re-use return value of SDL_SetError/WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT/SDL_OutOfMemory

src/SDL.c

@@ -153,8 +153,7 @@ SDL_InitSubSystem(Uint32 flags)
     Uint32 flags_initialized = 0;
 
     if (!SDL_MainIsReady) {
-        SDL_SetError("Application didn't initialize properly, did you include SDL_main.h in the file containing your main() function?");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Application didn't initialize properly, did you include SDL_main.h in the file containing your main() function?");
     }
 
     /* Clear the error message */

src/audio/SDL_audio.c

@@ -1523,8 +1523,7 @@ SDL_OpenAudio(SDL_AudioSpec * desired, SDL_AudioSpec * obtained)
 
     /* SDL_OpenAudio() is legacy and can only act on Device ID #1. */
     if (open_devices[0] != NULL) {
-        SDL_SetError("Audio device is already opened");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Audio device is already opened");
     }
 
     if (obtained) {

src/audio/coreaudio/SDL_coreaudio.m

@@ -1135,8 +1135,7 @@ COREAUDIO_OpenDevice(_THIS, void *handle, const char *devname, int iscapture)
     this->hidden->ready_semaphore = NULL;
 
     if ((this->hidden->thread != NULL) && (this->hidden->thread_error != NULL)) {
-        SDL_SetError("%s", this->hidden->thread_error);
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("%s", this->hidden->thread_error);
     }
 
     return (this->hidden->thread != NULL) ? 0 : -1;

src/haptic/windows/SDL_dinputhaptic.c

@@ -492,8 +492,7 @@ SDL_DINPUT_HapticOpenFromJoystick(SDL_Haptic * haptic, SDL_Joystick * joystick)
         ++index;
     }
 
-    SDL_SetError("Couldn't find joystick in haptic device list");
-    return -1;
+    return SDL_SetError("Couldn't find joystick in haptic device list");
 }
 
 void
@@ -959,8 +958,7 @@ SDL_DINPUT_HapticNewEffect(SDL_Haptic * haptic, struct haptic_effect *effect, SD
     REFGUID type = SDL_SYS_HapticEffectType(base);
 
     if (type == NULL) {
-        SDL_SetError("Haptic: Unknown effect type.");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Haptic: Unknown effect type.");
     }
 
     /* Get the effect. */

src/haptic/windows/SDL_xinputhaptic.c

@@ -246,8 +246,7 @@ SDL_XINPUT_HapticOpenFromJoystick(SDL_Haptic * haptic, SDL_Joystick * joystick)
         ++index;
     }
 
-    SDL_SetError("Couldn't find joystick in haptic device list");
-    return -1;
+    return SDL_SetError("Couldn't find joystick in haptic device list");
 }
 
 void

src/joystick/hidapi/SDL_hidapi_gamecube.c

@@ -454,8 +454,7 @@ HIDAPI_DriverGameCube_RumbleJoystick(SDL_HIDAPI_Device *device, SDL_Joystick *jo
     }
 
     /* Should never get here! */
-    SDL_SetError("Couldn't find joystick");
-    return -1;
+    return SDL_SetError("Couldn't find joystick");
 }
 
 static int

src/joystick/hidapi/SDL_hidapi_switch.c

@@ -1023,8 +1023,7 @@ HIDAPI_DriverSwitch_ActuallyRumbleJoystick(SDL_DriverSwitch_Context *ctx, Uint16
     ctx->m_bRumbleActive = (low_frequency_rumble || high_frequency_rumble) ? SDL_TRUE : SDL_FALSE;
 
     if (!WriteRumble(ctx)) {
-        SDL_SetError("Couldn't send rumble packet");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Couldn't send rumble packet");
     }
     return 0;
 }

src/joystick/hidapi/SDL_hidapijoystick.c

@@ -309,8 +309,7 @@ HIDAPI_JoystickInit(void)
 #endif
 
     if (SDL_hid_init() < 0) {
-        SDL_SetError("Couldn't initialize hidapi");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Couldn't initialize hidapi");
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < SDL_arraysize(SDL_HIDAPI_drivers); ++i) {
@@ -871,8 +870,7 @@ HIDAPI_JoystickRumble(SDL_Joystick *joystick, Uint16 low_frequency_rumble, Uint1
 
         result = device->driver->RumbleJoystick(device, joystick, low_frequency_rumble, high_frequency_rumble);
     } else {
-        SDL_SetError("Rumble failed, device disconnected");
-        result = -1;
+        result = SDL_SetError("Rumble failed, device disconnected");
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -888,8 +886,7 @@ HIDAPI_JoystickRumbleTriggers(SDL_Joystick *joystick, Uint16 left_rumble, Uint16
 
         result = device->driver->RumbleJoystickTriggers(device, joystick, left_rumble, right_rumble);
     } else {
-        SDL_SetError("Rumble failed, device disconnected");
-        result = -1;
+        result = SDL_SetError("Rumble failed, device disconnected");
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -919,8 +916,7 @@ HIDAPI_JoystickSetLED(SDL_Joystick *joystick, Uint8 red, Uint8 green, Uint8 blue
 
         result = device->driver->SetJoystickLED(device, joystick, red, green, blue);
     } else {
-        SDL_SetError("SetLED failed, device disconnected");
-        result = -1;
+        result = SDL_SetError("SetLED failed, device disconnected");
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -936,8 +932,7 @@ HIDAPI_JoystickSendEffect(SDL_Joystick *joystick, const void *data, int size)
 
         result = device->driver->SendJoystickEffect(device, joystick, data, size);
     } else {
-        SDL_SetError("SendEffect failed, device disconnected");
-        result = -1;
+        result = SDL_SetError("SendEffect failed, device disconnected");
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -953,8 +948,7 @@ HIDAPI_JoystickSetSensorsEnabled(SDL_Joystick *joystick, SDL_bool enabled)
 
         result = device->driver->SetJoystickSensorsEnabled(device, joystick, enabled);
     } else {
-        SDL_SetError("SetSensorsEnabled failed, device disconnected");
-        result = -1;
+        result = SDL_SetError("SetSensorsEnabled failed, device disconnected");
     }
 
     return result;

src/render/direct3d/SDL_render_d3d.c

@@ -584,8 +584,7 @@ D3D_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     D3D_TextureData *texturedata = (D3D_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
 
     if (!texturedata) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     if (D3D_UpdateTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->texture, rect->x, rect->y, rect->w, rect->h, pixels, pitch) < 0) {
@@ -621,8 +620,7 @@ D3D_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     D3D_TextureData *texturedata = (D3D_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
 
     if (!texturedata) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     if (D3D_UpdateTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->texture, rect->x, rect->y, rect->w, rect->h, Yplane, Ypitch) < 0) {
@@ -647,8 +645,7 @@ D3D_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     IDirect3DDevice9 *device = data->device;
 
     if (!texturedata) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     texturedata->locked_rect = *rect;
@@ -756,8 +753,7 @@ D3D_SetRenderTargetInternal(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 
     texturedata = (D3D_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
     if (!texturedata) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     /* Make sure the render target is updated if it was locked and written to */
@@ -942,8 +938,7 @@ SetupTextureState(D3D_RenderData *data, SDL_Texture * texture, LPDIRECT3DPIXELSH
     SDL_assert(*shader == NULL);
 
     if (!texturedata) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     UpdateTextureScaleMode(data, texturedata, 0);

src/render/direct3d11/SDL_render_d3d11.c

@@ -1114,8 +1114,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
         );
     if (FAILED(result)) {
         D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-        WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
-        return -1;
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
     }
 
     if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12 ||
@@ -1132,8 +1131,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
             D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
         }
 
         result = ID3D11Device_CreateTexture2D(rendererData->d3dDevice,
@@ -1143,8 +1141,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
             D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1165,8 +1162,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
             D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D"), result);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1181,8 +1177,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
         );
     if (FAILED(result)) {
         D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-        WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
-        return -1;
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
     }
 
     if (textureData->yuv) {
@@ -1193,8 +1188,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
             D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
         }
         result = ID3D11Device_CreateShaderResourceView(rendererData->d3dDevice,
             (ID3D11Resource *)textureData->mainTextureV,
@@ -1203,8 +1197,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
             D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1220,8 +1213,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
             D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateShaderResourceView"), result);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1237,8 +1229,7 @@ D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             &textureData->mainTextureRenderTargetView);
         if (FAILED(result)) {
             D3D11_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateRenderTargetView"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateRenderTargetView"), result);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1295,8 +1286,7 @@ D3D11_UpdateTextureInternal(D3D11_RenderData *rendererData, ID3D11Texture2D *tex
         NULL,
         &stagingTexture);
     if (FAILED(result)) {
-        WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D [create staging texture]"), result);
-        return -1;
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D [create staging texture]"), result);
     }
 
     /* Get a write-only pointer to data in the staging texture: */
@@ -1308,9 +1298,8 @@ D3D11_UpdateTextureInternal(D3D11_RenderData *rendererData, ID3D11Texture2D *tex
         &textureMemory
         );
     if (FAILED(result)) {
-        WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [map staging texture]"), result);
         SAFE_RELEASE(stagingTexture);
-        return -1;
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [map staging texture]"), result);
     }
 
     src = (const Uint8 *)pixels;
@@ -1362,8 +1351,7 @@ D3D11_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     D3D11_TextureData *textureData = (D3D11_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
 
     if (!textureData) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     if (D3D11_UpdateTextureInternal(rendererData, textureData->mainTexture, SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format), rect->x, rect->y, rect->w, rect->h, srcPixels, srcPitch) < 0) {
@@ -1408,8 +1396,7 @@ D3D11_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     D3D11_TextureData *textureData = (D3D11_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
 
     if (!textureData) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     if (D3D11_UpdateTextureInternal(rendererData, textureData->mainTexture, SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format), rect->x, rect->y, rect->w, rect->h, Yplane, Ypitch) < 0) {
@@ -1434,8 +1421,7 @@ D3D11_UpdateTextureNV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     D3D11_TextureData *textureData = (D3D11_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
 
     if (!textureData) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     if (D3D11_UpdateTextureInternal(rendererData, textureData->mainTexture, SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format), rect->x, rect->y, rect->w, rect->h, Yplane, Ypitch) < 0) {
@@ -1460,8 +1446,7 @@ D3D11_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE textureMemory;
 
     if (!textureData) {
-        SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
     }
 
     if (textureData->yuv || textureData->nv12) {
@@ -1505,8 +1490,7 @@ D3D11_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
         NULL,
         &textureData->stagingTexture);
     if (FAILED(result)) {
-        WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D [create staging texture]"), result);
-        return -1;
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateTexture2D [create staging texture]"), result);
     }
 
     /* Get a write-only pointer to data in the staging texture: */
@@ -1518,9 +1502,8 @@ D3D11_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
         &textureMemory
         );
     if (FAILED(result)) {
-        WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [map staging texture]"), result);
         SAFE_RELEASE(textureData->stagingTexture);
-        return -1;
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [map staging texture]"), result);
     }
 
     /* Make note of where the staging texture will be written to 
@@ -1718,8 +1701,7 @@ D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(SDL_Renderer *renderer,
             &mappedResource
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [vertex buffer]"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [vertex buffer]"), result);
         }
         SDL_memcpy(mappedResource.pData, vertexData, dataSizeInBytes);
         ID3D11DeviceContext_Unmap(rendererData->d3dContext, (ID3D11Resource *)rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx], 0);
@@ -1746,8 +1728,7 @@ D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(SDL_Renderer *renderer,
             &rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx]
             );
         if (FAILED(result)) {
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateBuffer [vertex buffer]"), result);
-            return -1;
+            return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateBuffer [vertex buffer]"), result);
         }
 
         rendererData->vertexBufferSizes[vbidx] = dataSizeInBytes;

src/render/psp/SDL_render_psp.c

@@ -442,8 +442,8 @@ TextureSpillLRU(PSP_RenderData* data, size_t wanted) {
         }
         LRUTargetRemove(data, lru);
     } else {
-        SDL_SetError("Could not spill more VRAM to system memory. VRAM : %dKB,(%dKB), wanted %dKB", vmemavail()/1024, vlargestblock()/1024, wanted/1024);
-        return -1; //Asked to spill but there nothing to spill
+        // Asked to spill but there nothing to spill
+        return SDL_SetError("Could not spill more VRAM to system memory. VRAM : %dKB,(%dKB), wanted %dKB", vmemavail()/1024, vlargestblock()/1024, wanted/1024);
     }
     return 0;
 }

src/render/software/SDL_render_sw.c

@@ -99,8 +99,7 @@ SW_GetOutputSize(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int *w, int *h)
         return 0;
     }
 
-    SDL_SetError("Software renderer doesn't have an output surface");
-    return -1;
+    return SDL_SetError("Software renderer doesn't have an output surface");
 }
 
 static int

src/thread/stdcpp/SDL_systhread.cpp

@@ -52,11 +52,9 @@ SDL_SYS_CreateThread(SDL_Thread * thread)
         thread->handle = (void *) new std::thread(std::move(cpp_thread));
         return 0;
     } catch (std::system_error & ex) {
-        SDL_SetError("unable to start a C++ thread: code=%d; %s", ex.code(), ex.what());
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("unable to start a C++ thread: code=%d; %s", ex.code(), ex.what());
     } catch (std::bad_alloc &) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
 }
 

src/video/SDL_surface.c

@@ -1404,8 +1404,7 @@ int SDL_ConvertPixels(int width, int height,
     }
 #else
     if (SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_FOURCC(src_format) || SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_FOURCC(dst_format)) {
-        SDL_SetError("SDL not built with YUV support");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("SDL not built with YUV support");
     }
 #endif
 

src/video/SDL_video.c

@@ -1879,18 +1879,15 @@ SDL_RecreateWindow(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
     }
 
     if ((flags & SDL_WINDOW_VULKAN) && (flags & SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL)) {
-        SDL_SetError("Vulkan and OpenGL not supported on same window");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Vulkan and OpenGL not supported on same window");
     }
 
     if ((flags & SDL_WINDOW_METAL) && (flags & SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL)) {
-        SDL_SetError("Metal and OpenGL not supported on same window");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Metal and OpenGL not supported on same window");
     }
 
     if ((flags & SDL_WINDOW_METAL) && (flags & SDL_WINDOW_VULKAN)) {
-        SDL_SetError("Metal and Vulkan not supported on same window");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Metal and Vulkan not supported on same window");
     }
 
     if (need_gl_unload) {

src/video/nacl/SDL_naclwindow.c

@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ NACL_CreateWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window * window)
     SDL_VideoData *driverdata = (SDL_VideoData *) _this->driverdata;
     
     if (driverdata->window) {
-        SDL_SetError("NaCl only supports one window");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("NaCl only supports one window");
     }
     driverdata->window = window;
 

src/video/vita/SDL_vitavideo.c

@@ -259,8 +259,7 @@ VITA_CreateWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window * window)
     // Vita can only have one window
     if (Vita_Window != NULL)
     {
-        SDL_SetError("Only one window supported");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("Only one window supported");
     }
 
     Vita_Window = window;

src/video/winrt/SDL_winrtvideo.cpp

@@ -478,8 +478,7 @@ WINRT_InitModes(_THIS)
 
     hr = CreateDXGIFactory1(SDL_IID_IDXGIFactory2, (void **)&dxgiFactory2);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
-        WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(__FUNCTION__ ", CreateDXGIFactory1() failed", hr);
-        return -1;
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(__FUNCTION__ ", CreateDXGIFactory1() failed", hr);
     }
 
     for (int adapterIndex = 0; ; ++adapterIndex) {
@@ -630,14 +629,12 @@ WINRT_CreateWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window * window)
     // Make sure that only one window gets created, at least until multimonitor
     // support is added.
     if (WINRT_GlobalSDLWindow != NULL) {
-        SDL_SetError("WinRT only supports one window");
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_SetError("WinRT only supports one window");
     }
 
     SDL_WindowData *data = new SDL_WindowData;  /* use 'new' here as SDL_WindowData may use WinRT/C++ types */
     if (!data) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return -1;
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
     window->driverdata = data;
     data->sdlWindow = window;