freepascal.compiler/compiler/x86/cgx86.pas

{
    Copyright (c) 1998-2005 by Florian Klaempfl

    This unit implements the common parts of the code generator for the i386 and the x86-64.

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

 ****************************************************************************
}
{ This unit implements the common parts of the code generator for the i386 and the x86-64.
}
unit cgx86;

{$i fpcdefs.inc}

  interface

    uses
       globtype,
       cgbase,cgutils,cgobj,
       aasmbase,aasmtai,aasmdata,aasmcpu,
       cpubase,cpuinfo,rgobj,rgx86,rgcpu,
       symconst,symtype,symdef;

    type

      { tcgx86 }

      tcgx86 = class(tcg)
        rgfpu   : Trgx86fpu;
        procedure done_register_allocators;override;

        function getfpuregister(list:TAsmList;size:Tcgsize):Tregister;override;
        function getmmxregister(list:TAsmList):Tregister;
        function getmmregister(list:TAsmList;size:Tcgsize):Tregister;override;

        procedure getcpuregister(list:TAsmList;r:Tregister);override;
        procedure ungetcpuregister(list:TAsmList;r:Tregister);override;
        procedure alloccpuregisters(list:TAsmList;rt:Tregistertype;const r:Tcpuregisterset);override;
        procedure dealloccpuregisters(list:TAsmList;rt:Tregistertype;const r:Tcpuregisterset);override;
        function  uses_registers(rt:Tregistertype):boolean;override;
        procedure add_reg_instruction(instr:Tai;r:tregister);override;
        procedure dec_fpu_stack;
        procedure inc_fpu_stack;

        procedure a_call_name(list : TAsmList;const s : string; weak: boolean);override;
        procedure a_call_name_near(list : TAsmList;const s : string; weak: boolean);
        procedure a_call_name_static(list : TAsmList;const s : string);override;
        procedure a_call_name_static_near(list : TAsmList;const s : string);
        procedure a_call_reg(list : TAsmList;reg : tregister);override;
        procedure a_call_reg_near(list : TAsmList;reg : tregister);
        procedure a_call_ref(list : TAsmList;ref : treference);override;
        procedure a_call_ref_near(list : TAsmList;ref : treference);

        procedure a_op_const_reg(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; a: tcgint; reg: TRegister); override;
        procedure a_op_const_ref(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; a: tcgint; const ref: TReference); override;
        procedure a_op_reg_reg(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; src, dst: TRegister); override;
        procedure a_op_ref_reg(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; const ref: TReference; reg: TRegister); override;
        procedure a_op_reg_ref(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize;reg: TRegister; const ref: TReference); override;

        { move instructions }
        procedure a_load_const_reg(list : TAsmList; tosize: tcgsize; a : tcgint;reg : tregister);override;
        procedure a_load_const_ref(list : TAsmList; tosize: tcgsize; a : tcgint;const ref : treference);override;
        procedure a_load_reg_ref(list : TAsmList;fromsize,tosize: tcgsize; reg : tregister;const ref : treference);override;
        procedure a_load_ref_reg(list : TAsmList;fromsize,tosize: tcgsize;const ref : treference;reg : tregister);override;
        procedure a_load_reg_reg(list : TAsmList;fromsize,tosize: tcgsize;reg1,reg2 : tregister);override;
        procedure a_loadaddr_ref_reg(list : TAsmList;const ref : treference;r : tregister);override;

        { bit scan instructions }
        procedure a_bit_scan_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; reverse: boolean; size: TCGSize; src, dst: TRegister); override;

        { fpu move instructions }
        procedure a_loadfpu_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize: tcgsize; reg1, reg2: tregister); override;
        procedure a_loadfpu_ref_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize: tcgsize; const ref: treference; reg: tregister); override;
        procedure a_loadfpu_reg_ref(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize: tcgsize; reg: tregister; const ref: treference); override;

        { vector register move instructions }
        procedure a_loadmm_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize : tcgsize;reg1, reg2: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle); override;
        procedure a_loadmm_ref_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize : tcgsize;const ref: treference; reg: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle); override;
        procedure a_loadmm_reg_ref(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize : tcgsize;reg: tregister; const ref: treference;shuffle : pmmshuffle); override;
        procedure a_opmm_ref_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;const ref: treference; reg: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle); override;
        procedure a_opmm_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;src,dst: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);override;
        procedure a_opmm_ref_reg_reg(list : TAsmList;Op : TOpCG;size : tcgsize;const ref : treference;src,dst : tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);override;
        procedure a_opmm_reg_reg_reg(list : TAsmList;Op : TOpCG;size : tcgsize;src1,src2,dst : tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);override;

        {  comparison operations }
        procedure a_cmp_const_reg_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;a : tcgint;reg : tregister;
          l : tasmlabel);override;
        procedure a_cmp_const_ref_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;a : tcgint;const ref : treference;
          l : tasmlabel);override;
        procedure a_cmp_reg_reg_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;reg1,reg2 : tregister;l : tasmlabel); override;
        procedure a_cmp_ref_reg_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;const ref: treference; reg : tregister; l : tasmlabel); override;
        procedure a_cmp_reg_ref_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;reg : tregister; const ref: treference; l : tasmlabel); override;

        procedure a_jmp_name(list : TAsmList;const s : string);override;
        procedure a_jmp_always(list : TAsmList;l: tasmlabel); override;
        procedure a_jmp_flags(list : TAsmList;const f : TResFlags;l: tasmlabel); override;

        procedure g_flags2reg(list: TAsmList; size: TCgSize; const f: tresflags; reg: TRegister); override;
        procedure g_flags2ref(list: TAsmList; size: TCgSize; const f: tresflags; const ref: TReference); override;

        procedure g_concatcopy(list : TAsmList;const source,dest : treference;len : tcgint);override;

        { entry/exit code helpers }
        procedure g_profilecode(list : TAsmList);override;
        procedure g_stackpointer_alloc(list : TAsmList;localsize : longint);override;
        procedure g_proc_entry(list : TAsmList;localsize : longint;nostackframe:boolean);override;
        procedure g_save_registers(list: TAsmList); override;
        procedure g_restore_registers(list: TAsmList); override;

        procedure g_overflowcheck(list: TAsmList; const l:tlocation;def:tdef);override;

        procedure g_external_wrapper(list: TAsmList; procdef: tprocdef; const externalname: string); override;

        procedure make_simple_ref(list:TAsmList;var ref: treference);
      protected
        procedure a_jmp_cond(list : TAsmList;cond : TOpCmp;l: tasmlabel);
        procedure check_register_size(size:tcgsize;reg:tregister);

        procedure opmm_loc_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;loc : tlocation;dst: tregister; shuffle : pmmshuffle);
        procedure opmm_loc_reg_reg(list : TAsmList;Op : TOpCG;size : tcgsize;loc : tlocation;src,dst : tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);

        function get_darwin_call_stub(const s: string; weak: boolean): tasmsymbol;
        procedure sizes2load(s1,s2 : tcgsize;var op: tasmop; var s3: topsize);

        procedure floatload(list: TAsmList; t : tcgsize;const ref : treference);
        procedure floatstore(list: TAsmList; t : tcgsize;const ref : treference);
        procedure floatloadops(t : tcgsize;var op : tasmop;var s : topsize);
        procedure floatstoreops(t : tcgsize;var op : tasmop;var s : topsize);

        procedure internal_restore_regs(list: TAsmList; use_pop: boolean);
      end;

   const
{$if defined(x86_64)}
      TCGSize2OpSize: Array[tcgsize] of topsize =
        (S_NO,S_B,S_W,S_L,S_Q,S_XMM,S_B,S_W,S_L,S_Q,S_XMM,
         S_FS,S_FL,S_FX,S_IQ,S_FXX,
         S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_MD,S_XMM,S_YMM,
         S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_XMM,S_YMM);
{$elseif defined(i386)}
      TCGSize2OpSize: Array[tcgsize] of topsize =
        (S_NO,S_B,S_W,S_L,S_L,S_T,S_B,S_W,S_L,S_L,S_L,
         S_FS,S_FL,S_FX,S_IQ,S_FXX,
         S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_MD,S_XMM,S_YMM,
         S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_XMM,S_YMM);
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
      TCGSize2OpSize: Array[tcgsize] of topsize =
        (S_NO,S_B,S_W,S_W,S_W,S_T,S_B,S_W,S_W,S_W,S_W,
         S_FS,S_FL,S_FX,S_IQ,S_FXX,
         S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_MD,S_XMM,S_YMM,
         S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_NO,S_XMM,S_YMM);
{$endif}

{$ifndef NOTARGETWIN}
      winstackpagesize = 4096;
{$endif NOTARGETWIN}

    function UseAVX: boolean;

    function UseIncDec: boolean;

  implementation

    uses
       globals,verbose,systems,cutils,
       defutil,paramgr,procinfo,
       tgobj,ncgutil,
       fmodule,symsym;

    function UseAVX: boolean;
      begin
        Result:=current_settings.fputype in fpu_avx_instructionsets;
      end;


    { modern CPUs prefer add/sub over inc/dec because add/sub break instructions dependencies on flags
      because they modify all flags }
    function UseIncDec: boolean;
      begin
{$if defined(x86_64)}
        Result:=cs_opt_size in current_settings.optimizerswitches;
{$elseif defined(i386)}
        Result:=(cs_opt_size in current_settings.optimizerswitches) or (current_settings.cputype in [cpu_386]);
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
        Result:=(cs_opt_size in current_settings.optimizerswitches) or (current_settings.cputype in [cpu_8086..cpu_386]);
{$endif}
      end;


    const
      TOpCG2AsmOp: Array[topcg] of TAsmOp = (A_NONE,A_MOV,A_ADD,A_AND,A_DIV,
                            A_IDIV,A_IMUL,A_MUL,A_NEG,A_NOT,A_OR,
                            A_SAR,A_SHL,A_SHR,A_SUB,A_XOR,A_ROL,A_ROR);

      TOpCmp2AsmCond: Array[topcmp] of TAsmCond = (C_NONE,
          C_E,C_G,C_L,C_GE,C_LE,C_NE,C_BE,C_B,C_AE,C_A);

    procedure Tcgx86.done_register_allocators;
      begin
        rg[R_INTREGISTER].free;
        rg[R_MMREGISTER].free;
        rg[R_MMXREGISTER].free;
        rgfpu.free;
        inherited done_register_allocators;
      end;


    function Tcgx86.getfpuregister(list:TAsmList;size:Tcgsize):Tregister;
      begin
        result:=rgfpu.getregisterfpu(list);
      end;


    function Tcgx86.getmmxregister(list:TAsmList):Tregister;
      begin
        if not assigned(rg[R_MMXREGISTER]) then
          internalerror(2003121214);
        result:=rg[R_MMXREGISTER].getregister(list,R_SUBNONE);
      end;


    function Tcgx86.getmmregister(list:TAsmList;size:Tcgsize):Tregister;
      begin
        if not assigned(rg[R_MMREGISTER]) then
          internalerror(2003121234);
        case size of
          OS_F64:
            result:=rg[R_MMREGISTER].getregister(list,R_SUBMMD);
          OS_F32:
            result:=rg[R_MMREGISTER].getregister(list,R_SUBMMS);
          OS_M64:
            result:=rg[R_MMREGISTER].getregister(list,R_SUBQ);
          OS_M128:
            result:=rg[R_MMREGISTER].getregister(list,R_SUBMMWHOLE);
          else
            internalerror(200506041);
        end;
      end;


    procedure Tcgx86.getcpuregister(list:TAsmList;r:Tregister);
      begin
        if getregtype(r)=R_FPUREGISTER then
          internalerror(2003121210)
        else
          inherited getcpuregister(list,r);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.ungetcpuregister(list:TAsmList;r:Tregister);
      begin
        if getregtype(r)=R_FPUREGISTER then
          rgfpu.ungetregisterfpu(list,r)
        else
          inherited ungetcpuregister(list,r);
      end;


    procedure Tcgx86.alloccpuregisters(list:TAsmList;rt:Tregistertype;const r:Tcpuregisterset);
      begin
        if rt<>R_FPUREGISTER then
          inherited alloccpuregisters(list,rt,r);
      end;


    procedure Tcgx86.dealloccpuregisters(list:TAsmList;rt:Tregistertype;const r:Tcpuregisterset);
      begin
        if rt<>R_FPUREGISTER then
          inherited dealloccpuregisters(list,rt,r);
      end;


    function  Tcgx86.uses_registers(rt:Tregistertype):boolean;
      begin
        if rt=R_FPUREGISTER then
          result:=false
        else
          result:=inherited uses_registers(rt);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.add_reg_instruction(instr:Tai;r:tregister);
      begin
        if getregtype(r)<>R_FPUREGISTER then
          inherited add_reg_instruction(instr,r);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.dec_fpu_stack;
      begin
        if rgfpu.fpuvaroffset<=0 then
          internalerror(200604201);
        dec(rgfpu.fpuvaroffset);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.inc_fpu_stack;
      begin
        if rgfpu.fpuvaroffset>=7 then
          internalerror(2012062901);
        inc(rgfpu.fpuvaroffset);
      end;


{****************************************************************************
                       This is private property, keep out! :)
****************************************************************************}

    procedure tcgx86.sizes2load(s1,s2 : tcgsize; var op: tasmop; var s3: topsize);

       begin
         { ensure to have always valid sizes }
         if s1=OS_NO then
           s1:=s2;
         if s2=OS_NO then
           s2:=s1;
         case s2 of
           OS_8,OS_S8 :
             if S1 in [OS_8,OS_S8] then
               s3 := S_B
             else
               internalerror(200109221);
           OS_16,OS_S16:
             case s1 of
               OS_8,OS_S8:
                 s3 := S_BW;
               OS_16,OS_S16:
                 s3 := S_W;
               else
                 internalerror(200109222);
             end;
           OS_32,OS_S32:
             case s1 of
               OS_8,OS_S8:
                 s3 := S_BL;
               OS_16,OS_S16:
                 s3 := S_WL;
               OS_32,OS_S32:
                 s3 := S_L;
               else
                 internalerror(200109223);
             end;
{$ifdef x86_64}
           OS_64,OS_S64:
             case s1 of
               OS_8:
                 s3 := S_BL;
               OS_S8:
                 s3 := S_BQ;
               OS_16:
                 s3 := S_WL;
               OS_S16:
                 s3 := S_WQ;
               OS_32:
                 s3 := S_L;
               OS_S32:
                 s3 := S_LQ;
               OS_64,OS_S64:
                 s3 := S_Q;
               else
                 internalerror(200304302);
             end;
{$endif x86_64}
           else
             internalerror(200109227);
         end;
         if s3 in [S_B,S_W,S_L,S_Q] then
           op := A_MOV
         else if s1 in [OS_8,OS_16,OS_32,OS_64] then
           op := A_MOVZX
         else
{$ifdef x86_64}
           if s3 in [S_LQ] then
             op := A_MOVSXD
         else
{$endif x86_64}
           op := A_MOVSX;
       end;


    procedure tcgx86.make_simple_ref(list:TAsmList;var ref: treference);
      var
        hreg : tregister;
        href : treference;
{$ifndef x86_64}
        add_hreg: boolean;
{$endif not  x86_64}
      begin
        { make_simple_ref() may have already been called earlier, and in that
          case make sure we don't perform the PIC-simplifications twice }
        if (ref.refaddr in [addr_pic,addr_pic_no_got]) then
          exit;

{$if defined(x86_64)}
        { Only 32bit is allowed }
        { Note that this isn't entirely correct: for RIP-relative targets/memory models,
          it is actually (offset+@symbol-RIP) that should fit into 32 bits. Since two last
          members aren't known until link time, ABIs place very pessimistic limits
          on offset values, e.g. SysV AMD64 allows +/-$1000000 (16 megabytes) }
        if ((ref.offset<low(longint)) or (ref.offset>high(longint))) or
           { absolute address is not a common thing in x64, but nevertheless a possible one }
           ((ref.base=NR_NO) and (ref.index=NR_NO) and (ref.symbol=nil)) then
          begin
            { Load constant value to register }
            hreg:=GetAddressRegister(list);
            list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_MOV,S_Q,ref.offset,hreg));
            ref.offset:=0;
            {if assigned(ref.symbol) then
              begin
                list.concat(taicpu.op_sym_ofs_reg(A_ADD,S_Q,ref.symbol,0,hreg));
                ref.symbol:=nil;
              end;}
            { Add register to reference }
            if ref.base=NR_NO then
              ref.base:=hreg
            else if ref.index=NR_NO then
              ref.index:=hreg
            else
              begin
                { don't use add, as the flags may contain a value }
                reference_reset_base(href,ref.base,0,8);
                href.index:=hreg;
                if ref.scalefactor<>0 then
                  begin
                    reference_reset_base(href,ref.base,0,8);
                    href.index:=hreg;
                    list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,S_Q,href,hreg));
                    ref.base:=hreg;
                  end
                else
                  begin
                    reference_reset_base(href,ref.index,0,8);
                    href.index:=hreg;
                    list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_ADD,S_Q,ref.index,hreg));
                    ref.index:=hreg;
                  end;
               end;
          end;

        if assigned(ref.symbol) then
          begin
            if cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches then
              begin
                { Local symbols must not be accessed via the GOT }
                if (ref.symbol.bind=AB_LOCAL) then
                  begin
                    { unfortunately, RIP-based addresses don't support an index }
                    if (ref.base<>NR_NO) or
                       (ref.index<>NR_NO) then
                      begin
                        reference_reset_symbol(href,ref.symbol,0,ref.alignment);
                        hreg:=getaddressregister(list);
                        href.refaddr:=addr_pic_no_got;
                        href.base:=NR_RIP;
                        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,S_Q,href,hreg));
                        ref.symbol:=nil;
                      end
                    else
                      begin
                        ref.refaddr:=addr_pic_no_got;
                        hreg:=NR_NO;
                        ref.base:=NR_RIP;
                      end;
                  end
                else
                  begin
                    reference_reset_symbol(href,ref.symbol,0,ref.alignment);
                    hreg:=getaddressregister(list);
                    href.refaddr:=addr_pic;
                    href.base:=NR_RIP;
                    list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOV,S_Q,href,hreg));

                    ref.symbol:=nil;
                  end;

                if ref.base=NR_NO then
                  ref.base:=hreg
                else if ref.index=NR_NO then
                  begin
                    ref.index:=hreg;
                    ref.scalefactor:=1;
                  end
                else
                  begin
                    { don't use add, as the flags may contain a value }
                    reference_reset_base(href,ref.base,0,8);
                    href.index:=hreg;
                    list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,S_Q,href,hreg));
                    ref.base:=hreg;
                  end;
              end
            else
              { Always use RIP relative symbol addressing for Windows and Darwin targets. }
              if (target_info.system in (systems_all_windows+[system_x86_64_darwin])) and (ref.base<>NR_RIP) then
                begin
                  if (ref.refaddr=addr_no) and (ref.base=NR_NO) and (ref.index=NR_NO) then
                    begin
                      { Set RIP relative addressing for simple symbol references }
                      ref.base:=NR_RIP;
                      ref.refaddr:=addr_pic_no_got
                    end
                  else
                    begin
                      { Use temp register to load calculated 64-bit symbol address for complex references }
                      reference_reset_symbol(href,ref.symbol,0,sizeof(pint));
                      href.base:=NR_RIP;
                      href.refaddr:=addr_pic_no_got;
                      hreg:=GetAddressRegister(list);
                      list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,S_Q,href,hreg));
                      ref.symbol:=nil;
                      if ref.base=NR_NO then
                        ref.base:=hreg
                      else if ref.index=NR_NO then
                        begin
                          ref.index:=hreg;
                          ref.scalefactor:=0;
                        end
                      else
                        begin
                          { don't use add, as the flags may contain a value }
                          reference_reset_base(href,ref.base,0,8);
                          href.index:=hreg;
                          list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,S_Q,href,hreg));
                          ref.base:=hreg;
                        end;
                    end;

                end;
          end;
{$elseif defined(i386)}
        add_hreg:=false;
        if (target_info.system in [system_i386_darwin,system_i386_iphonesim]) then
          begin
            if assigned(ref.symbol) and
               not(assigned(ref.relsymbol)) and
               ((ref.symbol.bind in [AB_EXTERNAL,AB_WEAK_EXTERNAL,AB_PRIVATE_EXTERN]) or
                (cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches)) then
             begin
               if ref.symbol.bind in [AB_EXTERNAL,AB_WEAK_EXTERNAL,AB_PRIVATE_EXTERN] then
                 begin
                   hreg:=g_indirect_sym_load(list,ref.symbol.name,asmsym2indsymflags(ref.symbol));
                   ref.symbol:=nil;
                 end
               else
                 begin
                   include(current_procinfo.flags,pi_needs_got);
                   { make a copy of the got register, hreg can get modified }
                   hreg:=cg.getaddressregister(list);
                   a_load_reg_reg(list,OS_ADDR,OS_ADDR,current_procinfo.got,hreg);
                   ref.relsymbol:=current_procinfo.CurrGOTLabel;
                 end;
               add_hreg:=true
             end
          end
        else if (cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches) and
           assigned(ref.symbol) then
          begin
            reference_reset_symbol(href,ref.symbol,0,sizeof(pint));
            href.base:=current_procinfo.got;
            href.refaddr:=addr_pic;
            include(current_procinfo.flags,pi_needs_got);
            hreg:=cg.getaddressregister(list);
            list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOV,S_L,href,hreg));
            ref.symbol:=nil;
            add_hreg:=true;
          end;

        if add_hreg then
          begin
            if ref.base=NR_NO then
              ref.base:=hreg
            else if ref.index=NR_NO then
              begin
                ref.index:=hreg;
                ref.scalefactor:=1;
              end
            else
              begin
                { don't use add, as the flags may contain a value }
                reference_reset_base(href,ref.base,0,8);
                href.index:=hreg;
                list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,S_L,href,hreg));
                ref.base:=hreg;
              end;
          end;
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
        { i8086 does not support stack relative addressing }
        if ref.base = NR_STACK_POINTER_REG then
          begin
            href:=ref;
            href.base:=getaddressregister(list);
            { let the register allocator find a suitable register for the reference }
            list.Concat(Taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_MOV, S_W, NR_SP, href.base));
            ref:=href;
          end;

        { if there is a segment in an int register, move it to ES }
        if (ref.segment<>NR_NO) and (not is_segment_reg(ref.segment)) then
          begin
            list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,ref.segment));
            list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_POP,S_W,NR_ES));
            ref.segment:=NR_ES;
          end;
{$endif}
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.floatloadops(t : tcgsize;var op : tasmop;var s : topsize);
      begin
         case t of
            OS_F32 :
              begin
                 op:=A_FLD;
                 s:=S_FS;
              end;
            OS_F64 :
              begin
                 op:=A_FLD;
                 s:=S_FL;
              end;
            OS_F80 :
              begin
                 op:=A_FLD;
                 s:=S_FX;
              end;
            OS_C64 :
              begin
                 op:=A_FILD;
                 s:=S_IQ;
              end;
            else
              internalerror(200204043);
         end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.floatload(list: TAsmList; t : tcgsize;const ref : treference);

      var
         op : tasmop;
         s : topsize;
         tmpref : treference;
      begin
         tmpref:=ref;
         make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
         floatloadops(t,op,s);
         list.concat(Taicpu.Op_ref(op,s,tmpref));
         inc_fpu_stack;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.floatstoreops(t : tcgsize;var op : tasmop;var s : topsize);

      begin
         case t of
            OS_F32 :
              begin
                 op:=A_FSTP;
                 s:=S_FS;
              end;
            OS_F64 :
              begin
                 op:=A_FSTP;
                 s:=S_FL;
              end;
            OS_F80 :
              begin
                  op:=A_FSTP;
                  s:=S_FX;
               end;
            OS_C64 :
               begin
                  op:=A_FISTP;
                  s:=S_IQ;
               end;
            else
               internalerror(200204042);
         end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.floatstore(list: TAsmList; t : tcgsize;const ref : treference);

      var
         op : tasmop;
         s : topsize;
         tmpref : treference;
      begin
         tmpref:=ref;
         make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
         floatstoreops(t,op,s);
         list.concat(Taicpu.Op_ref(op,s,tmpref));
         { storing non extended floats can cause a floating point overflow }
         if (t<>OS_F80) and
            (cs_fpu_fwait in current_settings.localswitches) then
           list.concat(Taicpu.Op_none(A_FWAIT,S_NO));
         dec_fpu_stack;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.check_register_size(size:tcgsize;reg:tregister);
      begin
        if TCGSize2OpSize[size]<>TCGSize2OpSize[reg_cgsize(reg)] then
          internalerror(200306031);
      end;


{****************************************************************************
                              Assembler code
****************************************************************************}

    procedure tcgx86.a_jmp_name(list : TAsmList;const s : string);
      var
        r: treference;
      begin
        if (target_info.system <> system_i386_darwin) then
          list.concat(taicpu.op_sym(A_JMP,S_NO,current_asmdata.RefAsmSymbol(s)))
        else
          begin
            reference_reset_symbol(r,get_darwin_call_stub(s,false),0,sizeof(pint));
            r.refaddr:=addr_full;
            list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_JMP,S_NO,r));
          end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_jmp_always(list : TAsmList;l: tasmlabel);
      begin
        a_jmp_cond(list, OC_NONE, l);
      end;


    function tcgx86.get_darwin_call_stub(const s: string; weak: boolean): tasmsymbol;
      var
        stubname: string;
      begin
        stubname := 'L'+s+'$stub';
        result := current_asmdata.getasmsymbol(stubname);
        if assigned(result) then
          exit;

        if current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports]=nil then
          current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports]:=TAsmList.create;

        new_section(current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports],sec_stub,'',0);
        result := current_asmdata.DefineAsmSymbol(stubname,AB_LOCAL,AT_FUNCTION);
        current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports].concat(Tai_symbol.Create(result,0));
        { register as a weak symbol if necessary }
        if weak then
          current_asmdata.weakrefasmsymbol(s);
        current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports].concat(tai_directive.create(asd_indirect_symbol,s));
        current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports].concat(taicpu.op_none(A_HLT));
        current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports].concat(taicpu.op_none(A_HLT));
        current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports].concat(taicpu.op_none(A_HLT));
        current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports].concat(taicpu.op_none(A_HLT));
        current_asmdata.asmlists[al_imports].concat(taicpu.op_none(A_HLT));
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_name(list : TAsmList;const s : string; weak: boolean);
      begin
        a_call_name_near(list,s,weak);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_name_near(list : TAsmList;const s : string; weak: boolean);
      var
        sym : tasmsymbol;
        r : treference;
      begin

        if (target_info.system <> system_i386_darwin) then
          begin
            if not(weak) then
              sym:=current_asmdata.RefAsmSymbol(s)
            else
              sym:=current_asmdata.WeakRefAsmSymbol(s);
            reference_reset_symbol(r,sym,0,sizeof(pint));
            if (cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches) and
               { darwin's assembler doesn't want @PLT after call symbols }
               not(target_info.system in [system_x86_64_darwin,system_i386_iphonesim]) then
              begin
{$ifdef i386}
                include(current_procinfo.flags,pi_needs_got);
{$endif i386}
                r.refaddr:=addr_pic
              end
            else
              r.refaddr:=addr_full;
          end
        else
          begin
            reference_reset_symbol(r,get_darwin_call_stub(s,weak),0,sizeof(pint));
            r.refaddr:=addr_full;
          end;
        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_CALL,S_NO,r));
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_name_static(list : TAsmList;const s : string);
      begin
        a_call_name_static_near(list,s);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_name_static_near(list : TAsmList;const s : string);
      var
        sym : tasmsymbol;
        r : treference;
      begin
        sym:=current_asmdata.RefAsmSymbol(s);
        reference_reset_symbol(r,sym,0,sizeof(pint));
        r.refaddr:=addr_full;
        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_CALL,S_NO,r));
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_reg(list : TAsmList;reg : tregister);
      begin
        a_call_reg_near(list,reg);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_reg_near(list: TAsmList; reg: tregister);
      begin
        list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_CALL,S_NO,reg));
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_ref(list : TAsmList;ref : treference);
      begin
        a_call_ref_near(list,ref);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_call_ref_near(list: TAsmList; ref: treference);
      begin
        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_CALL,S_NO,ref));
      end;


{********************** load instructions ********************}

    procedure tcgx86.a_load_const_reg(list : TAsmList; tosize: TCGSize; a : tcgint; reg : TRegister);

      begin
        check_register_size(tosize,reg);
        { the optimizer will change it to "xor reg,reg" when loading zero, }
        { no need to do it here too (JM)                                   }
        list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_MOV,TCGSize2OpSize[tosize],a,reg))
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_load_const_ref(list : TAsmList; tosize: tcgsize; a : tcgint;const ref : treference);
      var
        tmpref : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
{$ifdef x86_64}
        { x86_64 only supports signed 32 bits constants directly }
        if (tosize in [OS_S64,OS_64]) and
           ((a<low(longint)) or (a>high(longint))) then
          begin
            a_load_const_ref(list,OS_32,longint(a and $ffffffff),tmpref);
            inc(tmpref.offset,4);
            a_load_const_ref(list,OS_32,longint(a shr 32),tmpref);
          end
        else
{$endif x86_64}
          list.concat(taicpu.op_const_ref(A_MOV,TCGSize2OpSize[tosize],a,tmpref));
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_load_reg_ref(list : TAsmList; fromsize,tosize: TCGSize; reg : tregister;const ref : treference);
      var
        op: tasmop;
        s: topsize;
        tmpsize : tcgsize;
        tmpreg  : tregister;
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
        check_register_size(fromsize,reg);
        sizes2load(fromsize,tosize,op,s);
        case s of
{$ifdef x86_64}
          S_BQ,S_WQ,S_LQ,
{$endif x86_64}
          S_BW,S_BL,S_WL :
            begin
              tmpreg:=getintregister(list,tosize);
{$ifdef x86_64}
              { zero extensions to 64 bit on the x86_64 are simply done by writting to the lower 32 bit
                which clears the upper 64 bit too, so it could be that s is S_L while the reg is
                64 bit (FK) }
              if s in [S_BL,S_WL,S_L] then
                begin
                  tmpreg:=makeregsize(list,tmpreg,OS_32);
                  tmpsize:=OS_32;
                end
              else
{$endif x86_64}
                tmpsize:=tosize;
              list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(op,s,reg,tmpreg));
              a_load_reg_ref(list,tmpsize,tosize,tmpreg,tmpref);
            end;
        else
          list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(op,s,reg,tmpref));
        end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_load_ref_reg(list : TAsmList;fromsize,tosize : tcgsize;const ref: treference;reg : tregister);
      var
        op: tasmop;
        s: topsize;
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
        check_register_size(tosize,reg);
        sizes2load(fromsize,tosize,op,s);
 {$ifdef x86_64}
        { zero extensions to 64 bit on the x86_64 are simply done by writting to the lower 32 bit
          which clears the upper 64 bit too, so it could be that s is S_L while the reg is
          64 bit (FK) }
        if s in [S_BL,S_WL,S_L] then
          reg:=makeregsize(list,reg,OS_32);
{$endif x86_64}
        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(op,s,tmpref,reg));
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_load_reg_reg(list : TAsmList;fromsize,tosize : tcgsize;reg1,reg2 : tregister);
      var
        op: tasmop;
        s: topsize;
        instr:Taicpu;
      begin
        check_register_size(fromsize,reg1);
        check_register_size(tosize,reg2);
        if tcgsize2size[fromsize]>tcgsize2size[tosize] then
          begin
            reg1:=makeregsize(list,reg1,tosize);
            s:=tcgsize2opsize[tosize];
            op:=A_MOV;
          end
        else
          sizes2load(fromsize,tosize,op,s);
{$ifdef x86_64}
        { zero extensions to 64 bit on the x86_64 are simply done by writting to the lower 32 bit
          which clears the upper 64 bit too, so it could be that s is S_L while the reg is
          64 bit (FK)
        }
        if s in [S_BL,S_WL,S_L] then
          reg2:=makeregsize(list,reg2,OS_32);
{$endif x86_64}
        if (reg1<>reg2) then
          begin
            instr:=taicpu.op_reg_reg(op,s,reg1,reg2);
            { Notify the register allocator that we have written a move instruction so
              it can try to eliminate it. }
            if (reg1<>current_procinfo.framepointer) and (reg1<>NR_STACK_POINTER_REG) then
              add_move_instruction(instr);
            list.concat(instr);
          end;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        { avoid merging of registers and killing the zero extensions (FK) }
        if (tosize in [OS_64,OS_S64]) and (s=S_L) then
          list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_AND,S_L,$ffffffff,reg2));
{$endif x86_64}
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_loadaddr_ref_reg(list : TAsmList;const ref : treference;r : tregister);
      var
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        with ref do
          begin
            if (base=NR_NO) and (index=NR_NO) then
              begin
                if assigned(ref.symbol) then
                  begin
                    if (target_info.system in [system_i386_darwin,system_i386_iphonesim]) and
                       ((ref.symbol.bind in [AB_EXTERNAL,AB_WEAK_EXTERNAL]) or
                        (cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches)) then
                      begin
                        if (ref.symbol.bind in [AB_EXTERNAL,AB_WEAK_EXTERNAL]) or
                           ((cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches) and
                            (ref.symbol.bind in [AB_COMMON,AB_GLOBAL,AB_PRIVATE_EXTERN])) then
                          begin
                             reference_reset_base(tmpref,
                               g_indirect_sym_load(list,ref.symbol.name,asmsym2indsymflags(ref.symbol)),
                               offset,sizeof(pint));
                             a_loadaddr_ref_reg(list,tmpref,r);
                          end
                       else
                         begin
                           include(current_procinfo.flags,pi_needs_got);
                           reference_reset_base(tmpref,current_procinfo.got,offset,ref.alignment);
                           tmpref.symbol:=symbol;
                           tmpref.relsymbol:=current_procinfo.CurrGOTLabel;
                           list.concat(Taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],tmpref,r));
                         end;
                      end
                    else if (cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches)
{$ifdef x86_64}
                             and not(ref.symbol.bind=AB_LOCAL)
{$endif x86_64}
                            then
                      begin
{$ifdef x86_64}
                        reference_reset_symbol(tmpref,ref.symbol,0,ref.alignment);
                        tmpref.refaddr:=addr_pic;
                        tmpref.base:=NR_RIP;
                        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOV,S_Q,tmpref,r));
{$else x86_64}
                        reference_reset_symbol(tmpref,ref.symbol,0,ref.alignment);
                        tmpref.refaddr:=addr_pic;
                        tmpref.base:=current_procinfo.got;
                        include(current_procinfo.flags,pi_needs_got);
                        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOV,S_L,tmpref,r));
{$endif x86_64}
                        if offset<>0 then
                          a_op_const_reg(list,OP_ADD,OS_ADDR,offset,r);
                      end
{$ifdef x86_64}
                    else if (target_info.system in (systems_all_windows+[system_x86_64_darwin]))
			 or (cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches)
			 then
                      begin
                        { Win64 and Darwin/x86_64 always require RIP-relative addressing }
                        tmpref:=ref;
                        tmpref.base:=NR_RIP;
                        tmpref.refaddr:=addr_pic_no_got;
                        list.concat(Taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,S_Q,tmpref,r));
                      end
{$endif x86_64}
                    else
                      begin
                        tmpref:=ref;
                        tmpref.refaddr:=ADDR_FULL;
                        list.concat(Taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOV,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],tmpref,r));
                      end
                  end
                else
                  a_load_const_reg(list,OS_ADDR,offset,r)
              end
            else if (base=NR_NO) and (index<>NR_NO) and
                    (offset=0) and (scalefactor=0) and (symbol=nil) then
              a_load_reg_reg(list,OS_ADDR,OS_ADDR,index,r)
            else if (base<>NR_NO) and (index=NR_NO) and
                    (offset=0) and (symbol=nil) then
                a_load_reg_reg(list,OS_ADDR,OS_ADDR,base,r)
            else
              begin
                tmpref:=ref;
                make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
                list.concat(Taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],tmpref,r));
              end;
            if segment<>NR_NO then
              begin
                if (tf_section_threadvars in target_info.flags) then
                  begin
                    { Convert thread local address to a process global addres
                      as we cannot handle far pointers.}
                    case target_info.system of
                      system_i386_linux,system_i386_android:
                        if segment=NR_GS then
                          begin
                            reference_reset_symbol(tmpref,current_asmdata.RefAsmSymbol('___fpc_threadvar_offset'),0,ref.alignment);
                            tmpref.segment:=NR_GS;
                            list.concat(Taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_ADD,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],tmpref,r));
                          end
                        else
                          cgmessage(cg_e_cant_use_far_pointer_there);
                      else
                        cgmessage(cg_e_cant_use_far_pointer_there);
                    end;
                  end
                else
                  cgmessage(cg_e_cant_use_far_pointer_there);
              end;
          end;
      end;


    { all fpu load routines expect that R_ST[0-7] means an fpu regvar and }
    { R_ST means "the current value at the top of the fpu stack" (JM)     }
    procedure tcgx86.a_loadfpu_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize: tcgsize; reg1, reg2: tregister);

       var
         href: treference;
         op: tasmop;
         s: topsize;
       begin
         if (reg1<>NR_ST) then
           begin
             floatloadops(tosize,op,s);
             list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(op,s,rgfpu.correct_fpuregister(reg1,rgfpu.fpuvaroffset)));
             inc_fpu_stack;
           end;
         if (reg2<>NR_ST) then
           begin
             floatstoreops(tosize,op,s);
             list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(op,s,rgfpu.correct_fpuregister(reg2,rgfpu.fpuvaroffset)));
             dec_fpu_stack;
           end;
         { OS_F80 < OS_C64, but OS_C64 fits perfectly in OS_F80 }
         if (reg1=NR_ST) and
            (reg2=NR_ST) and
            (tosize<>OS_F80) and
            (tosize<fromsize) then
           begin
             { can't round down to lower precision in x87 :/ }
             tg.gettemp(list,tcgsize2size[tosize],tcgsize2size[tosize],tt_normal,href);
             a_loadfpu_reg_ref(list,fromsize,tosize,NR_ST,href);
             a_loadfpu_ref_reg(list,tosize,tosize,href,NR_ST);
             tg.ungettemp(list,href);
           end;
       end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_loadfpu_ref_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize: tcgsize; const ref: treference; reg: tregister);
       begin
         floatload(list,fromsize,ref);
         a_loadfpu_reg_reg(list,fromsize,tosize,NR_ST,reg);
       end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_loadfpu_reg_ref(list: TAsmList; fromsize,tosize: tcgsize; reg: tregister; const ref: treference);
       begin
         { in case a record returned in a floating point register
           (LOC_FPUREGISTER with OS_F32/OS_F64) is stored in memory
           (LOC_REFERENCE with OS_32/OS_64), we have to adjust the
           tosize }
        if (fromsize in [OS_F32,OS_F64]) and
           (tcgsize2size[fromsize]=tcgsize2size[tosize]) then
          case tosize of
            OS_32:
              tosize:=OS_F32;
            OS_64:
              tosize:=OS_F64;
          end;
         if reg<>NR_ST then
           a_loadfpu_reg_reg(list,fromsize,tosize,reg,NR_ST);
         floatstore(list,tosize,ref);
       end;


    function get_scalar_mm_op(fromsize,tosize : tcgsize) : tasmop;
      const
        convertopsse : array[OS_F32..OS_F128,OS_F32..OS_F128] of tasmop = (
          (A_MOVSS,A_CVTSS2SD,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE),
          (A_CVTSD2SS,A_MOVSD,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE),
          (A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE),
          (A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_MOVQ,A_NONE),
          (A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE));
        convertopavx : array[OS_F32..OS_F128,OS_F32..OS_F128] of tasmop = (
          (A_VMOVSS,A_VCVTSS2SD,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE),
          (A_VCVTSD2SS,A_VMOVSD,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE),
          (A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE),
          (A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_MOVQ,A_NONE),
          (A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE,A_NONE));
      begin
        { we can have OS_F32/OS_F64 (record in function result/LOC_MMREGISTER) to
          OS_32/OS_64 (record in memory/LOC_REFERENCE) }
        if (fromsize in [OS_F32,OS_F64]) and
           (tcgsize2size[fromsize]=tcgsize2size[tosize]) then
          case tosize of
            OS_32:
              tosize:=OS_F32;
            OS_64:
              tosize:=OS_F64;
          end;
        if (fromsize in [low(convertopsse)..high(convertopsse)]) and
           (tosize in [low(convertopsse)..high(convertopsse)]) then
          begin
            if UseAVX then
              result:=convertopavx[fromsize,tosize]
            else
              result:=convertopsse[fromsize,tosize];
          end
        { we can have OS_M64 (record in function result/LOC_MMREGISTER) to
          OS_64 (record in memory/LOC_REFERENCE) }
        else if (tcgsize2size[fromsize]=tcgsize2size[tosize]) and
                (fromsize=OS_M64) then
          begin
            if UseAVX then
              result:=A_VMOVQ
            else
              result:=A_MOVQ;
          end
        else
          internalerror(2010060104);
        if result=A_NONE then
          internalerror(200312205);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_loadmm_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize : tcgsize;reg1, reg2: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);
      var
        instr : taicpu;
        op : TAsmOp;
      begin
        if shuffle=nil then
          begin
            if fromsize=tosize then
              { needs correct size in case of spilling }
              case fromsize of
                OS_F32:
                  instr:=taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_MOVAPS,S_NO,reg1,reg2);
                OS_F64:
                  instr:=taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_MOVAPD,S_NO,reg1,reg2);
                OS_M64:
                  instr:=taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_MOVQ,S_NO,reg1,reg2);
                else
                  internalerror(2006091201);
              end
            else
              internalerror(200312202);
            add_move_instruction(instr);
          end
        else if shufflescalar(shuffle) then
          begin
            op:=get_scalar_mm_op(fromsize,tosize);

            { MOVAPD/MOVAPS are normally faster }
            if op=A_MOVSD then
              op:=A_MOVAPD
            else if op=A_MOVSS then
              op:=A_MOVAPS
            { VMOVSD/SS is not available with two register operands }
            else if op=A_VMOVSD then
              op:=A_VMOVAPD
            else if op=A_VMOVSS then
              op:=A_VMOVAPS;

            { A_VCVTSD2SS and A_VCVTSS2SD require always three operands }
            if (op=A_VCVTSD2SS) or (op=A_VCVTSS2SD) then
              instr:=taicpu.op_reg_reg_reg(op,S_NO,reg1,reg2,reg2)
            else
              instr:=taicpu.op_reg_reg(op,S_NO,reg1,reg2);

            case op of
              A_VMOVAPD,
              A_VMOVAPS,
              A_VMOVSS,
              A_VMOVSD,
              A_VMOVQ,
              A_MOVAPD,
              A_MOVAPS,
              A_MOVSS,
              A_MOVSD,
              A_MOVQ:
                add_move_instruction(instr);
            end;
          end
        else
          internalerror(200312201);
        list.concat(instr);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_loadmm_ref_reg(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize : tcgsize;const ref: treference; reg: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);
       var
         tmpref  : treference;
         op : tasmop;
       begin
         tmpref:=ref;
         make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
         if shuffle=nil then
           begin
             if fromsize=OS_M64 then
               list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOVQ,S_NO,tmpref,reg))
             else
{$ifdef x86_64}
               { x86-64 has always properly aligned data }
               list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOVDQA,S_NO,tmpref,reg));
{$else x86_64}
               list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOVDQU,S_NO,tmpref,reg));
{$endif x86_64}
           end
         else if shufflescalar(shuffle) then
           begin
             op:=get_scalar_mm_op(fromsize,tosize);

             { A_VCVTSD2SS and A_VCVTSS2SD require always three operands }
             if (op=A_VCVTSD2SS) or (op=A_VCVTSS2SD) then
               list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg_reg(op,S_NO,tmpref,reg,reg))
             else
               list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(op,S_NO,tmpref,reg))
           end
         else
           internalerror(200312252);
       end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_loadmm_reg_ref(list: TAsmList; fromsize, tosize : tcgsize;reg: tregister; const ref: treference;shuffle : pmmshuffle);
       var
         hreg : tregister;
         tmpref  : treference;
         op : tasmop;
       begin
         tmpref:=ref;
         make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
         if shuffle=nil then
           begin
             if fromsize=OS_M64 then
               list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOVQ,S_NO,reg,tmpref))
             else
{$ifdef x86_64}
               { x86-64 has always properly aligned data }
               list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOVDQA,S_NO,reg,tmpref))
{$else x86_64}
               list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOVDQU,S_NO,reg,tmpref))
{$endif x86_64}
           end
         else if shufflescalar(shuffle) then
           begin
             if tcgsize2size[tosize]<>tcgsize2size[fromsize] then
               begin
                 hreg:=getmmregister(list,tosize);
                 op:=get_scalar_mm_op(fromsize,tosize);

                 { A_VCVTSD2SS and A_VCVTSS2SD require always three operands }
                 if (op=A_VCVTSD2SS) or (op=A_VCVTSS2SD) then
                   list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg_reg(op,S_NO,reg,hreg,hreg))
                 else
                   list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(op,S_NO,reg,hreg));

                 list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(get_scalar_mm_op(tosize,tosize),S_NO,hreg,tmpref))
               end
             else
               list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(get_scalar_mm_op(fromsize,tosize),S_NO,reg,tmpref));
           end
         else
           internalerror(200312252);
       end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_opmm_ref_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;const ref: treference; reg: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);
      var
        l : tlocation;
      begin
        l.loc:=LOC_REFERENCE;
        l.reference:=ref;
        l.size:=size;
        opmm_loc_reg(list,op,size,l,reg,shuffle);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_opmm_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;src,dst: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);
     var
       l : tlocation;
     begin
       l.loc:=LOC_MMREGISTER;
       l.register:=src;
       l.size:=size;
       opmm_loc_reg(list,op,size,l,dst,shuffle);
     end;


    procedure tcgx86.opmm_loc_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;loc : tlocation;src,dst: tregister; shuffle : pmmshuffle);
      const
        opmm2asmop : array[0..1,OS_F32..OS_F64,topcg] of tasmop = (
          ( { scalar }
            ( { OS_F32 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VADDSS,A_NOP,A_VDIVSS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VMULSS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VSUBSS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP
            ),
            ( { OS_F64 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VADDSD,A_NOP,A_VDIVSD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VMULSD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VSUBSD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP
            )
          ),
          ( { vectorized/packed }
            { because the logical packed single instructions have shorter op codes, we use always
              these
            }
            ( { OS_F32 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VADDPS,A_NOP,A_VDIVPS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VMULPS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VSUBPS,A_VXORPS,A_NOP,A_NOP
            ),
            ( { OS_F64 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VADDPD,A_NOP,A_VDIVPD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VMULPD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_VSUBPD,A_VXORPD,A_NOP,A_NOP
            )
          )
        );

      var
        resultreg : tregister;
        asmop : tasmop;
      begin
        { this is an internally used procedure so the parameters have
          some constrains
        }
        if loc.size<>size then
          internalerror(2013061108);
        resultreg:=dst;
        { deshuffle }
        //!!!
        if (shuffle<>nil) and not(shufflescalar(shuffle)) then
          begin
            internalerror(2013061107);
          end
        else if (shuffle=nil) then
          asmop:=opmm2asmop[1,size,op]
        else if shufflescalar(shuffle) then
          begin
            asmop:=opmm2asmop[0,size,op];
            { no scalar operation available? }
            if asmop=A_NOP then
              begin
                { do vectorized and shuffle finally }
                internalerror(2010060102);
              end;
          end
        else
          internalerror(2013061106);
        if asmop=A_NOP then
          internalerror(2013061105);
        case loc.loc of
          LOC_CREFERENCE,LOC_REFERENCE:
            begin
              make_simple_ref(current_asmdata.CurrAsmList,loc.reference);
              list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg_reg(asmop,S_NO,loc.reference,src,resultreg));
            end;
          LOC_CMMREGISTER,LOC_MMREGISTER:
            list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg_reg(asmop,S_NO,loc.register,src,resultreg));
          else
            internalerror(2013061104);
        end;
        { shuffle }
        if resultreg<>dst then
          begin
            internalerror(2013061103);
          end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_opmm_reg_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;src1,src2,dst: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);
      var
        l : tlocation;
      begin
        l.loc:=LOC_MMREGISTER;
        l.register:=src1;
        l.size:=size;
        opmm_loc_reg_reg(list,op,size,l,src2,dst,shuffle);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_opmm_ref_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;const ref: treference; src,dst: tregister;shuffle : pmmshuffle);
      var
        l : tlocation;
      begin
        l.loc:=LOC_REFERENCE;
        l.reference:=ref;
        l.size:=size;
        opmm_loc_reg_reg(list,op,size,l,src,dst,shuffle);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.opmm_loc_reg(list: TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size : tcgsize;loc : tlocation;dst: tregister; shuffle : pmmshuffle);
      const
        opmm2asmop : array[0..1,OS_F32..OS_F64,topcg] of tasmop = (
          ( { scalar }
            ( { OS_F32 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_ADDSS,A_NOP,A_DIVSS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_MULSS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_SUBSS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP
            ),
            ( { OS_F64 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_ADDSD,A_NOP,A_DIVSD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_MULSD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_SUBSD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP
            )
          ),
          ( { vectorized/packed }
            { because the logical packed single instructions have shorter op codes, we use always
              these
            }
            ( { OS_F32 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_ADDPS,A_NOP,A_DIVPS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_MULPS,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_SUBPS,A_XORPS,A_NOP,A_NOP
            ),
            ( { OS_F64 }
              A_NOP,A_NOP,A_ADDPD,A_NOP,A_DIVPD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_MULPD,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_NOP,A_SUBPD,A_XORPD,A_NOP,A_NOP
            )
          )
        );
      var
        resultreg : tregister;
        asmop : tasmop;
      begin
        { this is an internally used procedure so the parameters have
          some constrains
        }
        if loc.size<>size then
          internalerror(200312213);
        resultreg:=dst;
        { deshuffle }
        //!!!
        if (shuffle<>nil) and not(shufflescalar(shuffle)) then
          begin
            internalerror(2010060101);
          end
        else if (shuffle=nil) then
          asmop:=opmm2asmop[1,size,op]
        else if shufflescalar(shuffle) then
          begin
            asmop:=opmm2asmop[0,size,op];
            { no scalar operation available? }
            if asmop=A_NOP then
              begin
                { do vectorized and shuffle finally }
                internalerror(2010060102);
              end;
          end
        else
          internalerror(200312211);
        if asmop=A_NOP then
          internalerror(200312216);
        case loc.loc of
          LOC_CREFERENCE,LOC_REFERENCE:
            begin
              make_simple_ref(current_asmdata.CurrAsmList,loc.reference);
              list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(asmop,S_NO,loc.reference,resultreg));
            end;
          LOC_CMMREGISTER,LOC_MMREGISTER:
            list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(asmop,S_NO,loc.register,resultreg));
          else
            internalerror(200312214);
        end;
        { shuffle }
        if resultreg<>dst then
          begin
            internalerror(200312212);
          end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_op_const_reg(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; a: tcgint; reg: TRegister);

      var
        opcode : tasmop;
        power  : longint;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        tmpreg : tregister;
{$endif x86_64}
      begin
        optimize_op_const(op, a);
{$ifdef x86_64}
        { x86_64 only supports signed 32 bits constants directly }
        if not(op in [OP_NONE,OP_MOVE]) and
           (size in [OS_S64,OS_64]) and
            ((a<low(longint)) or (a>high(longint))) then
          begin
            tmpreg:=getintregister(list,size);
            a_load_const_reg(list,size,a,tmpreg);
            a_op_reg_reg(list,op,size,tmpreg,reg);
            exit;
          end;
{$endif x86_64}
        check_register_size(size,reg);
        case op of
          OP_NONE :
            begin
              { Opcode is optimized away }
            end;
          OP_MOVE :
            begin
              { Optimized, replaced with a simple load }
              a_load_const_reg(list,size,a,reg);
            end;
          OP_DIV, OP_IDIV:
            begin
              if ispowerof2(int64(a),power) then
                begin
                  case op of
                    OP_DIV:
                      opcode := A_SHR;
                    OP_IDIV:
                      opcode := A_SAR;
                  end;
                  list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(opcode,TCgSize2OpSize[size],power,reg));
                  exit;
                end;
              { the rest should be handled specifically in the code      }
              { generator because of the silly register usage restraints }
              internalerror(200109224);
            end;
          OP_MUL,OP_IMUL:
            begin
              if not(cs_check_overflow in current_settings.localswitches) and
                 ispowerof2(int64(a),power) then
                begin
                  list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_SHL,TCgSize2OpSize[size],power,reg));
                  exit;
                end;
              if op = OP_IMUL then
                list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_IMUL,TCgSize2OpSize[size],a,reg))
              else
                { OP_MUL should be handled specifically in the code        }
                { generator because of the silly register usage restraints }
                internalerror(200109225);
            end;
          OP_ADD, OP_AND, OP_OR, OP_SUB, OP_XOR:
            if not(cs_check_overflow in current_settings.localswitches) and
               (a = 1) and
               (op in [OP_ADD,OP_SUB]) and
               UseIncDec then
               begin
                 if op = OP_ADD then
                   list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_INC,TCgSize2OpSize[size],reg))
                 else
                   list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_DEC,TCgSize2OpSize[size],reg))
               end
            else if (a = 0) then
              if (op <> OP_AND) then
                exit
              else
                list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_MOV,TCgSize2OpSize[size],0,reg))
            else if (aword(a) = high(aword)) and
                    (op in [OP_AND,OP_OR,OP_XOR]) then
                   begin
                     case op of
                       OP_AND:
                         exit;
                       OP_OR:
                         list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_MOV,TCgSize2OpSize[size],aint(high(aword)),reg));
                       OP_XOR:
                         list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_NOT,TCgSize2OpSize[size],reg));
                     end
                   end
            else
              list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],TCgSize2OpSize[size],aint(a),reg));
          OP_SHL,OP_SHR,OP_SAR,OP_ROL,OP_ROR:
            begin
{$if defined(x86_64)}
              if (a and 63) <> 0 Then
                list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],TCgSize2OpSize[size],a and 63,reg));
              if (a shr 6) <> 0 Then
                internalerror(200609073);
{$elseif defined(i386)}
              if (a and 31) <> 0 Then
                list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],TCgSize2OpSize[size],a and 31,reg));
              if (a shr 5) <> 0 Then
                internalerror(200609071);
{$elseif defined(i8086)}
              if (a shr 5) <> 0 Then
                internalerror(2013043002);
              a := a and 31;
              if a <> 0 Then
                begin
                  if (current_settings.cputype < cpu_186) and (a <> 1) then
                    begin
                      getcpuregister(list,NR_CL);
                      a_load_const_reg(list,OS_8,a,NR_CL);
                      list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],TCgSize2OpSize[size],NR_CL,reg));
                      ungetcpuregister(list,NR_CL);
                    end
                  else
                    list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],TCgSize2OpSize[size],a,reg));
                end;
{$endif}
            end
          else internalerror(200609072);
        end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_op_const_ref(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; a: tcgint; const ref: TReference);
      var
        opcode: tasmop;
        power: longint;
{$ifdef x86_64}
        tmpreg : tregister;
{$endif x86_64}
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        optimize_op_const(op, a);
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
{$ifdef x86_64}
        { x86_64 only supports signed 32 bits constants directly }
        if not(op in [OP_NONE,OP_MOVE]) and
           (size in [OS_S64,OS_64]) and
            ((a<low(longint)) or (a>high(longint))) then
          begin
            tmpreg:=getintregister(list,size);
            a_load_const_reg(list,size,a,tmpreg);
            a_op_reg_ref(list,op,size,tmpreg,tmpref);
            exit;
          end;
{$endif x86_64}
        Case Op of
          OP_NONE :
            begin
              { Opcode is optimized away }
            end;
          OP_MOVE :
            begin
              { Optimized, replaced with a simple load }
              a_load_const_ref(list,size,a,ref);
            end;
          OP_DIV, OP_IDIV:
            Begin
              if ispowerof2(int64(a),power) then
                begin
                  case op of
                    OP_DIV:
                      opcode := A_SHR;
                    OP_IDIV:
                      opcode := A_SAR;
                  end;
                  list.concat(taicpu.op_const_ref(opcode,
                    TCgSize2OpSize[size],power,tmpref));
                  exit;
                end;
              { the rest should be handled specifically in the code      }
              { generator because of the silly register usage restraints }
              internalerror(200109231);
            End;
          OP_MUL,OP_IMUL:
            begin
              if not(cs_check_overflow in current_settings.localswitches) and
                 ispowerof2(int64(a),power) then
                begin
                  list.concat(taicpu.op_const_ref(A_SHL,TCgSize2OpSize[size],
                    power,tmpref));
                  exit;
                end;
              { can't multiply a memory location directly with a constant }
              if op = OP_IMUL then
                inherited a_op_const_ref(list,op,size,a,tmpref)
              else
                { OP_MUL should be handled specifically in the code        }
                { generator because of the silly register usage restraints }
                internalerror(200109232);
            end;
          OP_ADD, OP_AND, OP_OR, OP_SUB, OP_XOR:
            if not(cs_check_overflow in current_settings.localswitches) and
               (a = 1) and
               (op in [OP_ADD,OP_SUB]) and
               UseIncDec then
               begin
                 if op = OP_ADD then
                   list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_INC,TCgSize2OpSize[size],tmpref))
                 else
                   list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_DEC,TCgSize2OpSize[size],tmpref))
               end
            else if (a = 0) then
              if (op <> OP_AND) then
                exit
              else
                a_load_const_ref(list,size,0,tmpref)
            else if (aword(a) = high(aword)) and
                    (op in [OP_AND,OP_OR,OP_XOR]) then
                   begin
                     case op of
                       OP_AND:
                         exit;
                       OP_OR:
                         list.concat(taicpu.op_const_ref(A_MOV,TCgSize2OpSize[size],aint(high(aword)),tmpref));
                       OP_XOR:
                         list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_NOT,TCgSize2OpSize[size],tmpref));
                     end
                   end
            else
              list.concat(taicpu.op_const_ref(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],
                TCgSize2OpSize[size],a,tmpref));
          OP_SHL,OP_SHR,OP_SAR,OP_ROL,OP_ROR:
            begin
              if (a and 31) <> 0 then
                list.concat(taicpu.op_const_ref(
                  TOpCG2AsmOp[op],TCgSize2OpSize[size],a and 31,tmpref));
              if (a shr 5) <> 0 Then
                internalerror(68991);
            end
          else internalerror(68992);
        end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_op_reg_reg(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; src, dst: TRegister);
      const
{$if defined(cpu64bitalu) or defined(cpu32bitalu)}
        REGCX=NR_ECX;
        REGCX_Size = OS_32;
{$elseif defined(cpu16bitalu)}
        REGCX=NR_CX;
        REGCX_Size = OS_16;
{$endif}
      var
        dstsize: topsize;
        instr:Taicpu;
      begin
        check_register_size(size,src);
        check_register_size(size,dst);
        dstsize := tcgsize2opsize[size];
        case op of
          OP_NEG,OP_NOT:
            begin
              if src<>dst then
                a_load_reg_reg(list,size,size,src,dst);
              list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],dstsize,dst));
            end;
          OP_MUL,OP_DIV,OP_IDIV:
            { special stuff, needs separate handling inside code }
            { generator                                          }
            internalerror(200109233);
          OP_SHR,OP_SHL,OP_SAR,OP_ROL,OP_ROR:
            begin
              { Use ecx to load the value, that allows better coalescing }
              getcpuregister(list,REGCX);
              a_load_reg_reg(list,size,REGCX_Size,src,REGCX);
              list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(Topcg2asmop[op],tcgsize2opsize[size],NR_CL,dst));
              ungetcpuregister(list,REGCX);
            end;
          else
            begin
              if reg2opsize(src) <> dstsize then
                internalerror(200109226);
              instr:=taicpu.op_reg_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],dstsize,src,dst);
              list.concat(instr);
            end;
        end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_op_ref_reg(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize; const ref: TReference; reg: TRegister);
      var
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
        check_register_size(size,reg);
        case op of
          OP_NEG,OP_NOT,OP_IMUL:
            begin
              inherited a_op_ref_reg(list,op,size,tmpref,reg);
            end;
          OP_MUL,OP_DIV,OP_IDIV:
            { special stuff, needs separate handling inside code }
            { generator                                          }
            internalerror(200109239);
          else
            begin
              reg := makeregsize(list,reg,size);
              list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],tcgsize2opsize[size],tmpref,reg));
            end;
        end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_op_reg_ref(list : TAsmList; Op: TOpCG; size: TCGSize;reg: TRegister; const ref: TReference);
      var
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
        check_register_size(size,reg);
        case op of
          OP_NEG,OP_NOT:
            begin
              if reg<>NR_NO then
                internalerror(200109237);
              list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],tcgsize2opsize[size],tmpref));
            end;
          OP_IMUL:
            begin
              { this one needs a load/imul/store, which is the default }
              inherited a_op_ref_reg(list,op,size,tmpref,reg);
            end;
          OP_MUL,OP_DIV,OP_IDIV:
            { special stuff, needs separate handling inside code }
            { generator                                          }
            internalerror(200109238);
          else
            begin
              list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(TOpCG2AsmOp[op],tcgsize2opsize[size],reg,tmpref));
            end;
        end;
      end;

     procedure tcgx86.a_bit_scan_reg_reg(list: TAsmList; reverse: boolean; size: TCGSize; src, dst: TRegister);
     var
       opsize: topsize;
       l : TAsmLabel;
     begin
       opsize:=tcgsize2opsize[size];
       if not reverse then
         list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_BSF,opsize,src,dst))
       else
         list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_BSR,opsize,src,dst));
       current_asmdata.getjumplabel(l);
       a_jmp_cond(list,OC_NE,l);
       list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_MOV,opsize,$ff,dst));
       a_label(list,l);
     end;

{*************** compare instructructions ****************}

    procedure tcgx86.a_cmp_const_reg_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;a : tcgint;reg : tregister;
      l : tasmlabel);

{$ifdef x86_64}
      var
        tmpreg : tregister;
{$endif x86_64}
      begin
{$ifdef x86_64}
        { x86_64 only supports signed 32 bits constants directly }
        if (size in [OS_S64,OS_64]) and
            ((a<low(longint)) or (a>high(longint))) then
          begin
            tmpreg:=getintregister(list,size);
            a_load_const_reg(list,size,a,tmpreg);
            a_cmp_reg_reg_label(list,size,cmp_op,tmpreg,reg,l);
            exit;
          end;
{$endif x86_64}
        if (a = 0) then
          list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_TEST,tcgsize2opsize[size],reg,reg))
        else
          list.concat(taicpu.op_const_reg(A_CMP,tcgsize2opsize[size],a,reg));
        a_jmp_cond(list,cmp_op,l);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_cmp_const_ref_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;a : tcgint;const ref : treference;
      l : tasmlabel);

      var
{$ifdef x86_64}
        tmpreg : tregister;
{$endif x86_64}
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
{$ifdef x86_64}
        { x86_64 only supports signed 32 bits constants directly }
        if (size in [OS_S64,OS_64]) and
           ((a<low(longint)) or (a>high(longint))) then
          begin
            tmpreg:=getintregister(list,size);
            a_load_const_reg(list,size,a,tmpreg);
            a_cmp_reg_ref_label(list,size,cmp_op,tmpreg,tmpref,l);
            exit;
          end;
{$endif x86_64}
        list.concat(taicpu.op_const_ref(A_CMP,TCgSize2OpSize[size],a,tmpref));
        a_jmp_cond(list,cmp_op,l);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_cmp_reg_reg_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;
      reg1,reg2 : tregister;l : tasmlabel);

      begin
        check_register_size(size,reg1);
        check_register_size(size,reg2);
        list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_CMP,TCgSize2OpSize[size],reg1,reg2));
        a_jmp_cond(list,cmp_op,l);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_cmp_ref_reg_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;const ref: treference; reg : tregister;l : tasmlabel);
      var
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
        check_register_size(size,reg);
        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_CMP,TCgSize2OpSize[size],tmpref,reg));
        a_jmp_cond(list,cmp_op,l);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_cmp_reg_ref_label(list : TAsmList;size : tcgsize;cmp_op : topcmp;reg : tregister;const ref: treference; l : tasmlabel);
      var
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
        tmpref:=ref;
        make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
        check_register_size(size,reg);
        list.concat(taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_CMP,TCgSize2OpSize[size],reg,tmpref));
        a_jmp_cond(list,cmp_op,l);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.a_jmp_cond(list : TAsmList;cond : TOpCmp;l: tasmlabel);
      var
        ai : taicpu;
      begin
        if cond=OC_None then
          ai := Taicpu.Op_sym(A_JMP,S_NO,l)
        else
          begin
            ai:=Taicpu.Op_sym(A_Jcc,S_NO,l);
            ai.SetCondition(TOpCmp2AsmCond[cond]);
          end;
        ai.is_jmp:=true;
        list.concat(ai);
      end;


     procedure tcgx86.a_jmp_flags(list : TAsmList;const f : TResFlags;l: tasmlabel);
       var
         ai : taicpu;
       begin
         ai := Taicpu.op_sym(A_Jcc,S_NO,l);
         ai.SetCondition(flags_to_cond(f));
         ai.is_jmp := true;
         list.concat(ai);
       end;


    procedure tcgx86.g_flags2reg(list: TAsmList; size: TCgSize; const f: tresflags; reg: TRegister);
      var
        ai : taicpu;
        hreg : tregister;
      begin
        hreg:=makeregsize(list,reg,OS_8);
        ai:=Taicpu.op_reg(A_SETcc,S_B,hreg);
        ai.setcondition(flags_to_cond(f));
        list.concat(ai);
        if reg<>hreg then
          a_load_reg_reg(list,OS_8,size,hreg,reg);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.g_flags2ref(list: TAsmList; size: TCgSize; const f: tresflags; const ref: TReference);
      var
        ai : taicpu;
        tmpref  : treference;
      begin
         tmpref:=ref;
         make_simple_ref(list,tmpref);
         if not(size in [OS_8,OS_S8]) then
           a_load_const_ref(list,size,0,tmpref);
         ai:=Taicpu.op_ref(A_SETcc,S_B,tmpref);
         ai.setcondition(flags_to_cond(f));
         list.concat(ai);
{$ifndef cpu64bitalu}
         if size in [OS_S64,OS_64] then
           begin
             inc(tmpref.offset,4);
             a_load_const_ref(list,OS_32,0,tmpref);
           end;
{$endif cpu64bitalu}
      end;


{ ************* concatcopy ************ }

    procedure Tcgx86.g_concatcopy(list:TAsmList;const source,dest:Treference;len:tcgint);

    const
{$if defined(cpu64bitalu)}
        REGCX=NR_RCX;
        REGSI=NR_RSI;
        REGDI=NR_RDI;
        copy_len_sizes = [1, 2, 4, 8];
        push_segment_size = S_L;
{$elseif defined(cpu32bitalu)}
        REGCX=NR_ECX;
        REGSI=NR_ESI;
        REGDI=NR_EDI;
        copy_len_sizes = [1, 2, 4];
        push_segment_size = S_L;
{$elseif defined(cpu16bitalu)}
        REGCX=NR_CX;
        REGSI=NR_SI;
        REGDI=NR_DI;
        copy_len_sizes = [1, 2];
        push_segment_size = S_W;
{$endif}

    type  copymode=(copy_move,copy_mmx,copy_string);

    var srcref,dstref:Treference;
        r,r0,r1,r2,r3:Tregister;
        helpsize:tcgint;
        copysize:byte;
        cgsize:Tcgsize;
        cm:copymode;

    begin
      cm:=copy_move;
      helpsize:=3*sizeof(aword);
      if cs_opt_size in current_settings.optimizerswitches then
        helpsize:=2*sizeof(aword);
      if (cs_mmx in current_settings.localswitches) and
         not(pi_uses_fpu in current_procinfo.flags) and
         ((len=8) or (len=16) or (len=24) or (len=32)) then
        cm:=copy_mmx;
      if (len>helpsize) then
        cm:=copy_string;
      if (cs_opt_size in current_settings.optimizerswitches) and
         not((len<=16) and (cm=copy_mmx)) and
         not(len in copy_len_sizes) then
        cm:=copy_string;
      if (source.segment<>NR_NO) or
         (dest.segment<>NR_NO) then
        cm:=copy_string;
      case cm of
        copy_move:
          begin
            dstref:=dest;
            srcref:=source;
            copysize:=sizeof(aint);
            cgsize:=int_cgsize(copysize);
            while len<>0 do
              begin
                if len<2 then
                  begin
                    copysize:=1;
                    cgsize:=OS_8;
                  end
                else if len<4 then
                  begin
                    copysize:=2;
                    cgsize:=OS_16;
                  end
{$if defined(cpu32bitalu) or defined(cpu64bitalu)}
                else if len<8 then
                  begin
                    copysize:=4;
                    cgsize:=OS_32;
                  end
{$endif cpu32bitalu or cpu64bitalu}
{$ifdef cpu64bitalu}
                else if len<16 then
                  begin
                    copysize:=8;
                    cgsize:=OS_64;
                  end
{$endif}
                ;
                dec(len,copysize);
                r:=getintregister(list,cgsize);
                a_load_ref_reg(list,cgsize,cgsize,srcref,r);
                a_load_reg_ref(list,cgsize,cgsize,r,dstref);
                inc(srcref.offset,copysize);
                inc(dstref.offset,copysize);
              end;
          end;
        copy_mmx:
          begin
            dstref:=dest;
            srcref:=source;
            r0:=getmmxregister(list);
            a_loadmm_ref_reg(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,srcref,r0,nil);
            if len>=16 then
              begin
                inc(srcref.offset,8);
                r1:=getmmxregister(list);
                a_loadmm_ref_reg(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,srcref,r1,nil);
              end;
            if len>=24 then
              begin
                inc(srcref.offset,8);
                r2:=getmmxregister(list);
                a_loadmm_ref_reg(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,srcref,r2,nil);
              end;
            if len>=32 then
              begin
                inc(srcref.offset,8);
                r3:=getmmxregister(list);
                a_loadmm_ref_reg(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,srcref,r3,nil);
              end;
            a_loadmm_reg_ref(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,r0,dstref,nil);
            if len>=16 then
              begin
                inc(dstref.offset,8);
                a_loadmm_reg_ref(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,r1,dstref,nil);
              end;
            if len>=24 then
              begin
                inc(dstref.offset,8);
                a_loadmm_reg_ref(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,r2,dstref,nil);
              end;
            if len>=32 then
              begin
                inc(dstref.offset,8);
                a_loadmm_reg_ref(list,OS_M64,OS_M64,r3,dstref,nil);
              end;
          end
        else {copy_string, should be a good fallback in case of unhandled}
          begin
            getcpuregister(list,REGDI);
            if (dest.segment=NR_NO) then
              begin
                a_loadaddr_ref_reg(list,dest,REGDI);
{$ifdef volatile_es}
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,push_segment_size,NR_DS));
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_POP,push_segment_size,NR_ES));
{$endif volatile_es}
              end
            else
              begin
                dstref:=dest;
                dstref.segment:=NR_NO;
                a_loadaddr_ref_reg(list,dstref,REGDI);
{$ifndef volatile_es}
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,push_segment_size,NR_ES));
{$endif not volatile_es}
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,push_segment_size,dest.segment));
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_POP,push_segment_size,NR_ES));
              end;
            getcpuregister(list,REGSI);
            if (source.segment=NR_NO) then
              a_loadaddr_ref_reg(list,source,REGSI)
            else
              begin
                srcref:=source;
                srcref.segment:=NR_NO;
                a_loadaddr_ref_reg(list,srcref,REGSI);
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_DS));
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,source.segment));
                list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_POP,S_L,NR_DS));
              end;

            getcpuregister(list,REGCX);
{$if defined(i8086) or defined(i386)}
           list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_CLD,S_NO));
{$endif i8086 or i386}
            if (cs_opt_size in current_settings.optimizerswitches) and
               (len>sizeof(aint)+(sizeof(aint) div 2)) then
              begin
                a_load_const_reg(list,OS_INT,len,REGCX);
                list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_REP,S_NO));
                list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_MOVSB,S_NO));
              end
            else
              begin
                helpsize:=len div sizeof(aint);
                len:=len mod sizeof(aint);
                if helpsize>1 then
                  begin
                    a_load_const_reg(list,OS_INT,helpsize,REGCX);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_REP,S_NO));
                  end;
                if helpsize>0 then
                  begin
{$if defined(cpu64bitalu)}
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_MOVSQ,S_NO))
{$elseif defined(cpu32bitalu)}
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_MOVSD,S_NO));
{$elseif defined(cpu16bitalu)}
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_MOVSW,S_NO));
{$endif}
                  end;
                if len>=4 then
                  begin
                    dec(len,4);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_MOVSD,S_NO));
                  end;
                if len>=2 then
                  begin
                    dec(len,2);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_MOVSW,S_NO));
                  end;
                if len=1 then
                  list.concat(Taicpu.op_none(A_MOVSB,S_NO));
              end;
            ungetcpuregister(list,REGCX);
            ungetcpuregister(list,REGSI);
            ungetcpuregister(list,REGDI);
            if (source.segment<>NR_NO) then
              list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_POP,push_segment_size,NR_DS));
{$ifndef volatile_es}
            if (dest.segment<>NR_NO) then
              list.concat(taicpu.op_reg(A_POP,push_segment_size,NR_ES));
{$endif not volatile_es}
          end;
        end;
    end;


{****************************************************************************
                              Entry/Exit Code Helpers
****************************************************************************}

    procedure tcgx86.g_profilecode(list : TAsmList);

      var
        pl           : tasmlabel;
        mcountprefix : String[4];

      begin
        case target_info.system of
        {$ifndef NOTARGETWIN}
           system_i386_win32,
        {$endif}
           system_i386_freebsd,
           system_i386_netbsd,
//         system_i386_openbsd,
           system_i386_wdosx :
             begin
                Case target_info.system Of
                 system_i386_freebsd : mcountprefix:='.';
                 system_i386_netbsd : mcountprefix:='__';
//               system_i386_openbsd : mcountprefix:='.';
                else
                 mcountPrefix:='';
                end;
                current_asmdata.getaddrlabel(pl);
                new_section(list,sec_data,lower(current_procinfo.procdef.mangledname),sizeof(pint));
                list.concat(Tai_label.Create(pl));
                list.concat(Tai_const.Create_32bit(0));
                new_section(list,sec_code,lower(current_procinfo.procdef.mangledname),0);
                list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EDX));
                list.concat(Taicpu.Op_sym_ofs_reg(A_MOV,S_L,pl,0,NR_EDX));
                a_call_name(list,target_info.Cprefix+mcountprefix+'mcount',false);
                list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_POP,S_L,NR_EDX));
             end;

           system_i386_linux:
             a_call_name(list,target_info.Cprefix+'mcount',false);

           system_i386_go32v2,system_i386_watcom:
             begin
               a_call_name(list,'MCOUNT',false);
             end;
           system_x86_64_linux,
           system_x86_64_darwin:
             begin
               a_call_name(list,'mcount',false);
             end;
        end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.g_stackpointer_alloc(list : TAsmList;localsize : longint);

      procedure decrease_sp(a : tcgint);
        var
          href : treference;
        begin
          reference_reset_base(href,NR_STACK_POINTER_REG,-a,0);
          { normally, lea is a better choice than a sub to adjust the stack pointer }
          list.concat(Taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_LEA,TCGSize2OpSize[OS_ADDR],href,NR_STACK_POINTER_REG));
        end;

{$ifdef x86}
{$ifndef NOTARGETWIN}
      var
        href : treference;
        i : integer;
        again : tasmlabel;
{$endif NOTARGETWIN}
{$endif x86}
      begin
        if localsize>0 then
         begin
{$ifdef i386}
{$ifndef NOTARGETWIN}
           { windows guards only a few pages for stack growing,
             so we have to access every page first              }
           if (target_info.system in [system_i386_win32,system_i386_wince]) and
              (localsize>=winstackpagesize) then
             begin
               if localsize div winstackpagesize<=5 then
                 begin
                    decrease_sp(localsize-4);
                    for i:=1 to localsize div winstackpagesize do
                      begin
                         reference_reset_base(href,NR_ESP,localsize-i*winstackpagesize,4);
                         list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOV,S_L,NR_EAX,href));
                      end;
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EAX));
                 end
               else
                 begin
                    current_asmdata.getjumplabel(again);
                    { Using a_reg_alloc instead of getcpuregister, so this procedure
                      does not change "used_in_proc" state of EDI and therefore can be
                      called after saving registers with "push" instruction
                      without creating an unbalanced "pop edi" in epilogue }
                    a_reg_alloc(list,NR_EDI);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EDI));
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_const_reg(A_MOV,S_L,localsize div winstackpagesize,NR_EDI));
                    a_label(list,again);
                    decrease_sp(winstackpagesize-4);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EAX));
                    if UseIncDec then
                      list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg(A_DEC,S_L,NR_EDI))
                    else
                      list.concat(Taicpu.op_const_reg(A_SUB,S_L,1,NR_EDI));
                    a_jmp_cond(list,OC_NE,again);
                    decrease_sp(localsize mod winstackpagesize-4);
                    reference_reset_base(href,NR_ESP,localsize-4,4);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_ref_reg(A_MOV,S_L,href,NR_EDI));
                    a_reg_dealloc(list,NR_EDI);
                 end
             end
           else
{$endif NOTARGETWIN}
{$endif i386}
{$ifdef x86_64}
{$ifndef NOTARGETWIN}
           { windows guards only a few pages for stack growing,
             so we have to access every page first              }
           if (target_info.system=system_x86_64_win64) and
              (localsize>=winstackpagesize) then
             begin
               if localsize div winstackpagesize<=5 then
                 begin
                    decrease_sp(localsize);
                    for i:=1 to localsize div winstackpagesize do
                      begin
                         reference_reset_base(href,NR_RSP,localsize-i*winstackpagesize+4,4);
                         list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOV,S_L,NR_EAX,href));
                      end;
                    reference_reset_base(href,NR_RSP,0,4);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOV,S_L,NR_EAX,href));
                 end
               else
                 begin
                    current_asmdata.getjumplabel(again);
                    getcpuregister(list,NR_R10);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_const_reg(A_MOV,S_Q,localsize div winstackpagesize,NR_R10));
                    a_label(list,again);
                    decrease_sp(winstackpagesize);
                    reference_reset_base(href,NR_RSP,0,4);
                    list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg_ref(A_MOV,S_L,NR_EAX,href));
                    if UseIncDec then
                      list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg(A_DEC,S_Q,NR_R10))
                    else
                      list.concat(Taicpu.op_const_reg(A_SUB,S_Q,1,NR_R10));
                    a_jmp_cond(list,OC_NE,again);
                    decrease_sp(localsize mod winstackpagesize);
                    ungetcpuregister(list,NR_R10);
                 end
             end
           else
{$endif NOTARGETWIN}
{$endif x86_64}
            decrease_sp(localsize);
         end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.g_proc_entry(list : TAsmList;localsize : longint;nostackframe:boolean);
      var
        stackmisalignment: longint;
        para: tparavarsym;
        regsize: longint;
{$ifdef i8086}
        dgroup: treference;
{$endif i8086}

      procedure push_regs;
        var
          r: longint;
        begin
          regsize:=0;
          for r := low(saved_standard_registers) to high(saved_standard_registers) do
            if saved_standard_registers[r] in rg[R_INTREGISTER].used_in_proc then
              begin
                inc(regsize,sizeof(aint));
                list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],newreg(R_INTREGISTER,saved_standard_registers[r],R_SUBWHOLE)));
              end;
        end;

      begin
{$ifdef i8086}
        { interrupt support for i8086 }
        if po_interrupt in current_procinfo.procdef.procoptions then
          begin
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_AX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_BX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_CX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_DX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_SI));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_DI));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_DS));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_ES));
            reference_reset(dgroup,0);
            dgroup.refaddr:=addr_dgroup;
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_ref_reg(A_MOV,S_W,dgroup,NR_AX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg_reg(A_MOV,S_W,NR_AX,NR_DS));
          end;
{$endif i8086}
{$ifdef i386}
        { interrupt support for i386 }
        if (po_interrupt in current_procinfo.procdef.procoptions) and
           { this messes up stack alignment }
           not(target_info.system in [system_i386_darwin,system_i386_iphonesim,system_i386_android]) then
          begin
            { .... also the segment registers }
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_GS));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_FS));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_ES));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_W,NR_DS));
            { save the registers of an interrupt procedure }
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EDI));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_ESI));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EDX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_ECX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EBX));
            list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_PUSH,S_L,NR_EAX));
          end;
{$endif i386}

        { save old framepointer }
        if not nostackframe then
          begin
            { return address }
            stackmisalignment := sizeof(pint);
            list.concat(tai_regalloc.alloc(current_procinfo.framepointer,nil));
            if current_procinfo.framepointer=NR_STACK_POINTER_REG then
              begin
{$ifdef i386}
                if (not paramanager.use_fixed_stack) then
                  push_regs;
{$endif i386}
                CGmessage(cg_d_stackframe_omited);
              end
            else
              begin
                { push <frame_pointer> }
                inc(stackmisalignment,sizeof(pint));
                include(rg[R_INTREGISTER].preserved_by_proc,RS_FRAME_POINTER_REG);
                list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg(A_PUSH,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],NR_FRAME_POINTER_REG));
                { Return address and FP are both on stack }
                current_asmdata.asmcfi.cfa_def_cfa_offset(list,2*sizeof(pint));
                current_asmdata.asmcfi.cfa_offset(list,NR_FRAME_POINTER_REG,-(2*sizeof(pint)));
                list.concat(Taicpu.op_reg_reg(A_MOV,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],NR_STACK_POINTER_REG,NR_FRAME_POINTER_REG));
                current_asmdata.asmcfi.cfa_def_cfa_register(list,NR_FRAME_POINTER_REG);
              end;

            { allocate stackframe space }
            if (localsize<>0) or
               ((target_info.stackalign>sizeof(pint)) and
                (stackmisalignment <> 0) and
                ((pi_do_call in current_procinfo.flags) or
                 (po_assembler in current_procinfo.procdef.procoptions))) then
              begin
                if target_info.stackalign>sizeof(pint) then
                  localsize := align(localsize+stackmisalignment,target_info.stackalign)-stackmisalignment;
                cg.g_stackpointer_alloc(list,localsize);
                if current_procinfo.framepointer=NR_STACK_POINTER_REG then
                  current_asmdata.asmcfi.cfa_def_cfa_offset(list,localsize+sizeof(pint));
                current_procinfo.final_localsize:=localsize;
              end;

{$ifdef i386}
            if (not paramanager.use_fixed_stack) and
               (current_procinfo.framepointer<>NR_STACK_POINTER_REG) then
              begin
                regsize:=0;
                push_regs;
                reference_reset_base(current_procinfo.save_regs_ref,
                  current_procinfo.framepointer,
                  -(localsize+regsize),sizeof(aint));
              end;
{$endif i386}
          end;
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.g_save_registers(list: TAsmList);
      begin
{$ifdef i386}
        if paramanager.use_fixed_stack then
{$endif i386}
          inherited g_save_registers(list);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.g_restore_registers(list: TAsmList);
      begin
{$ifdef i386}
        if paramanager.use_fixed_stack then
{$endif i386}
          inherited g_restore_registers(list);
      end;


    procedure tcgx86.internal_restore_regs(list: TAsmList; use_pop: boolean);
      var
        r: longint;
        hreg: tregister;
        href: treference;
      begin
        href:=current_procinfo.save_regs_ref;
        for r:=high(saved_standard_registers) downto low(saved_standard_registers) do
          if saved_standard_registers[r] in rg[R_INTREGISTER].used_in_proc then
            begin
              hreg:=newreg(R_INTREGISTER,saved_standard_registers[r],R_SUBWHOLE);
              { Allocate register so the optimizer does not remove the load }
              a_reg_alloc(list,hreg);
              if use_pop then
                list.concat(Taicpu.Op_reg(A_POP,tcgsize2opsize[OS_ADDR],hreg))
              else
                begin
                  a_load_ref_reg(list,OS_ADDR,OS_ADDR,href,hreg);
                  inc(href.offset,sizeof(aint));
                end;
            end;
      end;


    { produces if necessary overflowcode }
    procedure tcgx86.g_overflowcheck(list: TAsmList; const l:tlocation;def:tdef);
      var
         hl : tasmlabel;
         ai : taicpu;
         cond : TAsmCond;
      begin
         if not(cs_check_overflow in current_settings.localswitches) then
          exit;
         current_asmdata.getjumplabel(hl);
         if not ((def.typ=pointerdef) or
                ((def.typ=orddef) and
                 (torddef(def).ordtype in [u64bit,u16bit,u32bit,u8bit,uchar,
                                           pasbool8,pasbool16,pasbool32,pasbool64]))) then
           cond:=C_NO
         else
           cond:=C_NB;
         ai:=Taicpu.Op_Sym(A_Jcc,S_NO,hl);
         ai.SetCondition(cond);
         ai.is_jmp:=true;
         list.concat(ai);

         a_call_name(list,'FPC_OVERFLOW',false);
         a_label(list,hl);
      end;

    procedure tcgx86.g_external_wrapper(list: TAsmList; procdef: tprocdef; const externalname: string);
      var
        ref : treference;
        sym : tasmsymbol;
      begin
       if (target_info.system = system_i386_darwin) then
         begin
           { a_jmp_name jumps to a stub which is always pic-safe on darwin }
           inherited g_external_wrapper(list,procdef,externalname);
           exit;
         end;

        sym:=current_asmdata.RefAsmSymbol(externalname);
        reference_reset_symbol(ref,sym,0,sizeof(pint));

        { create pic'ed? }
        if (cs_create_pic in current_settings.moduleswitches) and
           { darwin/x86_64's assembler doesn't want @PLT after call symbols }
           not(target_info.system in [system_x86_64_darwin,system_i386_iphonesim]) then
          ref.refaddr:=addr_pic
        else
          ref.refaddr:=addr_full;
        list.concat(taicpu.op_ref(A_JMP,S_NO,ref));
      end;

end.