ;
            &325:
{$ifdef i8086}
              inc(len)
{$endif i8086}
              ;

            &333:
              begin
                inc(len);
                exists_prefix_F2 := true;
              end;
            &334:
              begin
                inc(len);
                exists_prefix_F3 := true;
              end;
            &361:
              begin
{$ifndef i8086}
                inc(len);
                exists_prefix_66 := true;
{$endif not i8086}
              end;
            &335:
{$ifdef x86_64}
              omit_rexw:=true
{$endif x86_64}
              ;
            &100..&227 :
              begin
{$ifdef x86_64}
                 if (c<&177) then
                  begin
                    if (oper[c and 7]^.typ=top_reg) then
                      begin
                        rex:=rex or (rexbits(oper[c and 7]^.reg) and $F4);
                      end;
                  end;

{$endif x86_64}
                if not process_ea(oper[(c shr 3) and 7]^, ea_data, 0) then
                  Message(asmw_e_invalid_effective_address)
                else
                  inc(len,ea_data.size);
{$ifdef x86_64}
                rex:=rex or ea_data.rex;
{$endif x86_64}

              end;
            &362: // VEX prefix for AVX (length = 2 or 3 bytes, dependens on REX.XBW or opcode-prefix ($0F38 or $0F3A))
                  // =>> DEFAULT = 2 Bytes
              begin
                if not(exists_vex) then
                begin
                  inc(len, 2);
                  exists_vex := true;
                end;
              end;
            &363: // REX.W = 1
                  // =>> VEX prefix length = 3
              begin
                if not(exists_vex_extension) then
                begin
                  inc(len);
                  exists_vex_extension := true;
                end;
              end;
            &364: ; // VEX length bit
            &366, // operand 2 (ymmreg) encoded immediate byte (bit 4-7)
            &367: inc(len); // operand 3 (ymmreg) encoded immediate byte (bit 4-7)
            &370: // VEX-Extension prefix $0F
                  // ignore for calculating length
                  ;
            &371, // VEX-Extension prefix $0F38
            &372: // VEX-Extension prefix $0F3A
              begin
                if not(exists_vex_extension) then
                begin
                  inc(len);
                  exists_vex_extension := true;
                end;
              end;
            &300,&301,&302:
              begin
{$if defined(x86_64) or defined(i8086)}
                if (oper[c and 3]^.ot and OT_SIZE_MASK)=OT_BITS32 then
                  inc(len);
{$endif x86_64 or i8086}
              end;
            else
             InternalError(200603141);
          end;
        until false;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        if ((rex and $80)<>0) and ((rex and $4F)<>0) then
          Message(asmw_e_bad_reg_with_rex);
        rex:=rex and $4F;      { reset extra bits in upper nibble }
        if omit_rexw then
          begin
            if rex=$48 then    { remove rex entirely? }
              rex:=0
            else
              rex:=rex and $F7;
          end;
        if not(exists_vex) then
        begin
          if rex<>0 then
            Inc(len);
        end;
{$endif}
        if exists_vex then
        begin
          if exists_prefix_66 then dec(len);
          if exists_prefix_F2 then dec(len);
          if exists_prefix_F3 then dec(len);

  {$ifdef x86_64}
          if not(exists_vex_extension) then
            if rex and $0B <> 0 then inc(len);  // REX.WXB <> 0 =>> needed VEX-Extension
  {$endif x86_64}

        end;
        calcsize:=len;
      end;


    procedure taicpu.GenCode(objdata:TObjData);
      {
       * the actual codes (C syntax, i.e. octal):
       * \0            - terminates the code. (Unless it's a literal of course.)
       * \1, \2, \3    - that many literal bytes follow in the code stream
       * \4, \6        - the POP/PUSH (respectively) codes for CS, DS, ES, SS
       *                 (POP is never used for CS) depending on operand 0
       * \5, \7        - the second byte of POP/PUSH codes for FS, GS, depending
       *                 on operand 0
       * \10, \11, \12 - a literal byte follows in the code stream, to be added
       *                 to the register value of operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \13           - a literal byte follows in the code stream, to be added
       *                 to the condition code value of the instruction.
       * \14, \15, \16 - a signed byte immediate operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \20, \21, \22 - a byte immediate operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \23           - a literal byte follows in the code stream, to be added
       *                 to the inverted condition code value of the instruction
       *                 (inverted version of \13).
       * \24, \25, \26, \27 - an unsigned byte immediate operand, from operand 0, 1, 2 or 3
       * \30, \31, \32 - a word immediate operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \34, \35, \36 - select between \3[012] and \4[012] depending on 16/32 bit
       *                 assembly mode or the address-size override on the operand
       * \37           - a word constant, from the _segment_ part of operand 0
       * \40, \41, \42 - a long immediate operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \44, \45, \46 - select between \3[012], \4[012] or \5[456] depending
                         on the address size of instruction
       * \50, \51, \52 - a byte relative operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \54, \55, \56 - a qword immediate, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \60, \61, \62 - a word relative operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \64, \65, \66 - select between \6[012] and \7[012] depending on 16/32 bit
       *                 assembly mode or the address-size override on the operand
       * \70, \71, \72 - a long relative operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \74, \75, \76 - a vex-coded vector operand, from operand 0, 1 or 2
       * \1ab          - a ModRM, calculated on EA in operand a, with the spare
       *                 field the register value of operand b.
       * \2ab          - a ModRM, calculated on EA in operand a, with the spare
       *                 field equal to digit b.
       * \254,\255,\256 - a signed 32-bit immediate to be extended to 64 bits
       * \300,\301,\302 - might be an 0x67, depending on the address size of
       *                 the memory reference in operand x.
       * \310          - indicates fixed 16-bit address size, i.e. optional 0x67.
       * \311          - indicates fixed 32-bit address size, i.e. optional 0x67.
       * \312          - (disassembler only) invalid with non-default address size.
       * \320,\321,\322 - might be an 0x66 or 0x48 byte, depending on the operand
       *                 size of operand x.
       * \324          - indicates fixed 16-bit operand size, i.e. optional 0x66.
       * \325          - indicates fixed 32-bit operand size, i.e. optional 0x66.
       * \326          - indicates fixed 64-bit operand size, i.e. optional 0x48.
       * \327          - indicates that this instruction is only valid when the
       *                 operand size is the default (instruction to disassembler,
       *                 generates no code in the assembler)
       * \331          - instruction not valid with REP prefix.  Hint for
       *                 disassembler only; for SSE instructions.
       * \332	       - disassemble a rep (0xF3 byte) prefix as repe not rep.
       * \333          - 0xF3 prefix for SSE instructions
       * \334          - 0xF2 prefix for SSE instructions
       * \335          - Indicates 64-bit operand size with REX.W not necessary
       * \361          - 0x66 prefix for SSE instructions

       * \362          - VEX prefix for AVX instructions
       * \363          - VEX W1
       * \364          - VEX Vector length 256
       * \366          - operand 2 (ymmreg) encoded in bit 4-7 of the immediate byte
       * \367          - operand 3 (ymmreg) encoded in bit 4-7 of the immediate byte

       * \370          - VEX 0F-FLAG
       * \371          - VEX 0F38-FLAG
       * \372          - VEX 0F3A-FLAG

      }

      var
        currval : aint;
        currsym : tobjsymbol;
        currrelreloc,
        currabsreloc,
        currabsreloc32 : TObjRelocationType;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        rexwritten : boolean;
{$endif x86_64}

        procedure getvalsym(opidx:longint);
          begin
            case oper[opidx]^.typ of
              top_ref :
                begin
                  currval:=oper[opidx]^.ref^.offset;
                  currsym:=ObjData.symbolref(oper[opidx]^.ref^.symbol);
{$ifdef i8086}
                  if oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_seg then
                    begin
                      currrelreloc:=RELOC_SEGREL;
                      currabsreloc:=RELOC_SEG;
                      currabsreloc32:=RELOC_SEG;
                    end
                  else if oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_dgroup then
                    begin
                      currrelreloc:=RELOC_DGROUPREL;
                      currabsreloc:=RELOC_DGROUP;
                      currabsreloc32:=RELOC_DGROUP;
                    end
                  else if oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_fardataseg then
                    begin
                      currrelreloc:=RELOC_FARDATASEGREL;
                      currabsreloc:=RELOC_FARDATASEG;
                      currabsreloc32:=RELOC_FARDATASEG;
                    end
                  else
{$endif i8086}
{$ifdef i386}
                  if (oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_pic) and
                     (tf_pic_uses_got in target_info.flags) then
                    begin
                      currrelreloc:=RELOC_PLT32;
                      currabsreloc:=RELOC_GOT32;
                      currabsreloc32:=RELOC_GOT32;
                    end
                  else
{$endif i386}
{$ifdef x86_64}
                  if oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_pic then
                    begin
                      currrelreloc:=RELOC_PLT32;
                      currabsreloc:=RELOC_GOTPCREL;
                      currabsreloc32:=RELOC_GOTPCREL;
                    end
                  else if oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_pic_no_got then
                    begin
                      currrelreloc:=RELOC_RELATIVE;
                      currabsreloc:=RELOC_RELATIVE;
                      currabsreloc32:=RELOC_RELATIVE;
                    end
                  else
{$endif x86_64}
                    begin
                      currrelreloc:=RELOC_RELATIVE;
                      currabsreloc:=RELOC_ABSOLUTE;
                      currabsreloc32:=RELOC_ABSOLUTE32;
                    end;
                end;
              top_const :
                begin
                  currval:=aint(oper[opidx]^.val);
                  currsym:=nil;
                  currabsreloc:=RELOC_ABSOLUTE;
                  currabsreloc32:=RELOC_ABSOLUTE32;
                end;
              else
                Message(asmw_e_immediate_or_reference_expected);
            end;
          end;

{$ifdef x86_64}
       procedure maybewriterex;
       begin
          if (rex<>0) and not(rexwritten) then
            begin
              rexwritten:=true;
              objdata.writebytes(rex,1);
            end;
        end;
{$endif x86_64}

       procedure write0x66prefix;
         const
           b66: Byte=$66;
         begin
{$ifdef i8086}
           if (objdata.CPUType<>cpu_none) and (objdata.CPUType<cpu_386) then
             Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
{$endif i8086}
           objdata.writebytes(b66,1);
         end;

       procedure write0x67prefix;
         const
           b67: Byte=$67;
         begin
{$ifdef i8086}
           if (objdata.CPUType<>cpu_none) and (objdata.CPUType<cpu_386) then
             Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
{$endif i8086}
           objdata.writebytes(b67,1);
         end;

       procedure objdata_writereloc(Data:TRelocDataInt;len:aword;p:TObjSymbol;Reloctype:TObjRelocationType);
         begin
{$ifdef i386}
               { Special case of '_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_'
                 which needs a special relocation type R_386_GOTPC }
               if assigned (p) and
                  (p.name='_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_') and
                  (tf_pic_uses_got in target_info.flags) then
                 begin
                   { nothing else than a 4 byte relocation should occur
                     for GOT }
                   if len<>4 then
                     Message1(asmw_e_invalid_opcode_and_operands,GetString);
                   Reloctype:=RELOC_GOTPC;
                   { We need to add the offset of the relocation
                     of _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE symbol within
                     the current instruction }
                   inc(data,objdata.currobjsec.size-insoffset);
                 end;
{$endif i386}
           objdata.writereloc(data,len,p,Reloctype);
         end;


      const
        CondVal:array[TAsmCond] of byte=($0,
         $7, $3, $2, $6, $2, $4, $F, $D, $C, $E, $6, $2,
         $3, $7, $3, $5, $E, $C, $D, $F, $1, $B, $9, $5,
         $0, $A, $A, $B, $8, $4);
      var
        c : byte;
        pb : pbyte;
        codes : pchar;
        bytes : array[0..3] of byte;
        rfield,
        data,s,opidx : longint;
        ea_data : ea;
        relsym : TObjSymbol;
        needed_VEX_Extension: boolean;
        needed_VEX: boolean;
        opmode: integer;
        VEXvvvv: byte;
        VEXmmmmm: byte;
      begin
        { safety check }
        if objdata.currobjsec.size<>longword(insoffset) then
           internalerror(200130121);

        { those variables are initialized inside local procedures, the dfa cannot handle this yet }
        currsym:=nil;
        currabsreloc:=RELOC_NONE;
        currabsreloc32:=RELOC_NONE;
        currrelreloc:=RELOC_NONE;
        currval:=0;

        { check instruction's processor level }
        { todo: maybe adapt and enable this code for i386 and x86_64 as well }
{$ifdef i8086}
        if objdata.CPUType<>cpu_none then
          begin
            case insentry^.flags and IF_PLEVEL of
              IF_8086:
                ;
              IF_186:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_186 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              IF_286:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_286 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              IF_386:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_386 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              IF_486:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_486 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              IF_PENT:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_Pentium then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              IF_P6:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_Pentium2 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              IF_KATMAI:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_Pentium3 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              IF_WILLAMETTE,
              IF_PRESCOTT:
                if objdata.CPUType<cpu_Pentium4 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              { the NEC V20/V30 extensions are incompatible with 386+, due to overlapping opcodes }
              IF_NEC:
                if objdata.CPUType>=cpu_386 then
                  Message(asmw_e_instruction_not_supported_by_cpu);
              { todo: handle these properly }
              IF_SANDYBRIDGE:
                ;
            end;
          end;
{$endif i8086}

        { load data to write }
        codes:=insentry^.code;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        rexwritten:=false;
{$endif x86_64}
        { Force word push/pop for registers }
        if (opsize={$ifdef i8086}S_L{$else}S_W{$endif}) and ((codes[0]=#4) or (codes[0]=#6) or
            ((codes[0]=#1) and ((codes[2]=#5) or (codes[2]=#7)))) then
          write0x66prefix;

        // needed VEX Prefix (for AVX etc.)

        needed_VEX := false;
        needed_VEX_Extension := false;
        opmode   := -1;
        VEXvvvv  := 0;
        VEXmmmmm := 0;
        repeat
          c:=ord(codes^);
          inc(codes);

          case c of
             &0: break;
             &1,
             &2,
             &3: inc(codes,c);
            &74: opmode := 0;
            &75: opmode := 1;
            &76: opmode := 2;
           &333: VEXvvvv                := VEXvvvv  OR $02; // set SIMD-prefix $F3
           &334: VEXvvvv                := VEXvvvv  OR $03; // set SIMD-prefix $F2
           &361: VEXvvvv                := VEXvvvv  OR $01; // set SIMD-prefix $66
           &362: needed_VEX             := true;
           &363: begin
                   needed_VEX_Extension := true;
                   VEXvvvv              := VEXvvvv  OR (1 shl 7); // set REX.W
                 end;
           &364: VEXvvvv                := VEXvvvv  OR $04; // vectorlength = 256 bits AND no scalar
           &370: VEXmmmmm               := VEXmmmmm OR $01; // set leading opcode byte $0F
           &371: begin
                   needed_VEX_Extension := true;
                   VEXmmmmm             := VEXmmmmm OR $02; // set leading opcode byte $0F38
                 end;
           &372: begin
                   needed_VEX_Extension := true;
                   VEXmmmmm             := VEXmmmmm OR $03; // set leading opcode byte $0F3A
                 end;

          end;
        until false;

        if needed_VEX then
        begin
          if (opmode > ops) or
             (opmode < -1) then
          begin
            Internalerror(777100);
          end
          else if opmode = -1 then
          begin
            VEXvvvv := VEXvvvv or ($0F shl 3); // set VEXvvvv bits (bits 6-3) to 1
          end
          else if oper[opmode]^.typ = top_reg then
          begin
            VEXvvvv := VEXvvvv or ((not(regval(oper[opmode]^.reg)) and $07) shl 3);

            {$ifdef x86_64}
              if rexbits(oper[opmode]^.reg) = 0 then VEXvvvv := VEXvvvv or (1 shl 6);
            {$else}
              VEXvvvv := VEXvvvv or (1 shl 6);
            {$endif x86_64}
          end
          else Internalerror(777101);

          if not(needed_VEX_Extension) then
          begin
            {$ifdef x86_64}
              if rex and $0B <> 0 then needed_VEX_Extension := true;
            {$endif x86_64}
          end;

          if needed_VEX_Extension then
          begin
            // VEX-Prefix-Length = 3 Bytes
            {$ifdef x86_64}
              VEXmmmmm := VEXmmmmm or ((not(rex) and $07) shl 5);  // set REX.rxb
              VEXvvvv  := VEXvvvv or ((rex and $08) shl 7);        // set REX.w
            {$else}
              VEXmmmmm := VEXmmmmm or (7 shl 5);  //
            {$endif x86_64}

            bytes[0]:=$C4;
            bytes[1]:=VEXmmmmm;
            bytes[2]:=VEXvvvv;
            objdata.writebytes(bytes,3);
          end
          else
          begin
            // VEX-Prefix-Length = 2 Bytes
            {$ifdef x86_64}
              if rex and $04 = 0 then
            {$endif x86_64}
            begin
              VEXvvvv := VEXvvvv or (1 shl 7);
            end;

            bytes[0]:=$C5;
            bytes[1]:=VEXvvvv;
            objdata.writebytes(bytes,2);
          end;
        end
        else
        begin
          needed_VEX_Extension := false;
          opmode := -1;
        end;

        { load data to write }
        codes:=insentry^.code;

        repeat
          c:=ord(codes^);
          inc(codes);
          case c of
            &0 :
              break;
            &1,&2,&3 :
              begin
{$ifdef x86_64}
                if not(needed_VEX) then  // TG
                  maybewriterex;
{$endif x86_64}
                objdata.writebytes(codes^,c);
                inc(codes,c);
              end;
            &4,&6 :
              begin
                case oper[0]^.reg of
                  NR_CS:
                    bytes[0]:=$e;
                  NR_NO,
                  NR_DS:
                    bytes[0]:=$1e;
                  NR_ES:
                    bytes[0]:=$6;
                  NR_SS:
                    bytes[0]:=$16;
                  else
                    internalerror(777004);
                end;
                if c=&4 then
                  inc(bytes[0]);
                objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
              end;
            &5,&7 :
              begin
                case oper[0]^.reg of
                  NR_FS:
                    bytes[0]:=$a0;
                  NR_GS:
                    bytes[0]:=$a8;
                  else
                    internalerror(777005);
                end;
                if c=&5 then
                  inc(bytes[0]);
                objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
              end;
            &10,&11,&12 :
              begin
{$ifdef x86_64}
                if not(needed_VEX) then  // TG
                  maybewriterex;
{$endif x86_64}
                bytes[0]:=ord(codes^)+regval(oper[c-&10]^.reg);
                inc(codes);
                objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
              end;
            &13 :
              begin
                bytes[0]:=ord(codes^)+condval[condition];
                inc(codes);
                objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
              end;
            &14,&15,&16 :
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&14);
                if (currval<-128) or (currval>127) then
                 Message2(asmw_e_value_exceeds_bounds,'signed byte',tostr(currval));
                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(currval,1,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                  objdata.writebytes(currval,1);
              end;
            &20,&21,&22 :
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&20);
                if (currval<-256) or (currval>255) then
                 Message2(asmw_e_value_exceeds_bounds,'byte',tostr(currval));
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,1,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                 objdata.writebytes(currval,1);
              end;
            &23 :
              begin
                bytes[0]:=ord(codes^)+condval[inverse_cond(condition)];
                inc(codes);
                objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
              end;
            &24,&25,&26,&27 :
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&24);
                if (insentry^.flags and IF_IMM3)<>0 then
                  begin
                    if (currval<0) or (currval>7) then
                      Message2(asmw_e_value_exceeds_bounds,'unsigned triad',tostr(currval));
                  end
                else if (insentry^.flags and IF_IMM4)<>0 then
                  begin
                    if (currval<0) or (currval>15) then
                      Message2(asmw_e_value_exceeds_bounds,'unsigned nibble',tostr(currval));
                  end
                else
                  if (currval<0) or (currval>255) then
                    Message2(asmw_e_value_exceeds_bounds,'unsigned byte',tostr(currval));
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,1,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                 objdata.writebytes(currval,1);
              end;
            &30,&31,&32 :     // 030..032
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&30);
{$ifndef i8086}
                { currval is an aint so this cannot happen on i8086 and causes only a warning }
                if (currval<-65536) or (currval>65535) then
                 Message2(asmw_e_value_exceeds_bounds,'word',tostr(currval));
{$endif i8086}
                if assigned(currsym)
{$ifdef i8086}
                   or (currabsreloc in [RELOC_DGROUP,RELOC_FARDATASEG])
{$endif i8086}
                then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,2,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                 objdata.writebytes(currval,2);
              end;
            &34,&35,&36 :     // 034..036
              { !!! These are intended (and used in opcode table) to select depending
                    on address size, *not* operand size. Works by coincidence only. }
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&34);
{$ifdef i8086}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(currval,2,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                  objdata.writebytes(currval,2);
{$else i8086}
                if opsize=S_Q then
                  begin
                    if assigned(currsym) then
                     objdata_writereloc(currval,8,currsym,currabsreloc)
                    else
                     objdata.writebytes(currval,8);
                  end
                else
                  begin
                    if assigned(currsym) then
                      objdata_writereloc(currval,4,currsym,currabsreloc32)
                    else
                      objdata.writebytes(currval,4);
                  end
{$endif i8086}
              end;
            &40,&41,&42 :    // 040..042
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&40);
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,4,currsym,currabsreloc32)
                else
                 objdata.writebytes(currval,4);
              end;
            &44,&45,&46 :// 044..046 - select between word/dword/qword depending on
              begin      // address size (we support only default address sizes).
                getvalsym(c-&44);
{$if defined(x86_64)}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(currval,8,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                  objdata.writebytes(currval,8);
{$elseif defined(i386)}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(currval,4,currsym,currabsreloc32)
                else
                  objdata.writebytes(currval,4);
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(currval,2,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                  objdata.writebytes(currval,2);
{$endif}
              end;
            &50,&51,&52 :   // 050..052 - byte relative operand
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&50);
                data:=currval-insend;
{$push}
{$r-,q-} { disable also overflow as address returns a qword for x86_64 }
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 inc(data,currsym.address);
{$pop}
                if (data>127) or (data<-128) then
                 Message1(asmw_e_short_jmp_out_of_range,tostr(data));
                objdata.writebytes(data,1);
              end;
            &54,&55,&56:   // 054..056 - qword immediate operand
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&54);
                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(currval,8,currsym,currabsreloc)
                else
                  objdata.writebytes(currval,8);
              end;
            &60,&61,&62 :
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&60);
{$ifdef i8086}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,2,currsym,currrelreloc)
                else
                 objdata_writereloc(currval-insend,2,nil,currabsreloc)
{$else i8086}
                InternalError(777006);
{$endif i8086}
              end;
            &64,&65,&66 :  // 064..066 - select between 16/32 address mode, but we support only 32 (only 16 on i8086)
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&64);
{$ifdef i8086}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,2,currsym,currrelreloc)
                else
                 objdata_writereloc(currval-insend,2,nil,currabsreloc)
{$else i8086}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,4,currsym,currrelreloc)
                else
                 objdata_writereloc(currval-insend,4,nil,currabsreloc32)
{$endif i8086}
              end;
            &70,&71,&72 :  // 070..072 - long relative operand
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&70);
                if assigned(currsym) then
                 objdata_writereloc(currval,4,currsym,currrelreloc)
                else
                 objdata_writereloc(currval-insend,4,nil,currabsreloc32)
              end;
            &74,&75,&76 : ; // 074..076 - vex-coded vector operand
                            // ignore
            &254,&255,&256 :  // 0254..0256 - dword implicitly sign-extended to 64-bit (x86_64 only)
              begin
                getvalsym(c-&254);
{$ifdef x86_64}
                { for i386 as aint type is longint the
                  following test is useless }
                if (currval<low(longint)) or (currval>high(longint)) then
                  Message2(asmw_e_value_exceeds_bounds,'signed dword',tostr(currval));
{$endif x86_64}

                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(currval,4,currsym,currabsreloc32)
                else
                  objdata.writebytes(currval,4);
              end;
            &300,&301,&302:
              begin
{$if defined(x86_64) or defined(i8086)}
                if (oper[c and 3]^.ot and OT_SIZE_MASK)=OT_BITS32 then
                  write0x67prefix;
{$endif x86_64 or i8086}
              end;
            &310 :   { fixed 16-bit addr }
{$if defined(x86_64)}
              { every insentry having code 0310 must be marked with NOX86_64 }
              InternalError(2011051302);
{$elseif defined(i386)}
              write0x67prefix;
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
              {nothing};
{$endif}
            &311 :   { fixed 32-bit addr }
{$if defined(x86_64) or defined(i8086)}
              write0x67prefix
{$endif x86_64 or i8086}
              ;
            &320,&321,&322 :
              begin
                case oper[c-&320]^.ot and OT_SIZE_MASK of
{$if defined(i386) or defined(x86_64)}
                  OT_BITS16 :
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
                  OT_BITS32 :
{$endif}
                    write0x66prefix;
{$ifndef x86_64}
                  OT_BITS64 :
                      Message(asmw_e_64bit_not_supported);
{$endif x86_64}
                end;
              end;
            &323 : {no action needed};
            &325:
{$ifdef i8086}
              write0x66prefix;
{$else i8086}
              {no action needed};
{$endif i8086}

            &324,
            &361:
              begin
{$ifndef i8086}
                if not(needed_VEX) then
                  write0x66prefix;
{$endif not i8086}
              end;
            &326 :
              begin
{$ifndef x86_64}
                Message(asmw_e_64bit_not_supported);
{$endif x86_64}
              end;
            &333 :
              begin
                if not(needed_VEX) then
                begin
                  bytes[0]:=$f3;
                  objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
                end;
              end;
            &334 :
              begin
                if not(needed_VEX) then
                begin
                  bytes[0]:=$f2;
                  objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
                end;
              end;
            &335:
              ;
            &312,
            &327,
            &331,&332 :
              begin
                { these are dissambler hints or 32 bit prefixes which
                  are not needed }
              end;
            &362..&364: ; // VEX flags =>> nothing todo
            &366, &367:
              begin
                opidx:=c-&364;  { 0366->operand 2, 0367->operand 3 }
                if needed_VEX and
                  (ops=4) and
                  (oper[opidx]^.typ=top_reg) and
                  (oper[opidx]^.ot and (otf_reg_xmm or otf_reg_ymm)<>0) then
                  begin
                    bytes[0] := ((getsupreg(oper[opidx]^.reg) and 15) shl 4);
                    objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
                  end
                else
                  Internalerror(2014032001);
              end;
            &370..&372: ; // VEX flags =>> nothing todo
            &37:
              begin
{$ifdef i8086}
                if assigned(currsym) then
                  objdata_writereloc(0,2,currsym,RELOC_SEG)
                else
                  InternalError(2015041503);
{$else i8086}
                InternalError(777006);
{$endif i8086}
              end;
            else
              begin
                { rex should be written at this point }
{$ifdef x86_64}
                if not(needed_VEX) then  // TG
                  if (rex<>0) and not(rexwritten) then
                    internalerror(200603191);
{$endif x86_64}
                if (c>=&100) and (c<=&227) then  // 0100..0227
                 begin
                   if (c<&177) then            // 0177
                    begin
                      if (oper[c and 7]^.typ=top_reg) then
                        rfield:=regval(oper[c and 7]^.reg)
                      else
                        rfield:=regval(oper[c and 7]^.ref^.base);
                    end
                   else
                    rfield:=c and 7;
                   opidx:=(c shr 3) and 7;
                   if not process_ea(oper[opidx]^,ea_data,rfield) then
                     Message(asmw_e_invalid_effective_address);

                   pb:=@bytes[0];
                   pb^:=ea_data.modrm;
                   inc(pb);
                   if ea_data.sib_present then
                    begin
                      pb^:=ea_data.sib;
                      inc(pb);
                    end;

                   s:=pb-@bytes[0];
                   objdata.writebytes(bytes,s);

                   case ea_data.bytes of
                     0 : ;
                     1 :
                       begin
                         if (oper[opidx]^.ot and OT_MEMORY)=OT_MEMORY then
                           begin
                             currsym:=objdata.symbolref(oper[opidx]^.ref^.symbol);
{$ifdef i386}
                             if (oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_pic) and
                                (tf_pic_uses_got in target_info.flags) then
                               currabsreloc:=RELOC_GOT32
                             else
{$endif i386}
{$ifdef x86_64}
                             if oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_pic then
                               currabsreloc:=RELOC_GOTPCREL
                             else
{$endif x86_64}
                               currabsreloc:=RELOC_ABSOLUTE;
                             objdata_writereloc(oper[opidx]^.ref^.offset,1,currsym,currabsreloc);
                           end
                         else
                          begin
                            bytes[0]:=oper[opidx]^.ref^.offset;
                            objdata.writebytes(bytes,1);
                          end;
                         inc(s);
                       end;
                     2,4 :
                       begin
                         currsym:=objdata.symbolref(oper[opidx]^.ref^.symbol);
                         currval:=oper[opidx]^.ref^.offset;
{$ifdef x86_64}
                         if oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_pic then
                           currabsreloc:=RELOC_GOTPCREL
                         else
                           if oper[opidx]^.ref^.base=NR_RIP then
                             begin
                               currabsreloc:=RELOC_RELATIVE;
                               { Adjust reloc value by number of bytes following the displacement,
                                 but not if displacement is specified by literal constant }
                               if Assigned(currsym) then
                                 Dec(currval,InsEnd-objdata.CurrObjSec.Size-ea_data.bytes);
                             end
                           else
{$endif x86_64}
{$ifdef i386}
                         if (oper[opidx]^.ref^.refaddr=addr_pic) and
                            (tf_pic_uses_got in target_info.flags) then
                           currabsreloc:=RELOC_GOT32
                         else
{$endif i386}
{$ifdef i8086}
                         if ea_data.bytes=2 then
                           currabsreloc:=RELOC_ABSOLUTE
                         else
{$endif i8086}
                             currabsreloc:=RELOC_ABSOLUTE32;

                           if (currabsreloc in [RELOC_ABSOLUTE32{$ifdef i8086},RELOC_ABSOLUTE{$endif}]) and
                            (Assigned(oper[opidx]^.ref^.relsymbol)) then
                           begin
                             relsym:=objdata.symbolref(oper[opidx]^.ref^.relsymbol);
                             if relsym.objsection=objdata.CurrObjSec then
                               begin
                                 currval:=objdata.CurrObjSec.size+ea_data.bytes-relsym.offset+currval;
{$ifdef i8086}
                                 if ea_data.bytes=4 then
                                   currabsreloc:=RELOC_RELATIVE32
                                 else
{$endif i8086}
                                   currabsreloc:=RELOC_RELATIVE;
                               end
                             else
                               begin
                                 currabsreloc:=RELOC_PIC_PAIR;
                                 currval:=relsym.offset;
                               end;
                           end;
                         objdata_writereloc(currval,ea_data.bytes,currsym,currabsreloc);
                         inc(s,ea_data.bytes);
                       end;
                   end;
                 end
                else
                 InternalError(777007);
              end;
          end;
        until false;
      end;


    function taicpu.is_same_reg_move(regtype: Tregistertype):boolean;
      begin
        result:=(((opcode=A_MOV) or (opcode=A_XCHG)) and
                 (regtype = R_INTREGISTER) and
                 (ops=2) and
                 (oper[0]^.typ=top_reg) and
                 (oper[1]^.typ=top_reg) and
                 (oper[0]^.reg=oper[1]^.reg)
                ) or
                (((opcode=A_MOVSS) or (opcode=A_MOVSD) or (opcode=A_MOVQ) or
                  (opcode=A_MOVAPS) or (opcode=A_MOVAPD) or
                  (opcode=A_VMOVSS) or (opcode=A_VMOVSD) or (opcode=A_VMOVQ) or
                  (opcode=A_VMOVAPS) or (opcode=A_VMOVAPD)) and
                 (regtype = R_MMREGISTER) and
                 (ops=2) and
                 (oper[0]^.typ=top_reg) and
                 (oper[1]^.typ=top_reg) and
                 (oper[0]^.reg=oper[1]^.reg)
                );
      end;


    procedure build_spilling_operation_type_table;
      var
        opcode : tasmop;
        i      : integer;
      begin
        new(operation_type_table);
        fillchar(operation_type_table^,sizeof(toperation_type_table),byte(operand_read));
        for opcode:=low(tasmop) to high(tasmop) do
          begin
            for i:=1 to MaxInsChanges do
              begin
                case InsProp[opcode].Ch[i] of
                  Ch_Rop1 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,0]:=operand_read;
                  Ch_Wop1 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,0]:=operand_write;
                  Ch_RWop1,
                  Ch_Mop1 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,0]:=operand_readwrite;
                  Ch_Rop2 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,1]:=operand_read;
                  Ch_Wop2 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,1]:=operand_write;
                  Ch_RWop2,
                  Ch_Mop2 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,1]:=operand_readwrite;
                  Ch_Rop3 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,2]:=operand_read;
                  Ch_Wop3 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,2]:=operand_write;
                  Ch_RWop3,
                  Ch_Mop3 :
                    operation_type_table^[opcode,2]:=operand_readwrite;
                end;
              end;
          end;
      end;


    function taicpu.spilling_get_operation_type(opnr: longint): topertype;
      begin
        { the information in the instruction table is made for the string copy
          operation MOVSD so hack here (FK)

          VMOVSS and VMOVSD has two and three operand flavours, this cannot modelled by x86ins.dat
          so fix it here (FK)
        }
        if ((opcode=A_MOVSD) or (opcode=A_VMOVSS) or (opcode=A_VMOVSD)) and (ops=2) then
          begin
            case opnr of
              0:
                result:=operand_read;
              1:
                result:=operand_write;
              else
                internalerror(200506055);
            end
          end
        { IMUL has 1, 2 and 3-operand forms }
        else if opcode=A_IMUL then
          begin
            case ops of
              1:
                if opnr=0 then
                  result:=operand_read
                else
                  internalerror(2014011802);
              2:
                begin
                  case opnr of
                    0:
                      result:=operand_read;
                    1:
                      result:=operand_readwrite;
                    else
                      internalerror(2014011803);
                  end;
                end;
              3:
                begin
                  case opnr of
                    0,1:
                      result:=operand_read;
                    2:
                      result:=operand_write;
                    else
                      internalerror(2014011804);
                  end;
                end;
              else
                internalerror(2014011805);
            end;
          end
        else
          result:=operation_type_table^[opcode,opnr];
      end;


    function spilling_create_load(const ref:treference;r:tregister):Taicpu;
      var
        tmpref: treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
{$ifdef i8086}
        if tmpref.segment=NR_SS then
          tmpref.segment:=NR_NO;
{$endif i8086}
        case getregtype(r) of
          R_INTREGISTER :
            begin
              if getsubreg(r)=R_SUBH then
                inc(tmpref.offset);
              { we don't need special code here for 32 bit loads on x86_64, since
                those will automatically zero-extend the upper 32 bits. }
              result:=taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOV,reg2opsize(r),tmpref,r);
            end;
          R_MMREGISTER :
            if current_settings.fputype in fpu_avx_instructionsets then
              case getsubreg(r) of
                R_SUBMMD:
                  result:=taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_VMOVSD,S_NO,tmpref,r);
                R_SUBMMS:
                  result:=taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_VMOVSS,S_NO,tmpref,r);
                R_SUBQ,
                R_SUBMMWHOLE:
                  result:=taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_VMOVQ,S_NO,tmpref,r);
                else
                  internalerror(200506043);
              end
            else
              case getsubreg(r) of
                R_SUBMMD:
                  result:=taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOVSD,S_NO,tmpref,r);
                R_SUBMMS:
                  result:=taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOVSS,S_NO,tmpref,r);
                R_SUBQ,
                R_SUBMMWHOLE:
                  result:=taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOVQ,S_NO,tmpref,r);
                else
                  internalerror(200506043);
              end;
          else
            internalerror(200401041);
        end;
      end;


    function spilling_create_store(r:tregister; const ref:treference):Taicpu;
      var
        size: topsize;
        tmpref: treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
{$ifdef i8086}
        if tmpref.segment=NR_SS then
          tmpref.segment:=NR_NO;
{$endif i8086}
        case getregtype(r) of
          R_INTREGISTER :
            begin
              if getsubreg(r)=R_SUBH then
                inc(tmpref.offset);
              size:=reg2opsize(r);
{$ifdef x86_64}
              { even if it's a 32 bit reg, we still have to spill 64 bits
                because we often perform 64 bit operations on them }
              if (size=S_L) then
                begin
                  size:=S_Q;
                  r:=newreg(getregtype(r),getsupreg(r),R_SUBWHOLE);
                end;
{$endif x86_64}
              result:=taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOV,size,r,tmpref);
            end;
          R_MMREGISTER :
            if current_settings.fputype in fpu_avx_instructionsets then
              case getsubreg(r) of
                R_SUBMMD:
                  result:=taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_VMOVSD,S_NO,r,tmpref);
                R_SUBMMS:
                  result:=taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_VMOVSS,S_NO,r,tmpref);
                R_SUBQ,
                R_SUBMMWHOLE:
                  result:=taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_VMOVQ,S_NO,r,tmpref);
                else
                  internalerror(200506042);
              end
            else
              case getsubreg(r) of
                R_SUBMMD:
                  result:=taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOVSD,S_NO,r,tmpref);
                R_SUBMMS:
                  result:=taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOVSS,S_NO,r,tmpref);
                R_SUBQ,
                R_SUBMMWHOLE:
                  result:=taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOVQ,S_NO,r,tmpref);
                else
                  internalerror(200506042);
              end;
          else
            internalerror(200401041);
        end;
      end;


{$ifdef i8086}
    procedure taicpu.loadsegsymbol(opidx:longint;s:tasmsymbol);
      var
        r: treference;
      begin
        reference_reset_symbol(r,s,0,1,[]);
        r.refaddr:=addr_seg;
        loadref(opidx,r);
      end;
{$endif i8086}

{*****************************************************************************
                              Instruction table
*****************************************************************************}

    procedure BuildInsTabCache;
      var
        i : longint;
      begin
        new(instabcache);
        FillChar(instabcache^,sizeof(tinstabcache),$ff);
        i:=0;
        while (i<InsTabEntries) do
         begin
           if InsTabCache^[InsTab[i].OPcode]=-1 then
            InsTabCache^[InsTab[i].OPcode]:=i;
           inc(i);
         end;
      end;


    procedure BuildInsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache;
    var
      AsmOp: TasmOp;
      i,j: longint;
      insentry  : PInsEntry;
      MRefInfo: TMemRefSizeInfo;
      SConstInfo: TConstSizeInfo;
      actRegSize: int64;
      actMemSize: int64;
      actConstSize: int64;
      actRegCount: integer;
      actMemCount: integer;
      actConstCount: integer;
      actRegTypes  : int64;
      actRegMemTypes: int64;
      NewRegSize: int64;

      actVMemCount  : integer;
      actVMemTypes  : int64;

      RegMMXSizeMask: int64;
      RegXMMSizeMask: int64;
      RegYMMSizeMask: int64;

      bitcount: integer;

      function bitcnt(aValue: int64): integer;
      var
        i: integer;
      begin
        result := 0;

        for i := 0 to 63 do
        begin
          if (aValue mod 2) = 1 then
          begin
            inc(result);
          end;

          aValue := aValue shr 1;
        end;
      end;

    begin
      new(InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache);
      FillChar(InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^,sizeof(TInsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache),0);

      for AsmOp := low(TAsmOp) to high(TAsmOp) do
      begin
        i := InsTabCache^[AsmOp];

        if i >= 0 then
        begin
          InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize   := msiUnkown;
          InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ConstSize    := csiUnkown;
          InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ExistsSSEAVX := false;

          insentry:=@instab[i];
          RegMMXSizeMask := 0;
          RegXMMSizeMask := 0;
          RegYMMSizeMask := 0;

          while (insentry^.opcode=AsmOp) do
          begin
            MRefInfo         := msiUnkown;

            actRegSize       := 0;
            actRegCount      := 0;
            actRegTypes      := 0;
            NewRegSize       := 0;

            actMemSize       := 0;
            actMemCount      := 0;
            actRegMemTypes   := 0;

            actVMemCount     := 0;
            actVMemTypes     := 0;

            actConstSize     := 0;
            actConstCount    := 0;

            for j := 0 to insentry^.ops -1 do
            begin
              if ((insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_XMEM32) = OT_XMEM32) OR
                 ((insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_XMEM64) = OT_XMEM64) OR
                 ((insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_YMEM32) = OT_YMEM32) OR
                 ((insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_YMEM64) = OT_YMEM64) then
              begin
                inc(actVMemCount);

                case insentry^.optypes[j] and (OT_XMEM32 OR OT_XMEM64 OR OT_YMEM32 OR OT_YMEM64) of
                  OT_XMEM32: actVMemTypes := actVMemTypes or OT_XMEM32;
                  OT_XMEM64: actVMemTypes := actVMemTypes or OT_XMEM64;
                  OT_YMEM32: actVMemTypes := actVMemTypes or OT_YMEM32;
                  OT_YMEM64: actVMemTypes := actVMemTypes or OT_YMEM64;
                        else InternalError(777206);
                end;
              end
              else if (insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_REGISTER) = OT_REGISTER then
              begin
                inc(actRegCount);

                  NewRegSize := (insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_SIZE_MASK);
                  if NewRegSize = 0 then
                    begin
                      case insentry^.optypes[j] and (OT_MMXREG OR OT_XMMREG OR OT_YMMREG) of
                        OT_MMXREG: begin
                                     NewRegSize := OT_BITS64;
                                   end;
                        OT_XMMREG: begin
                                     NewRegSize := OT_BITS128;
                                     InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ExistsSSEAVX := true;
                                   end;
                        OT_YMMREG: begin
                                     NewRegSize := OT_BITS256;
                                     InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ExistsSSEAVX := true;
                                   end;
                              else NewRegSize := not(0);
                      end;
                  end;

                actRegSize  := actRegSize or NewRegSize;
                actRegTypes := actRegTypes or (insentry^.optypes[j] and (OT_MMXREG OR OT_XMMREG OR OT_YMMREG));
                end
              else if ((insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_MEMORY) <> 0) then
                begin
                  inc(actMemCount);

                  actMemSize:=actMemSize or (insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_SIZE_MASK);
                  if (insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_REGMEM) = OT_REGMEM then
                    begin
                      actRegMemTypes  := actRegMemTypes or insentry^.optypes[j];
                    end;
                end
              else if ((insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_IMMEDIATE) = OT_IMMEDIATE) then
              begin
                inc(actConstCount);

                actConstSize    := actConstSize or (insentry^.optypes[j] and OT_SIZE_MASK);
              end
            end;

            if actConstCount > 0 then
            begin
              case actConstSize of
                0: SConstInfo := csiNoSize;
                OT_BITS8: SConstInfo := csiMem8;
                OT_BITS16: SConstInfo := csiMem16;
                OT_BITS32: SConstInfo := csiMem32;
                OT_BITS64: SConstInfo := csiMem64;
                else SConstInfo := csiMultiple;
              end;

              if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ConstSize = csiUnkown then
              begin
                InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ConstSize := SConstInfo;
              end
              else if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ConstSize <> SConstInfo then
              begin
                InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ConstSize := csiMultiple;
              end;
            end;

            if actVMemCount > 0 then
            begin
              if actVMemCount = 1 then
              begin
                if actVMemTypes > 0 then
                begin
                  case actVMemTypes of
                    OT_XMEM32: MRefInfo := msiXMem32;
                    OT_XMEM64: MRefInfo := msiXMem64;
                    OT_YMEM32: MRefInfo := msiYMem32;
                    OT_YMEM64: MRefInfo := msiYMem64;
                          else InternalError(777208);
                  end;

                  case actRegTypes of
                    OT_XMMREG: case MRefInfo of
                                 msiXMem32,
                                 msiXMem64: RegXMMSizeMask := RegXMMSizeMask or OT_BITS128;
                                 msiYMem32,
                                 msiYMem64: RegXMMSizeMask := RegXMMSizeMask or OT_BITS256;
                                       else InternalError(777210);
                               end;
                    OT_YMMREG: case MRefInfo of
                                 msiXMem32,
                                 msiXMem64: RegYMMSizeMask := RegYMMSizeMask or OT_BITS128;
                                 msiYMem32,
                                 msiYMem64: RegYMMSizeMask := RegYMMSizeMask or OT_BITS256;
                                       else InternalError(777211);
                               end;
                          //else InternalError(777209);
                  end;


                  if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize = msiUnkown then
                  begin
                    InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := MRefInfo;
                  end
                  else if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize <> MRefInfo then
                  begin
                    if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize in [msiXMem32, msiXMem64, msiYMem32, msiYMem64] then
                    begin
                      InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiVMemMultiple;
                    end
                    else InternalError(777212);
                  end;

                end;
              end
              else InternalError(777207);
            end
            else
            case actMemCount of
                0: ; // nothing todo
                1: begin
                     MRefInfo := msiUnkown;
                     case actRegMemTypes and (OT_MMXRM OR OT_XMMRM OR OT_YMMRM) of
                       OT_MMXRM: actMemSize := actMemSize or OT_BITS64;
                       OT_XMMRM: actMemSize := actMemSize or OT_BITS128;
                       OT_YMMRM: actMemSize := actMemSize or OT_BITS256;
                     end;

                     case actMemSize of
                       0: MRefInfo := msiNoSize;
                       OT_BITS8: MRefInfo := msiMem8;
                       OT_BITS16: MRefInfo := msiMem16;
                       OT_BITS32: MRefInfo := msiMem32;
                       OT_BITS64: MRefInfo := msiMem64;
                       OT_BITS128: MRefInfo := msiMem128;
                       OT_BITS256: MRefInfo := msiMem256;
                       OT_BITS80,
                       OT_FAR,
                       OT_NEAR,
                       OT_SHORT: ; // ignore
                       else
                         begin
                           bitcount := bitcnt(actMemSize);

                           if bitcount > 1 then MRefInfo := msiMultiple
                           else InternalError(777203);
                         end;
                     end;

                     if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize = msiUnkown then
                       begin
                         InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := MRefInfo;
                       end
                     else if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize <> MRefInfo then
                       begin
                         with InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp] do
                         begin
                           if ((MemRefSize = msiMem8)        OR (MRefInfo = msiMem8))   then MemRefSize := msiMultiple8
                           else if ((MemRefSize = msiMem16)  OR (MRefInfo = msiMem16))  then MemRefSize := msiMultiple16
                           else if ((MemRefSize = msiMem32)  OR (MRefInfo = msiMem32))  then MemRefSize := msiMultiple32
                           else if ((MemRefSize = msiMem64)  OR (MRefInfo = msiMem64))  then MemRefSize := msiMultiple64
                           else if ((MemRefSize = msiMem128) OR (MRefInfo = msiMem128)) then MemRefSize := msiMultiple128
                           else if ((MemRefSize = msiMem256) OR (MRefInfo = msiMem256)) then MemRefSize := msiMultiple256
                           else MemRefSize := msiMultiple;
                         end;
                     end;

                     if actRegCount > 0 then
                       begin
                         case actRegTypes and (OT_MMXREG or OT_XMMREG or OT_YMMREG) of
                           OT_MMXREG: RegMMXSizeMask := RegMMXSizeMask or actMemSize;
                           OT_XMMREG: RegXMMSizeMask := RegXMMSizeMask or actMemSize;
                           OT_YMMREG: RegYMMSizeMask := RegYMMSizeMask or actMemSize;
                                 else begin
                                        RegMMXSizeMask := not(0);
                                        RegXMMSizeMask := not(0);
                                        RegYMMSizeMask := not(0);
                                      end;
                         end;
                       end;
                   end;
              else InternalError(777202);
            end;

            inc(insentry);
          end;

          if (InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize in MemRefMultiples) and
             (InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ExistsSSEAVX)then
          begin
            case RegXMMSizeMask of
              OT_BITS16: case RegYMMSizeMask of
                           OT_BITS32: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiMemRegx16y32;
                        end;
               OT_BITS32: case RegYMMSizeMask of
                            OT_BITS64: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiMemRegx32y64;
                         end;
               OT_BITS64: case RegYMMSizeMask of
                            OT_BITS128: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiMemRegx64y128;
                            OT_BITS256: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiMemRegx64y256;
                          end;
              OT_BITS128: begin
                            if InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize = msiVMemMultiple then
                            begin
                              // vector-memory-operand AVX2 (e.g. VGATHER..)
                              case RegYMMSizeMask of
                                OT_BITS256: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiVMemRegSize;
                              end;
                            end
                            else if RegMMXSizeMask = 0 then
                            begin
                              case RegYMMSizeMask of
                                OT_BITS128: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiMemRegx64y128;
                                OT_BITS256: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiMemRegSize;
                              end;
                            end
                            else if RegYMMSizeMask = 0 then
                            begin
                              case RegMMXSizeMask of
                                OT_BITS64: InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize := msiMemRegSize;
                              end;
                            end
                            else InternalError(777205);
                          end;
            end;
          end;
        end;
      end;

      for AsmOp := low(TAsmOp) to high(TAsmOp) do
      begin


        // only supported intructiones with SSE- or AVX-operands
        if not(InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ExistsSSEAVX) then
        begin
          InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].MemRefSize  := msiUnkown;
          InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache^[AsmOp].ConstSize   := csiUnkown;
        end;
      end;
    end;

    procedure InitAsm;
      begin
        build_spilling_operation_type_table;
        if not assigned(instabcache) then
          BuildInsTabCache;

        if not assigned(InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache) then
          BuildInsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache;
      end;


    procedure DoneAsm;
      begin
        if assigned(operation_type_table) then
          begin
            dispose(operation_type_table);
            operation_type_table:=nil;
          end;
        if assigned(instabcache) then
          begin
            dispose(instabcache);
            instabcache:=nil;
          end;

        if assigned(InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache) then
        begin
          dispose(InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache);
          InsTabMemRefSizeInfoCache:=nil;
        end;
      end;


begin
  cai_align:=tai_align;
  cai_cpu:=taicpu;
end.